Impairment related to blood drug concentrations of zopiclone and zolpidem compared to alcohol in apprehended drivers

Accident Analysis and Prevention

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 462-466

  Gustavsen, Ingebjørg ^a   Al Sammurraie, Muhammad ^a   Mørland, Jørg ^a,b   Bramness, Jørgen G ^a,b  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Drug influence; Impaired driving; Zolpidem; Zopiclone

Indexed keywords

ADULT POPULATIONS; BENZODIAZEPINES; BLOOD SAMPLES; BLOOD-ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS; CLINICAL TESTS; DRUG CONCENTRATIONS; DRUG INFLUENCE; IMPAIRED DRIVERS; IMPAIRED DRIVING; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

BLOOD; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS);

AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS;

AZABICYCLO DERIVATIVE; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVE; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ALCOHOL INTOXICATION; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CAR DRIVING; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; RISK; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION; AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; AZABICYCLO COMPOUNDS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; ODDS RATIO; PIPERAZINES; PYRIDINES; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 64849097394     PISSN: 00014575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.01.011     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Bachs L., Hoiseth G., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Heroin-using drivers: importance of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide on late clinical impairment. Eur. J Clin. Pharmacol. 62 (2006) 905-912
2. Bachs L., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Codeine and clinical impairment in samples in which morphine is not detected. Eur. J Clin. Pharmacol. 58 (2003) 785-789
3. Barbone F., McMahon A.D., Davey P.G., Morris A.D., Reid I.C., McDevitt D.G., and MacDonald T.M. Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet 352 (1998) 1331-1336
4. Billiard M., Besset A., de Lustrac C., and Brissaud L. Dose-response effects of zopiclone on night sleep and on nighttime and daytime functioning. Sleep 10 Suppl. 1 (1987) 27-34
5. Bramness J.G., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Detection of zopiclone in many drivers-a sign of misuse or abuse. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen 119 (1999) 2820-2821
6. Bramness J.G., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines-relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers. Drug Alcohol. Depend. 68 (2002) 131-141
7. Bramness J.G., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Testing for benzodiazepine inebriation-relationship between benzodiazepine concentration and simple clinical tests for impairment in a sample of drugged drivers. Eur. J Clin. Pharmacol. 59 (2003) 593-601
8. Bramness J.G., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Impairment due to intake of carisoprodol. Drug Alcohol. Depend. 74 (2004) 311-318
9. Christophersen A.S., Skurtveit S., Grung M., and Morland J. Rearrest rates among Norwegian drugged drivers compared with drunken drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 66 (2002) 85-92
10. Drummer O.H. Benzodiazepines-effects on human performance and behavior. For. Sci. Rev. (2002) 14
11. Engeland A., Skurtveit S., and Morland J. Risk of road traffic accidents associated with the prescription of drugs: a registry-based cohort study. Ann. Epidemiol. 17 (2007) 597-602
12. Fernandez C., Martin C., Gimenez F., and Farinotti R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of zopiclone. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 29 (1995) 431-441
13. Goldberg L. Quantitative studies on alcohol tolerance in man. The influence of ethyl alcohol on sensory, motor and psychological functions referred to blood alcohol in normal and habituated individuals. Acta Physiol. Scand. (1943) 5
14. Greenblatt D.J., Harmatz J.S., von Moltke L.L., Ehrenberg B.L., Harrel L., Corbett K., Counihan M., Graf J.A., Darwish M., Mertzanis P., Martin P.T., Cevallos W.H., and Shader R.I. Comparative kinetics and dynamics of zaleplon, zolpidem, and placebo. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64 (1998) 553-561
15. Gustavsen I., Bramness J.G., Skurtveit S., Engeland A., Neutel I., and Morland J. Road traffic accident risk related to prescriptions of the hypnotics zopiclone, zolpidem, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. Sleep Med. 9 (2008) 818-822
16. Gustavsen I., Morland J., and Bramness J.G. Impairment related to blood amphetamine and/or methamphetamine concentrations in suspected drugged drivers. Accid. Anal. Prev. 38 (2006) 490-495
17. Hausken A.M., Furu K., Skurtveit S., Engeland A., and Bramness J.G. Starting insomnia treatment: the use of benzodiazepines versus z-hypnotics. A prescription database study of predictors. Eur. J Clin. Pharmacol. 65 (2009) 295-301
18. Hemmelgarn B., Suissa S., Huang A., Boivin J.F., and Pinard G. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA 278 (1997) 27-31
19. Ingum J., Bjorklund R., Bjorneboe A., Christophersen A.S., Dahlin E., and Morland J. Relationship between drug plasma concentrations and psychomotor performance after single doses of ethanol and benzodiazepines. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 107 (1992) 11-17
20. Kassam A., Carter B., and Patten S.B. Sedative hypnotic use in Alberta. Can. J. Psychiatry 51 (2006) 287-294
21. Khiabani H.Z., Bramness J.G., Bjorneboe A., and Morland J. Relationship between THC concentration in blood and impairment in apprehended drivers. Traffic Inj. Prev. 7 (2006) 111-116
22. Kristoffersen L., Skuterud B., Larssen B.R., Skurtveit S., and Smith-Kielland A. Fast quantification of ethanol in whole blood specimens by the enzymatic alcohol dehydrogenase method. Optimization by experimental design. J. Anal. Toxicol. 29 (2005) 66-70
23. Kuitunen T., Mattila M.J., and Seppala T. Actions and interactions of hypnotics on human performance: single doses of zopiclone, triazolam and alcohol. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2 Suppl. 5 (1990) 115-130
24. Kuitunen T., Mattila M.J., Seppala T., Aranko K., and Mattila M.E. Actions of zopiclone and carbamazepine, alone and in combination, on human skilled performance in laboratory and clinical tests. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30 (1990) 453-461
25. Lader M., and Denney S.C. A double-blind study to establish the residual effects of zopiclone on performance in healthy volunteers. Pharmacology 27 Suppl. 2 (1983) 98-108
26. Neutel I. Benzodiazepine-related traffic accidents in young and elderly drivers. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 13 (1998) 115-123
27. Norwegian Prescription Database, 2007. http://www.reseptregisteret.no/. Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
28. Ohayon M.M., Caulet M., Arbus L., Billard M., Coquerel A., Guieu J.D., Kullmann B., Loffont F., Lemoine P., Paty J., Pechadre J.C., Vecchierini M.F., and Vespignani H. Are prescribed medications effective in the treatment of insomnia complaints?. J. Psychosom. Res. 47 (1999) 359-368
29. Roehrs T., and Roth T. 'Hypnotic' prescription patterns in a large managed-care population. Sleep Med. 5 (2004) 463-466
30. Rush C.R., Armstrong D.L., Ali J.A., and Pazzaglia P.J. Benzodiazepine-receptor ligands in humans: acute performance-impairing, subject-rated and observer-rated effects. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 18 (1998) 154-165
31. Salva P., and Costa J. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Therapeutic implications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 29 (1995) 142-153
32. Skurtveit S., Christophersen A.S., Grung M., and Morland J. Increased mortality among previously apprehended drunken and drugged drivers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 68 (2002) 143-150
33. Vermeeren A., Jackson J.L., Muntjewerff N.D., Quint P.J., Harrison E.M., and O'Hanlon J.F. Comparison of acute alprazolam (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg) effects versus those of lorazepam 2 mg and placebo on memory in healthy volunteers using laboratory and telephone tests. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 118 (1995) 1-9
34. Vermeeren A., Riedel W.J., van Boxtel M.P., Darwish M., Paty I., and Patat A. Differential residual effects of zaleplon and zopiclone on actual driving: a comparison with a low dose of alcohol. Sleep 25 (2002) 224-231
35. Verster J.C., Volkerts E.R., Schreuder A.H.C.M., Eijken E.J.E., van Heucklum J.H.G., Veldhuijzen D.S., Verbaten M.N., Paty I., Darwish M., Danjou P., and Patat A. Residual effects of middle of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions and psychomotor performance. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 22 (2002) 576-583