Treatment of multiple myeloma

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 479-491

  Rajkumar, S Vincent ^a  

^a Mayo Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BORTEZOMIB; CARFILZOMIB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; ELOTUZUMAB; ETOPOSIDE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; LENALIDOMIDE; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MELPHALAN; MLN 9708; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PANOBINOSTAT; PERIFOSINE; PLACEBO; PLERIXAFOR; POMALIDOMIDE; PREDNISONE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; TANESPIMYCIN; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; VORINOSTAT; WARFARIN;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME DELETION; CHROMOSOME DELETION 17P; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION 11; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION 14; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION 16; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION 20; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION 6; CYTOGENETICS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESPONSE; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUROPATHY; ONCOGENE MYC; ONCOGENE RAS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PLASMA CELL LEUKEMIA; PLASMACYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL TIME;

ANTINEOPLASTIC PROTOCOLS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 79961027391     PISSN: 17594774     EISSN: 17594782     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.63     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Kyle, R. A. & Rajkumar, S. V. Multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1860-1873 (2004).
2. Rajkumar, S. V. & Kyle, R. A. Multiple myeloma: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin. Proc. 80, 1371-1382 (2005). (Pubitemid 41395971)
3. Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Xu, J. & Ward, E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J. Clin. 60, 277-300 (2010).
4. Landgren, O. & Weiss, B. M. Patterns of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma in various ethnic/racial groups: support for genetic factors in pathogenesis. Leukemia 23, 1691-1697 (2009).
5. Kyle, R. A. & Rajkumar, S. V. Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 23, 3-9 (2009).
6. Landgren, O. et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study. Blood 113, 5412-5417 (2009).
7. Kyle, R. A. et al. A long-term study of prognosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 564-569 (2002). (Pubitemid 34438817)
8. Kyle, R. A. et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 1362-1369 (2006).
9. Tian, E. et al. The role of the Wnt-signaling antagonist DKK1 in the development of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 2483-2494 (2003). (Pubitemid 38010074)
10. Singhal, S. et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1565-1571 (1999).
11. Richardson, P. G. et al. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 2487-2498 (2005). (Pubitemid 41007864)
12. Rajkumar, S. V. et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 106, 4050-4053 (2005). (Pubitemid 41775908)
13. Richardson, P. G. et al. A randomized phase 2 study of lenalidomide therapy for patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 108, 3458-3464 (2006).
14. Rajkumar, S. V. et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 11, 29-37 (2010).
15. Cavo, M. et al. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone compared with thalidomide-dexamethasone as induction and consolidation therapy before and after double autologous transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results from a randomized phase 3 study [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a42 (2010).
16. Rajkumar, S. V. Treatment of myeloma: cure vs control. Mayo Clin. Proc. 83, 1142-1145 (2008).
17. Durie, B. G. & Salmon, S. E. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer 36, 842-854 (1975).
18. Greipp, P. R. et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 3412-3420 (2005).
19. Fonseca, R. et al. International Myeloma Working Group molecular classification of multiple myeloma: spotlight review. Leukemia 23, 2210-2221 (2009).
20. Kumar, S. K. et al. Management of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma: updated Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines. Mayo Clin. Proc. 84, 1095-1110 (2009).
21. Zhou, Y., Barlogie, B. & Shaughnessy, J. D. Jr. The molecular characterization and clinical management of multiple myeloma in the post-genome era. Leukemia 23, 1941-1956 (2009).
22. Kyle, R. A. et al. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 2582-2590 (2007). (Pubitemid 46961003)
23. Rajkumar, S. V. Prevention of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 5606-5608 (2009).
24. Hjorth, M. et al. Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I-a randomized study. Myeloma Group of Western Sweden. Eur. J. Haematol. 50, 95-102 (1993). (Pubitemid 23061274)
25. Riccardi, A. et al. Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: a multicentre randomized study. Cooperative Group of Study and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Br. J. Cancer 82, 1254-1260 (2000). (Pubitemid 30145341)
26. Mateos, M.-V. et al. Multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III trial of lenalidomide-dexamethasone (len/dex) vs therapeutic abstention in smoldering multiple myeloma at high risk of progression to symptomatic MM: results of the first interim analysis [abstract]. Blood 114 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a614 (2009).
27. Kumar, S. et al. Mobilization in myeloma revisited: IMWG consensus perspectives on stem cell collection following initial therapy with thalidomide-, lenalidomide-, or bortezomib-containing regimens. Blood 114, 1729-1735 (2009).
28. Rajkumar, S. V. et al. Combination therapy with thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 4319-4323 (2002). (Pubitemid 35266292)
29. Weber, D. M. et al. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood 94 (Suppl. 1), 604a (1999).
30. Cavo, M. et al. First-line therapy with thalidomide and dexamethasone in preparation for autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Haematologica 89, 826-831 (2004). (Pubitemid 38981342)
31. Rajkumar, S. V., Blood, E., Vesole, D. H., Fonseca, R. & Greipp, P. R. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 431-436 (2006). (Pubitemid 46630462)
32. Rajkumar, S. V. et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2171-2177 (2008).
33. Ludwig, H. et al. Thalidomide-dexamethasone compared with melphalan-prednisolone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 113, 3435-3442 (2009).
34. Gay, F. et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus thalidomide plus dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a comparative analysis of 411 patients. Blood 115, 1343-1350 (2010).
35. Morgan, G. J. et al. First-line treatment with zoledronic acid as compared with clodronic acid in multiple myeloma (MRC Myeloma IX): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376, 1989-1999 (2010).
36. Palumbo, A. et al. A phase III study of enoxaparin vs aspirin vs low-dose warfarin as thromboprophylaxis for newly diagnosed myeloma patients treated with thalidomide based-regimens [abstract]. Blood 114 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a492 (2009).
37. Palumbo, A. et al. Prevention of thalidomide-and lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia 22, 414-423 (2008). (Pubitemid 351255436)
38. Zonder, J. A. et al. Lenalidomide and high-dose dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for multiple myeloma: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group trial (S0232). Blood 116, 5838-5841 (2010).
39. Kumar, S. et al. Impact of lenalidomide therapy on stem cell mobilization and engraftment post-peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia 21, 2035-2042 (2007). (Pubitemid 47299979)
40. Harousseau, J. L. et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of an IFM phase II study. Haematologica 91, 1498-1505 (2006).
41. Jagannath, S. et al. Bortezomib therapy alone and in combination with dexamethasone for previously untreated symptomatic multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 129, 776-783 (2005). (Pubitemid 40904528)
42. Harousseau, J. L. et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 4621-4629 (2010).
43. Mateos, M. V. et al. Bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone versus bortezomib, thalidomide, and prednisone as induction therapy followed by maintenance treatment with bortezomib and thalidomide versus bortezomib and prednisone in elderly patients with untreated multiple myeloma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 11, 934-941 (2010).
44. Rajkumar, S. V. Optimising bortezomib in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 11, 909-910 (2010).
45. San-Miguel, J., Harousseau, J. L., Joshua, D. & Anderson, K. C. Individualizing treatment of patients with myeloma in the era of novel agents. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2761-2766 (2008).
46. Moreau, P. et al. Comparison of reduced-dose bortezomib plus thalidomide plus dexamethasone to bortezomib plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to ASCT in de novo multiple myeloma: Results of IFM2007-02 study [abstract]. J. Clin. Oncol. 28 (Suppl.), a8014 (2010).
47. Richardson, P. G. et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 116, 679-686 (2010).
48. US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov [online], http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01208662 (2010).
49. Reeder, C. B. et al. Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone induction for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: high response rates in a phase II clinical trial. Leukemia 23, 1337-1341 (2009).
50. Kumar, S. et al. Novel three-and four-drug combination regimens of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide, for previously untreated multiple myeloma: results from the multi-center, randomized, phase 2 EVOLUTION study [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a621 (2010).
51. Lokhorst, H.M. et al. A randomized phase 3 study on the effect of thalidomide combined with adriamycin, dexamethasone, and high-dose melphalan, followed by thalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 115, 1113-1120 (2010).
52. Jakubowiak, A.J. et al. Phase II trial of combination therapy with bortezomib, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 5015-5022 (2009).
53. Barlogie, B. et al. Incorporating bortezomib into upfront treatment for multiple myeloma: early results of total therapy 3. Br. J. Haematol. 138, 176-185 (2007). (Pubitemid 46978271)
54. Kumar, S. K. et al. Bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide and lenalidomide combination for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: phase 1 results from the multicenter EVOLUTION study. Leukemia 24, 1350-1356 (2010).
55. Jacobus, S. et al. Outcome of elderly patients 70 years and older with newly diagnosed myeloma in the ECOG randomized trial of lenalidomide/high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide/low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) [abstract 0370]. Haematologica 95 (Suppl. 2), 149 (2010).
56. Gay, F. et al. Safety and efficacy of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in elderly newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients 70 years of age and older [abstract 0379]. Haematologica 95 (Suppl. 2), 153 (2010).
57. [No authors listed] Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus prednisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: an overview of 6,633 patients from 27 randomized trials. Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 3832-3842 (1998).
58. Kyle, R. A. & Rajkumar, S. V. Multiple myeloma. Blood 111, 2962-2972 (2008).
59. Facon, T. et al. Dexamethasone-based regimens versus melphalan-prednisone for elderly multiple myeloma patients ineligible for high-dose therapy. Blood 107, 1292-1298 (2006). (Pubitemid 43242361)
60. Facon, T. et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial. Lancet 370, 1209-1218 (2007). (Pubitemid 47516593)
61. Hulin, C. et al. Efficacy of melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide in patients older than 75 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: IFM 01/01 trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 3664-3670 (2009).
62. Palumbo, A. et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 367, 825-831 (2006). (Pubitemid 43363369)
63. Waage, A. et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 116, 1405-1412 (2010).
64. Wijermans, P. et al. Phase III study of the value of thalidomide added to melphalan plus prednisone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the HOVON 49 Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 3160-3166 (2010).
65. Kapoor, P. et al. Melphalan and prednisone (MP) versus melphalan, prednisone and thalidomide (MPT) as initial therapy for previously untreated elderly and/or transplant ineligible patients with multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [abstract]. Blood 114 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a615 (2009).
66. Mateos, M.-V. et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone in elderly untreated patients with multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter phase 1/2 study. Blood 108, 2165-2172 (2006). (Pubitemid 44497496)
67. San Miguel, J. F. et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 906-917 (2008).
68. Mateos, M.-V. et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone compared with melphalan and prednisone in previously untreated multiple myeloma: updated follow-up and impact of subsequent therapy in the phase III VISTA trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 2259-2266 (2010).
69. Palumbo, A. et al. Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by maintenance with bortezomib-thalidomide compared with bortezomib-melphalan- prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma: a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 5101-5109 (2010).
70. Palumbo, A. et al. Melphalan, prednisone, and lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma: a report from the GIMEMA-Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 4459-4465 (2007). (Pubitemid 350063804)
71. Palumbo, A. et al. A phase 3 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide combined with melphalan and prednisone in patients ≥65 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): continuous use of lenalidomide vs fixed-duration regimens [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a622 (2010).
72. Attal, M. et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Français du Myélome. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 91-97 (1996). (Pubitemid 26240110)
73. Child, J. A. et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1875-1883 (2003). (Pubitemid 36532313)
74. Gertz, M. A. et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in 716 patients with multiple myeloma: low treatment-related mortality, feasibility of outpatient transplantation, and effect of a multidisciplinary quality initiative. Mayo Clin. Proc. 83, 1131-1138 (2008).
75. Barlogie, B. et al. Standard chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemoradiotherapy for multiple myeloma: final results of phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 929-936 (2006). (Pubitemid 46638847)
76. Facon, T. et al. Front-line or rescue autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) following a first course of high dose melphalan (HDM) in multiple myeloma (MM): preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial (CIAM) protocol [abstract]. Blood 88 (Suppl. 1), a2729 (1996).
77. Fermand, J. P. et al. High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial. Blood 92, 3131-3136 (1998).
78. Blade, J. et al. High-dose therapy autotransplantation/intensification versus continued conventional chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to initial chemotherapy: definitive results from PETHEMA after a median follow-up of 66 months [abstract]. Blood 102, a137 (2003).
79. Attal, M. et al. Double autologous transplantation improves survival of multiple myeloma patients: final analysis of a prospective randomized study of the "Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome" (IFM 94) [abstract]. Blood 100, a7 (2002).
80. Cavo, M. et al. Superiority of double over single autologous stem cell transplantation as first-line therapy for multiple myeloma [abstract]. Blood 104, a536 (2004).
81. Regelink, J. C. et al. Long-term follow-up of tandem autologous stem-cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, e741-e743 (2010).
82. Maloney, D. G. et al. Allografting with nonmyeloablative conditioning following cytoreductive autografts for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 102, 3447-3454 (2003). (Pubitemid 37314788)
83. Bruno, B. et al. A comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 1110-1120 (2007). (Pubitemid 46425595)
84. Garban, F. et al. Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in high-risk de novo multiple myeloma. Blood 107, 3474-3480 (2006).
85. Gahrton, G. et al. Tandem autologous(ASCT)/allogeneic reduced intensity conditioning transplantation (RIC) with identical sibling donor versus ASCT in previously untreated multiple myeloma (MM): long term follow up of a prospective controlled trial by the EBMT [abstract]. Blood 114 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a52 (2009).
86. Rosiñol, L. et al. A prospective PETHEMA study of tandem autologous transplantation versus autograft followed by reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 112, 3591-3593 (2008).
87. Krishnan, A. et al. Tandem autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplants (AuHCT) with or without maintenance therapy (auto-auto) versus single AuHCT followed by HLA matched sibling non-myeloablative allogeneic HCT (auto-allo) for patients with standard risk (SR) multiple myeloma (MM): results from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) 0102 trial [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a41 (2010).
88. Stadtmauer, E. A. et al. Tandem autologous stem cell transplants (auto-auto) with or without maintenance therapy versus single autologous transplant followed by HLA-matched sibling non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant (auto-allo) for patients (pts) with high risk (HR) multiple myeloma (MM): results from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT-CTN) 0102 trial [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a526 (2010).
89. Haessler, J. et al. Benefit of complete response in multiple myeloma limited to high-risk subgroup identified by gene expression profiling. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 7073-7079 (2007). (Pubitemid 350276890)
90. Nair, B. et al. Superior results of Total Therapy 3 (2003-2033) in gene expression profiling-defined low-risk multiple myeloma confirmed in subsequent trial 2006-66 with VRD maintenance. Blood 115, 4168-4173 (2010).
91. Sonneveld, P. et al. HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 randomized phase III trial comparing bortezomib, doxorubicin, dexamethasone (PAD) vs VAD followed by high-dose melphalan (HDM) and maintenance with bortezomib or thalidomide in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a40 (2010).
92. Attal, M. et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 108, 3289-3294 (2006)
93. Spencer, A. et al. Consolidation therapy with low-dose thalidomide and prednisolone prolongs the survival of multiple myeloma patients undergoing a single autologous stem-cell transplantation procedure. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 1788-1793 (2009).
94. Stewart, A. K. et al. A randomized phase III trial of thalidomide and prednisone as maintenance therapy following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM): the NCIC CTG MY.10 trial [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a39 (2010).
95. Attal, M. et al. Maintenance treatment with lenalidomide after transplantation for MYELOMA: final analysis of the IFM 2005-02 [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a310 (2010).
96. McCarthy, P. L. et al. Phase III intergroup study of lenalidomide versus placebo maintenance therapy following single autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) for multiple myeloma: CALGB 100104 [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a37 (2010).
97. Kumar, S. K. et al. Clinical course of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin. Proc. 79, 867-874 (2004). (Pubitemid 38879952)
98. Kumar, S. et al. Outcome of patients with myeloma relapsing after IMiD and bortezomib therapy: a multicenter study from the International Myeloma Foundation Working Group [abstract 0376]. Haematologica 95 (Suppl. 2), 151 (2010).
99. Tiedemann, R. E. et al. Genetic aberrations and survival in plasma cell leukemia. Leukemia 22, 1044-1052 (2008). (Pubitemid 351689887)
100. Schey, S. A. et al. Phase I study of an immunomodulatory thalidomide analog, CC-4047, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 3269-3276 (2004). (Pubitemid 41103682)
101. Lacy, M. Q. et al. Pomalidomide (CC4047) plus low-dose dexamethasone as therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 5008-5014 (2009).
102. Leleu, X. et al. Phase 2 study of 2 modalities of pomalidomide (CC4047) plus low-dose dexamethasone as therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. IFM 2009-02 [abstract]. Blood 116 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a859 (2010).
103. Wang, L. et al. Updated results of bortezomib-naive patients in PX-171-004, an ongoing open-label, phase II study of single-agent carfilzomib (CFZ) in patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood 114 (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), a302 (2009).
104. Laubach, J. P. et al. The use of novel agents in the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 23, 2222-2232 (2009).
105. Kumar, S. K. et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood 111, 2516-2520 (2008).