메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 248-260

Concentrations of scheduled prescription drugs in blood of impaired drivers: Considerations for interpreting the results

Author keywords

Driving; DUID; Prescription medication; Scheduled drugs; Therapeutic drug monitoring

Indexed keywords

ALIMEMAZINE; ALPRAZOLAM; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUPRENORPHINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CARISOPRODOL; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; CLONAZEPAM; CODEINE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DIAZEPAM; EPHEDRINE; ETHYLMORPHINE; FLUNITRAZEPAM; HYDROXYZINE; HYPNOTIC AGENT; MEPROBAMATE; METHADONE; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; NITRAZEPAM; NORDAZEPAM; OXAZEPAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; TRAMADOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

EID: 34248191277     PISSN: 01634356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e31803d3c04     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 29444433520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving under the influence of drugs in Sweden with zero-concentration limits in blood for controlled substances
    • Jones AW. Driving under the influence of drugs in Sweden with zero-concentration limits in blood for controlled substances. Traffic Inj Prev. 2005;6:317-322.
    • (2005) Traffic Inj Prev , vol.6 , pp. 317-322
    • Jones, A.W.1
  • 3
    • 0036131275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs
    • Moeller MR, Kraemer T. Drugs of abuse monitoring in blood for control of driving under the influence of drugs. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24:210-221.
    • (2002) Ther Drug Monit , vol.24 , pp. 210-221
    • Moeller, M.R.1    Kraemer, T.2
  • 4
    • 22444445746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentrations of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers
    • Augsburger M, Donze N, Menetrey A, et al. Concentrations of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;153:11-15.
    • (2005) Forensic Sci Int , vol.153 , pp. 11-15
    • Augsburger, M.1    Donze, N.2    Menetrey, A.3
  • 5
    • 0013285731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic, toxic, and lethal concentrations of 73 drug affecting respiratory system in human fluids
    • Repetto MR, Repetto M. Therapeutic, toxic, and lethal concentrations of 73 drug affecting respiratory system in human fluids. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36:287-293.
    • (1998) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.36 , pp. 287-293
    • Repetto, M.R.1    Repetto, M.2
  • 6
    • 0033051839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentrations in human fluids: 101 drugs affecting the digestive system and metabolism
    • Repetto MR, Repetto M. Concentrations in human fluids: 101 drugs affecting the digestive system and metabolism. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:1-8.
    • (1999) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.37 , pp. 1-8
    • Repetto, M.R.1    Repetto, M.2
  • 8
    • 84973830773 scopus 로고
    • A collection of therapeutic, toxic and fatal blood drug concentrations in man
    • Stead AH, Moffat AC. A collection of therapeutic, toxic and fatal blood drug concentrations in man. Hum Toxicol. 1983;2:437-464.
    • (1983) Hum Toxicol , vol.2 , pp. 437-464
    • Stead, A.H.1    Moffat, A.C.2
  • 9
    • 0002452844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations
    • Uges DRA. Therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations. Bull Int Assoc Forensic Toxicol. 1996;26(Suppl):1-34.
    • (1996) Bull Int Assoc Forensic Toxicol , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 1-34
    • Uges, D.R.A.1
  • 10
    • 0031012173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A compilation of fatal and control concentrations of drugs in postmortem femoral blood
    • Druid H, Holmgren P. A compilation of fatal and control concentrations of drugs in postmortem femoral blood. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42:79-87.
    • (1997) J Forensic Sci , vol.42 , pp. 79-87
    • Druid, H.1    Holmgren, P.2
  • 11
    • 29444443923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between blood- and urine-amphetamine concentrations in impaired drivers in relation to urinary pH and creatinine
    • Jones AW, Karlsson L. Relation between blood- and urine-amphetamine concentrations in impaired drivers in relation to urinary pH and creatinine. Human Exp Toxicol. 2005;24:615-622.
    • (2005) Human Exp Toxicol , vol.24 , pp. 615-622
    • Jones, A.W.1    Karlsson, L.2
  • 12
    • 24644452746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs of abuse; analysis
    • Siegel JA, Saukko PJ, Knupfer GC, eds, London: Academic Press;
    • Kronstrand R, Jones AW. Drugs of abuse; analysis. In: Siegel JA, Saukko PJ, Knupfer GC, eds. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. London: Academic Press; 2000:598-610.
    • (2000) Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences , pp. 598-610
    • Kronstrand, R.1    Jones, A.W.2
  • 15
    • 3342880685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of diazepam and nordiazepam between plasma and whole blood and the influence of hematocrit
    • Jones AW, Larson H. Distribution of diazepam and nordiazepam between plasma and whole blood and the influence of hematocrit. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:380-385.
    • (2004) Ther Drug Monit , vol.26 , pp. 380-385
    • Jones, A.W.1    Larson, H.2
  • 16
    • 2542503653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preanalytic aspects in post-mortem toxicology
    • Skopp G. Preanalytic aspects in post-mortem toxicology. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;142:75-100.
    • (2004) Forensic Sci Int , vol.142 , pp. 75-100
    • Skopp, G.1
  • 17
    • 0032736230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugged driving in the Nordic countries - a comparison study between five countries
    • Christophersen AS, Ceder G, Kristinsson J, et al. Drugged driving in the Nordic countries - a comparison study between five countries. Forensic Sci Int. 1999;106:173-190.
    • (1999) Forensic Sci Int , vol.106 , pp. 173-190
    • Christophersen, A.S.1    Ceder, G.2    Kristinsson, J.3
  • 18
    • 5644244242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam in blood of impaired drivers: Association with age, gender and spectrum of other drugs present
    • Jones AW, Holmgren A, Holmgren P. High concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam in blood of impaired drivers: association with age, gender and spectrum of other drugs present. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;146:1-7.
    • (2004) Forensic Sci Int , vol.146 , pp. 1-7
    • Jones, A.W.1    Holmgren, A.2    Holmgren, P.3
  • 19
    • 20544444189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving under the influence of drugs - evaluation of analytical data in oral fluid, serum and urine, and correlation with impairment symptoms
    • Toennes SW, Kauert GF, Steinmeyer S, et al. Driving under the influence of drugs - evaluation of analytical data in oral fluid, serum and urine, and correlation with impairment symptoms. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;152:149-155.
    • (2005) Forensic Sci Int , vol.152 , pp. 149-155
    • Toennes, S.W.1    Kauert, G.F.2    Steinmeyer, S.3
  • 20
    • 0036773716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines - relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers
    • Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines - relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;68:131-41.
    • (2002) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.68 , pp. 131-141
    • Bramness, J.G.1    Skurtveit, S.2    Morland, J.3
  • 21
    • 0035109814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zolpidem and driving impairment
    • Logan BK, Couper FJ. Zolpidem and driving impairment. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46:105-110.
    • (2001) J Forensic Sci , vol.46 , pp. 105-110
    • Logan, B.K.1    Couper, F.J.2
  • 22
    • 1842609539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short-acting hypnosedatives: Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone
    • Drover DR. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short-acting hypnosedatives: zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:227-238.
    • (2004) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.43 , pp. 227-238
    • Drover, D.R.1
  • 24
    • 0021990527 scopus 로고
    • Active drug metabolites. An overview of their relevance in clinical pharmacokinetics
    • Garattini S. Active drug metabolites. An overview of their relevance in clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1985;10:216-227.
    • (1985) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.10 , pp. 216-227
    • Garattini, S.1
  • 25
    • 0025149050 scopus 로고
    • Plasma codeine and morphine concentrations after a single oral dose of codeine phosphate
    • Shah JC, Mason WD. Plasma codeine and morphine concentrations after a single oral dose of codeine phosphate. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30:764-766.
    • (1990) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.30 , pp. 764-766
    • Shah, J.C.1    Mason, W.D.2
  • 26
    • 0021321402 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics of heroin in patients with chronic pain
    • Inturrisi CE, Max MB, Foley M, et al. The pharmacokinetics of heroin in patients with chronic pain. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1213-1217.
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.310 , pp. 1213-1217
    • Inturrisi, C.E.1    Max, M.B.2    Foley, M.3
  • 27
    • 0034069004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carisoprodol, meprobamate and driving impairment
    • Logan BK, Case GA, Gordon AM. Carisoprodol, meprobamate and driving impairment. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:619-623.
    • (2000) J Forensic Sci , vol.45 , pp. 619-623
    • Logan, B.K.1    Case, G.A.2    Gordon, A.M.3
  • 28
    • 0017883883 scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam during chronic diazepam therapy
    • Rutherford DM, Okoko A, Tyrer PJ. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam during chronic diazepam therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;6:69-73.
    • (1978) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.6 , pp. 69-73
    • Rutherford, D.M.1    Okoko, A.2    Tyrer, P.J.3
  • 29
    • 0028091857 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between blood diazepam concentrations and performance on the clinical test for drunkenness in acute and chronic diazepam users
    • Kuitunen T, Meririnne E, Seppälä T. Correlation between blood diazepam concentrations and performance on the clinical test for drunkenness in acute and chronic diazepam users. J Traffic Med. 1994;22:105-111.
    • (1994) J Traffic Med , vol.22 , pp. 105-111
    • Kuitunen, T.1    Meririnne, E.2    Seppälä, T.3
  • 30
    • 0019351207 scopus 로고
    • Plasma diazepam and desmethyldiazepam concentrations during long-term diazepam therapy
    • Greenblatt DJ, Laughren TP, Allen MD, et al. Plasma diazepam and desmethyldiazepam concentrations during long-term diazepam therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11:35-40.
    • (1981) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.11 , pp. 35-40
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Laughren, T.P.2    Allen, M.D.3
  • 32
    • 0034861281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentration ratios of codeine-to-morphine in plasma after a single oral dose (100 mg) of codeine phosphate
    • Kronstrand R, Jones AW. Concentration ratios of codeine-to-morphine in plasma after a single oral dose (100 mg) of codeine phosphate. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:486-487.
    • (2001) J Anal Toxicol , vol.25 , pp. 486-487
    • Kronstrand, R.1    Jones, A.W.2
  • 33
    • 0034749333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentration ratios of morphine to codeine in blood of impaired drivers as evidence of heroin use and not dedication with codeine
    • Ceder G, Jones AW. Concentration ratios of morphine to codeine in blood of impaired drivers as evidence of heroin use and not dedication with codeine. Clin Chem. 2001;47:1980-1984.
    • (2001) Clin Chem , vol.47 , pp. 1980-1984
    • Ceder, G.1    Jones, A.W.2
  • 34
    • 3042691481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of drivers testing positive for heroin or ecstasy in Norway
    • Hausken AM, Skurtveit S, Christophersen AS. Characteristics of drivers testing positive for heroin or ecstasy in Norway. Traffic Inj Prev. 2004;5:107-111.
    • (2004) Traffic Inj Prev , vol.5 , pp. 107-111
    • Hausken, A.M.1    Skurtveit, S.2    Christophersen, A.S.3
  • 35
    • 0032736230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugged driving in the Nordic countries - a comparative study between five countries
    • Christophersen AS, Ceder G, Kristinsson J, et al. Drugged driving in the Nordic countries - a comparative study between five countries. Forensic Sci Int. 1999;106:173-190.
    • (1999) Forensic Sci Int , vol.106 , pp. 173-190
    • Christophersen, A.S.1    Ceder, G.2    Kristinsson, J.3
  • 36
    • 0035575605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetylcodeine, an impurity of illicitly manufactured heroin, elicits convulsions, antinociception, and locomotor stimulation in mice
    • O'Neal CL, Poklis A, Lichtman AH. Acetylcodeine, an impurity of illicitly manufactured heroin, elicits convulsions, antinociception, and locomotor stimulation in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;65:37-43.
    • (2001) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.65 , pp. 37-43
    • O'Neal, C.L.1    Poklis, A.2    Lichtman, A.H.3
  • 37
    • 0034952698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heroin use by motorists in Sweden verified by analysis of 6-acetyl morphine in urine
    • Jones AW. Heroin use by motorists in Sweden verified by analysis of 6-acetyl morphine in urine. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:353-355.
    • (2001) J Anal Toxicol , vol.25 , pp. 353-355
    • Jones, A.W.1
  • 38
    • 0042367335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between blood carisoprodol:meprobamate concentration ratios and CYP2C19 genotype in carisoprodol-drugged drivers: Decreased metabolic capacity in heterozygous CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*2 subjects?
    • Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Fauske L, et al. Association between blood carisoprodol:meprobamate concentration ratios and CYP2C19 genotype in carisoprodol-drugged drivers: decreased metabolic capacity in heterozygous CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*2 subjects? Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:383-388.
    • (2003) Pharmacogenetics , vol.13 , pp. 383-388
    • Bramness, J.G.1    Skurtveit, S.2    Fauske, L.3
  • 39
    • 0030067137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs usage of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. A study of one week's samples in 1979 and 1993 in Finland
    • Lillsunde P, Korte T, Michelson L, et al. Drugs usage of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. A study of one week's samples in 1979 and 1993 in Finland. Forensic Sci Int. 1996;77:119-129.
    • (1996) Forensic Sci Int , vol.77 , pp. 119-129
    • Lillsunde, P.1    Korte, T.2    Michelson, L.3
  • 40
    • 0041829172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medicinal and illegal drugs among Danish car drivers
    • Behrensdorff I, Steentoft A. Medicinal and illegal drugs among Danish car drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;35:851-860.
    • (2003) Accid Anal Prev , vol.35 , pp. 851-860
    • Behrensdorff, I.1    Steentoft, A.2
  • 41
    • 0345328760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes
    • Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J, Batziris H, et al. The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36:239-248.
    • (2004) Accid Anal Prev , vol.36 , pp. 239-248
    • Drummer, O.H.1    Gerostamoulos, J.2    Batziris, H.3
  • 42
    • 0034277029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: Part II: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability
    • Longo MC, Hunter CE, Lokan RJ, et al. The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: part II: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32:623-632.
    • (2000) Accid Anal Prev , vol.32 , pp. 623-632
    • Longo, M.C.1    Hunter, C.E.2    Lokan, R.J.3
  • 43
    • 0028129575 scopus 로고
    • Testing reckless drivers for cocaine and marijuana
    • Brookoff D, Cook CS, Williams C, et al. Testing reckless drivers for cocaine and marijuana. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:318-22.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 318-322
    • Brookoff, D.1    Cook, C.S.2    Williams, C.3
  • 44
    • 33745957359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of drugs of abuse in less than 30-year old drivers killed in a road crash in France: A spectacular increase for cannabis, cocaine and amphetamines
    • Mura P, Chatelain C, Dumestre V, et al. Use of drugs of abuse in less than 30-year old drivers killed in a road crash in France: a spectacular increase for cannabis, cocaine and amphetamines. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;160:168-172.
    • (2006) Forensic Sci Int , vol.160 , pp. 168-172
    • Mura, P.1    Chatelain, C.2    Dumestre, V.3
  • 45
    • 24644448227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormally high concentrations of amphetamine in blood of impaired drivers
    • Jones AW, Holmgren A. Abnormally high concentrations of amphetamine in blood of impaired drivers. J Forensic Sci. 2005;50:1215-1220.
    • (2005) J Forensic Sci , vol.50 , pp. 1215-1220
    • Jones, A.W.1    Holmgren, A.2
  • 46
    • 0029885150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methamphetamine and driving
    • Logan BK. Methamphetamine and driving. J Forensic Sci. 1996;41:457-465.
    • (1996) J Forensic Sci , vol.41 , pp. 457-465
    • Logan, B.K.1
  • 47
    • 0034002887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illegal or legitimate use - precursor compounds to amphetamine and methamphetamine
    • Musshoff F. Illegal or legitimate use - precursor compounds to amphetamine and methamphetamine. Drug Metab Rev. 2000;32:15-44.
    • (2000) Drug Metab Rev , vol.32 , pp. 15-44
    • Musshoff, F.1
  • 48
    • 0028301950 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between unbound plasma concentrations and various psychomotor and subjective effects after intakes of diazepam and flunitrazepam
    • Ingum J, Pettersen G, Sager G, et al. Relationship between unbound plasma concentrations and various psychomotor and subjective effects after intakes of diazepam and flunitrazepam. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;9:115-121.
    • (1994) Int Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.9 , pp. 115-121
    • Ingum, J.1    Pettersen, G.2    Sager, G.3
  • 49
    • 33646568134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flunitrazepam: Psychomotor impairment, agitation and paradoxical reactions
    • Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Flunitrazepam: psychomotor impairment, agitation and paradoxical reactions. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;159:83-91.
    • (2006) Forensic Sci Int , vol.159 , pp. 83-91
    • Bramness, J.G.1    Skurtveit, S.2    Morland, J.3
  • 50
    • 1942505336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents
    • Movig KL, Mathijssen MP, Nagel PH, et al. Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36:631-636.
    • (2004) Accid Anal Prev , vol.36 , pp. 631-636
    • Movig, K.L.1    Mathijssen, M.P.2    Nagel, P.H.3
  • 51
    • 0031685608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and abuse of the benzodiazepines
    • Fraser AD. Use and abuse of the benzodiazepines. Ther Drug Monit. 1998;20:481-489.
    • (1998) Ther Drug Monit , vol.20 , pp. 481-489
    • Fraser, A.D.1
  • 52
    • 0031006290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly
    • Hemmelgarn B, Suissa S, Huang A, et al. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA. 1997;278:27-31.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 27-31
    • Hemmelgarn, B.1    Suissa, S.2    Huang, A.3
  • 53
    • 0026592068 scopus 로고
    • Psychoactive drugs and the risk of injurious motor vehicle crashes in elderly drivers
    • Ray WA, Fought RL, Decker MD. Psychoactive drugs and the risk of injurious motor vehicle crashes in elderly drivers. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136:873-883.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.136 , pp. 873-883
    • Ray, W.A.1    Fought, R.L.2    Decker, M.D.3
  • 54
    • 0032564174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use
    • Barbone F, McMahon AD, Davey PG, et al. Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet. 1998;352:1331-1336.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1331-1336
    • Barbone, F.1    McMahon, A.D.2    Davey, P.G.3
  • 56
    • 0026668101 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral diazepam: Effect of dose, plasma concentration, and time
    • Friedman H, Greenblatt DJ, Peters GR, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral diazepam: effect of dose, plasma concentration, and time. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;52:139-150.
    • (1992) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.52 , pp. 139-150
    • Friedman, H.1    Greenblatt, D.J.2    Peters, G.R.3
  • 57
    • 0030069622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for benzodiazepines
    • Laurijssens BE, Greenblatt DJ. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for benzodiazepines. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996;30:52-76.
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.30 , pp. 52-76
    • Laurijssens, B.E.1    Greenblatt, D.J.2
  • 58
    • 0018875074 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic and clinical observations on prolonged administration of flunitrazepam
    • Wickstrom E, Amrein R, Haefelfinger P, et al. Pharmacokinetic and clinical observations on prolonged administration of flunitrazepam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;17:189-196.
    • (1980) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.17 , pp. 189-196
    • Wickstrom, E.1    Amrein, R.2    Haefelfinger, P.3
  • 60
    • 0024213212 scopus 로고
    • Effect of after-dinner administration on the pharmacokinetics of oral flunitrazepam and loprazolam
    • Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Truci G, et al. Effect of after-dinner administration on the pharmacokinetics of oral flunitrazepam and loprazolam. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;28:371-375.
    • (1988) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 371-375
    • Bareggi, S.R.1    Pirola, R.2    Truci, G.3
  • 61
    • 0016430689 scopus 로고
    • The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man
    • Klotz U, Avant GR, Hoyumpa A, et al. The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man. J Clin Invest. 1975;55:347-359.
    • (1975) J Clin Invest , vol.55 , pp. 347-359
    • Klotz, U.1    Avant, G.R.2    Hoyumpa, A.3
  • 62
    • 33748951017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic or racial differences revisited: Impact of dosage regimen and dosage form on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
    • Chen ML. Ethnic or racial differences revisited: impact of dosage regimen and dosage form on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45:957-964.
    • (2006) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.45 , pp. 957-964
    • Chen, M.L.1
  • 63
    • 0033800745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of obesity on pharmacokinetics: Implications for drug therapy
    • Cheymol G. Effects of obesity on pharmacokinetics: implications for drug therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39:215-231.
    • (2000) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.39 , pp. 215-231
    • Cheymol, G.1
  • 64
    • 11944274532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of age and sex on the clearance of cytochrome P450 3A substrates
    • Cotreau MM, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. The influence of age and sex on the clearance of cytochrome P450 3A substrates. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44:33-60.
    • (2005) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.44 , pp. 33-60
    • Cotreau, M.M.1    von Moltke, L.L.2    Greenblatt, D.J.3
  • 65
    • 0024447750 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly - an update
    • Dawling S, Crome P. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly - an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1989;17:236-363.
    • (1989) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.17 , pp. 236-363
    • Dawling, S.1    Crome, P.2
  • 66
    • 0025601556 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of flunitrazepam following single dose oral administration in liver disease patients compared with healthy volunteers
    • Drouet-Coassolo C, Iliadis A, Coassolo P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of flunitrazepam following single dose oral administration in liver disease patients compared with healthy volunteers. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1990;4:643-651.
    • (1990) Fundam Clin Pharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 643-651
    • Drouet-Coassolo, C.1    Iliadis, A.2    Coassolo, P.3
  • 67
    • 0029144375 scopus 로고
    • Driving ability in cancer patients receiving long-term morphine analgesia
    • Vainio A, Ollila J, Matikainen E, et al. Driving ability in cancer patients receiving long-term morphine analgesia. Lancet. 1995;346 667-670.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 667-670
    • Vainio, A.1    Ollila, J.2    Matikainen, E.3
  • 68
    • 0035176887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmortem blood free and total morphine concentrations in medical examiner cases
    • Burt M, Kloss J, Apple FS. Postmortem blood free and total morphine concentrations in medical examiner cases. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46:1138-1142.
    • (2001) J Forensic Sci , vol.46 , pp. 1138-1142
    • Burt, M.1    Kloss, J.2    Apple, F.S.3
  • 69
    • 0242469218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P4502D6 genetic background and clinical implications
    • Cascarbi I. Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P4502D6 genetic background and clinical implications. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(Suppl 2):17-22.
    • (2003) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 17-22
    • Cascarbi, I.1
  • 70
    • 0034638766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics of adverse drug reactions
    • Meyer UA. Pharmacogenetics of adverse drug reactions. Lancet. 2000;356:1667-1671.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1667-1671
    • Meyer, U.A.1
  • 71
    • 0037115525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics affects dosing, efficacy, and toxicity of cytochrome P450-metabolized drugs
    • Rogers JF, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr. Pharmacogenetics affects dosing, efficacy, and toxicity of cytochrome P450-metabolized drugs. Am J Med. 2002;113:746-750.
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.113 , pp. 746-750
    • Rogers, J.F.1    Nafziger, A.N.2    Bertino Jr., J.S.3
  • 72
    • 0035147282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No pain relief from codeine...? An introduction to pharmacogenomics
    • Fagerlund TH, Braaten O. No pain relief from codeine...? An introduction to pharmacogenomics. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:140-149.
    • (2001) Acta Anesthesiol Scand , vol.45 , pp. 140-149
    • Fagerlund, T.H.1    Braaten, O.2
  • 73
    • 11144221180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism
    • Gasche Y, Daali Y, Fathi M, et al. Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2827-2831.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2827-2831
    • Gasche, Y.1    Daali, Y.2    Fathi, M.3
  • 74
    • 33947316783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication
    • Jul 4 [Epub ahead of print
    • Kirchheiner J, Schmidt H, Tzvetkov M. Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. Pharmacogenomic J. 2006; Jul 4 [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2006) Pharmacogenomic J
    • Kirchheiner, J.1    Schmidt, H.2    Tzvetkov, M.3
  • 75
    • 33747134323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother
    • Koren G, Cains J, Chitayat D, et al. Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother. Lancet. 2006;368:704.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , pp. 704
    • Koren, G.1    Cains, J.2    Chitayat, D.3
  • 76
    • 0037414162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity
    • Juurlink DN, Mamdani M, Kopp A, et al. Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. JAMA. 2003;299:1652-1658.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.299 , pp. 1652-1658
    • Juurlink, D.N.1    Mamdani, M.2    Kopp, A.3
  • 77
    • 0017229891 scopus 로고
    • Drug therapy. Binding of drugs to serum albumin (first of two parts)
    • Koch-Weser J, Sellers EM. Drug therapy. Binding of drugs to serum albumin (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1976;294:311-316.
    • (1976) N Engl J Med , vol.294 , pp. 311-316
    • Koch-Weser, J.1    Sellers, E.M.2
  • 78
    • 0017297918 scopus 로고
    • Drug therapy. Binding of drugs to serum albumin (second of two parts)
    • Koch-Weser J, Sellers EM. Drug therapy. Binding of drugs to serum albumin (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1976;294:526-531.
    • (1976) N Engl J Med , vol.294 , pp. 526-531
    • Koch-Weser, J.1    Sellers, E.M.2
  • 79
    • 0018952120 scopus 로고
    • Blood/plasma distribution ratios of psychotropic drugs
    • Maguire KP, Burrows GD, Norman TR, et al. Blood/plasma distribution ratios of psychotropic drugs. Clin Chem. 1980;26:1624-1625.
    • (1980) Clin Chem , vol.26 , pp. 1624-1625
    • Maguire, K.P.1    Burrows, G.D.2    Norman, T.R.3
  • 80
    • 0028301950 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between unbound plasma concentrations and various psychomotor and subjective effects after intakes of diazepam and flunitrazepam
    • Ingum J, Pettersen G, Sager G, et al. Relationship between unbound plasma concentrations and various psychomotor and subjective effects after intakes of diazepam and flunitrazepam. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;9:115-121.
    • (1994) Int Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.9 , pp. 115-121
    • Ingum, J.1    Pettersen, G.2    Sager, G.3
  • 81
    • 0030770275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red blood cells: A neglected compartment in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
    • Hinderling PH. Red blood cells: a neglected compartment in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacol Rev. 1997;49:279-295.
    • (1997) Pharmacol Rev , vol.49 , pp. 279-295
    • Hinderling, P.H.1
  • 82
    • 0020569345 scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of five benzodiazepine hypnotics in healthy subjects
    • Jochemsen R, van Boxtel CJ, Hermans J, et al. Kinetics of five benzodiazepine hypnotics in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;34:42-47.
    • (1983) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.34 , pp. 42-47
    • Jochemsen, R.1    van Boxtel, C.J.2    Hermans, J.3
  • 83
    • 0019493923 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines: A summary of pharmacokinetic properties
    • Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Divoll M, et al. Benzodiazepines: a summary of pharmacokinetic properties. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11(Suppl 1):11S-16S.
    • (1981) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Shader, R.I.2    Divoll, M.3
  • 84
    • 0019351207 scopus 로고
    • Plasma diazepam and desmethyldiazepam concentrations during long-term diazepam therapy
    • Greenblatt DJ, Laughren TP, Divoll Allan M, et al. Plasma diazepam and desmethyldiazepam concentrations during long-term diazepam therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11:35-40.
    • (1981) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.11 , pp. 35-40
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Laughren, T.P.2    Divoll Allan, M.3
  • 85
    • 0042916560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic properties of zolpidem in elderly and young adults: Possible modulation by testosterone in men
    • Olubodun JO, Ochs HR, von Moltke LL, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of zolpidem in elderly and young adults: possible modulation by testosterone in men. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56:297-304.
    • (2003) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 297-304
    • Olubodun, J.O.1    Ochs, H.R.2    von Moltke, L.L.3
  • 86
    • 0036786419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zolpidem pharmacokinetic properties in young females: Influence of smoking and oral contraceptive use
    • Olubodun JO, Ochs HR, Trüten V, et al. Zolpidem pharmacokinetic properties in young females: influence of smoking and oral contraceptive use. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:1142-1146.
    • (2002) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.42 , pp. 1142-1146
    • Olubodun, J.O.1    Ochs, H.R.2    Trüten, V.3
  • 87
    • 0030747937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic interactions between alcohol and other drugs
    • Fraser AG. Pharmacokinetic interactions between alcohol and other drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997;33:79-90.
    • (1997) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.33 , pp. 79-90
    • Fraser, A.G.1
  • 88
    • 0021227112 scopus 로고
    • Alprazolam pharmacokinetics in alcoholic liver disease
    • Juhl RP, van Thiel DH, Dittert LW, et al. Alprazolam pharmacokinetics in alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;24:113-119.
    • (1984) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.24 , pp. 113-119
    • Juhl, R.P.1    van Thiel, D.H.2    Dittert, L.W.3
  • 89
    • 0942265374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The binding of selected therapeutic drugs to human serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and to human serum albumin in vitro
    • Bailey DN, Briggs JR. The binding of selected therapeutic drugs to human serum alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and to human serum albumin in vitro. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26:40-43.
    • (2004) Ther Drug Monit , vol.26 , pp. 40-43
    • Bailey, D.N.1    Briggs, J.R.2
  • 90
    • 0038675078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparability of whole-blood and plasma clozapine and norclozapine concentrations
    • Flanagan RJ, Yusufi B, Barnes TRE. Comparability of whole-blood and plasma clozapine and norclozapine concentrations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56:135-138.
    • (2003) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 135-138
    • Flanagan, R.J.1    Yusufi, B.2    Barnes, T.R.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.