Pharmacotherapy of vestibular and ocular motor disorders, including nystagmus

Journal of Neurology

Volumn 258, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1207-1222

  Strupp, Michael ^a   Thurtell, Matthew J ^b   Shaikh, Aasef G ^c   Brandt, Thomas ^a   Zee, David S ^d   Leigh, R John ^c,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^c LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Dizziness; Downbeat nystagmus; Episodic ataxia type 2; Infantile nystagmus; M ni re's disease; Ocular flutter; Opsoclonus; Pendular nystagmus; Periodic alternating nystagmus; Square wave saccadic intrusion; Upbeat nystagmus; Vertigo; Vestibular migraine; Vestibular neuritis; Vestibular paroxysmia

Indexed keywords

3,4 DIAMINOPYRIDINE; 4 AMINOPYRIDINE; ACETAZOLAMIDE; AMINOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIMIGRAINE AGENT; BACLOFEN; BETAHISTINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONAZEPAM; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; GABAPENTIN; GENTAMICIN; LAMOTRIGINE; MEMANTINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METOPROLOL; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENYTOIN; PROPRANOLOL; TOPIRAMATE; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALACICLOVIR; VALPROIC ACID; ZOLMITRIPTAN;

ACQUIRED PENDULAR NYSTAGMUS; ACUTE DISEASE; ADD ON THERAPY; ATAXIA; AUTOPSY; CEREBELLUM NUCLEUS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIET RESTRICTION; DIPLOPIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EPISODIC ATAXIA TYPE 2; EPISODIC ATAXIA TYPRE 2; EYE MOVEMENT DISORDER; FOLLOW UP; GAIT; GANGLION; GENE MUTATION; HAND PARESTHESIA; HEARING LOSS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMI SEESAW NYSTAGMUS; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HUMAN; HYDROPS; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENIERE DISEASE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MIGRAINE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NAUSEA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NONHUMAN; NYSTAGMUS; OCULOPALATAL TREMOR; OPSOCLONUS; ORAL PARESTHESIA; OSCILLOPSIA; OTOTOXICITY; PERIODIC ALTERNATING NYSTAGMUS; PHOTOPHOBIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; PURKINJE CELL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCCADIC OSCILLATION; SEESAW NYSTAGMUS; SEIZURE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SQUARE WAVE SACCADIC JERK; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; TINNITUS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREMOR; UPBEAT NYSTAGMUS; VERTIGO; VESTIBULAR DISORDER; VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS; VESTIBULAR PAROXYSMIA; VESTIBULAR STIMULATION;

DRUG THERAPY; HUMANS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; VESTIBULAR DISEASES;

EID: 79961020467     PISSN: 03405354     EISSN: 14321459     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-5999-8     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. HK Neuhauser 2007 Epidemiology of vertigo Curr Opin Neurol 20 40 46 17215687 (Pubitemid 46090141)
2. Brandt T, Dieterich M, Strupp M (2005) Vertigo and dizziness-common complaints. Springer, London
3. Strupp M, Cnyrim C, Brandt T (2007) Vertigo and dizziness: Treatment of benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, vestibular neuritis and Menère's disease. In: Candelise L (ed) Evidence-based Neurology-management of neurological disorders. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 59-69
4. Leigh RJ, Zee D (2006) The neurology of eye movements, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
5. A Straube 2007 Therapeutic considerations for eye movement disorders Dev Ophthalmol 40 175 192 17314484 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s7hvVynsw%3D%3D
6. T Brandt A Zwergal M Strupp 2009 Medical treatment of vestibular disorders Expert Opin Pharmacother 10 1537 1548 19527184 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXnt1Orur4%3D
7. MJ Thurtell RJ Leigh 2010 Therapy for nystagmus J Neuroophthalmol 30 361 371 21107124
8. Huppert D, Strupp M, Muckter H, Brandt T (2011) Which medication do I need to manage dizzy patients? Acta Otolaryngol 131:228-241
9. T Sekitani Y Imate T Noguchi T Inokuma 1993 Vestibular neuronitis: epidemiological survey by questionnaire in Japan Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 503 9 12 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3islyksw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23083507)
10. P Schulz V Arbusow M Strupp M Dieterich E Rauch T Brandt 1998 Highly variable distribution of HSV-1-specific DNA in human geniculate, vestibular and spiral ganglia Neurosci Lett 252 139 142 9756341 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXltlequ7s%3D (Pubitemid 28384512)
11. V Arbusow P Schulz M Strupp, et al. 1999 Distribution of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human geniculate and vestibular ganglia: implications for vestibular neuritis Ann Neurol 46 416 419 10482275 1:STN:280: DyaK1MvhtVSjsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29416282)
12. V Arbusow D Theil M Strupp A Mascolo T Brandt 2000 HSV-1 not only in human vestibular ganglia but also in the vestibular labyrinth Audiol Neurootol 6 259 262
13. D Theil V Arbusow T Derfuss, et al. 2000 Prevalence of HSV-1 lat in human trigeminal, geniculate, and vestibular ganglia and its implication for cranial nerve syndromes Brain Pathol 11 408 413 (Pubitemid 32777498)
14. D Theil T Derfuss M Strupp DH Gilden V Arbusow T Brandt 2002 Cranial nerve palsies: herpes simplex virus type 1 and varizella-zoster virus latency Ann Neurol 51 273 274 11835389 (Pubitemid 34111455)
15. D Theil T Derfuss I Paripovic, et al. 2003 Latent herpesvirus infection in human trigeminal ganglia causes chronic immune response Am J Pathol 163 2179 2184 14633592 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslCk (Pubitemid 37466462)
16. M Strupp VC Zingler V Arbusow, et al. 2004 Methylprednisolone, valacyclovir, or the combination for vestibular neuritis N Engl J Med 351 354 361 15269315 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFGhu78%3D
17. LB Jongkees J Maas A Philipszoon 1962 Clinical electronystagmography: a detailed study of electronystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo Pract Otorhinolaryngol Basel 24 65 93 14452374 1:STN:280:DyaF38%2FltlOkuw%3D%3D
18. M Strupp V Arbusow KP Maag C Gall T Brandt 1998 Vestibular exercises improve central vestibulospinal compensation after vestibular neuritis Neurology 51 838 844 9748036 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvhvVygsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28449269)
19. SJ Herdman MC Schubert VE Das RJ Tusa 2003 Recovery of dynamic visual acuity in unilateral vestibular hypofunction Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129 819 824 12925338 (Pubitemid 36966424)
20. Hillier SL, Hollohan V (2007) Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD005397
21. LB Minor DA Schessel JP Carey 2004 Meniere's disease Curr Opin Neurol 17 9 16 15090872
22. TH Yeh P Herman MC Tsai P Tran-Ba-Huy T Van-den-Abbeele 1998 A cationic nonselective stretch-activated channel in the Reissner's membrane of the guinea pig cochlea Am J Physiol 274 C566 C576 9530087 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitVCksro%3D
23. Pullens B, Giard JL, Verschuur HP (2010) van Benthem PP. Surgery for Meniere's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD005395
24. GW van-Deelen EH Huizing 1986 Use of a diuretic (Dyazide) in the treatment of Meniere's disease. A double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 48 287 292 3537899 1:STN:280: DyaL2s%2Fms1aqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16004107)
25. Thirlwall AS, Kundu S (2006) Diuretics for Meniere's disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003599
26. WK Smith V Sankar AG Pfleiderer 2005 A national survey amongst UK otolaryngologists regarding the treatment of Meniere's disease J Laryngol Otol 119 102 105 15829061 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7psF2qsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40388152)
27. M Magnusson S Padoan M Karlberg R Johansson 1991 Delayed onset of ototoxic effects of gentamicin in patients with Meniere's disease Acta Otolaryngol Suppl Stockh 485 120 122 1843163 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7islynug%3D%3D
28. G Lange J Maurer W Mann 2004 Long-term results after interval therapy with intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease Laryngoscope 114 102 105 14710003 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhs1ajtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38141075)
29. R Cohen-Kerem V Kisilevsky TR Einarson E Kozer G Koren JA Rutka 2004 Intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease: a meta-analysis Laryngoscope 114 2085 2091 15564826 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVaisrbI (Pubitemid 39602470)
30. G Ishiyama I Lopez RW Baloh A Ishiyama 2007 Histopathology of the vestibular end organs after intratympanic gentamicin failure for Meniere's disease Acta Otolaryngol 127 34 40 17364327
31. JP Carey T Hirvonen GC Peng, et al. 2002 Changes in the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex after a single dose of intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease Auris Nasus Larynx 956 581 584 1:STN:280: DC%2BD383isVOhtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34457676)
32. DM Barrs 2004 Intratympanic injections of dexamethasone for long-term control of vertigo Laryngoscope 114 1910 1914 15510013 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXptVaqtbk%3D (Pubitemid 39539846)
33. I Yilmaz C Yilmazer AN Erkan SG Aslan LN Ozluoglu 2005 Intratympanic dexamethasone injection effects on transient-evoked otoacoustic emission Am J Otolaryngol 26 113 117 15742264 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhslCgt7o%3D (Pubitemid 40312073)
34. ED Meyer 1985 Treatment of Meniere disease with betahistine dimesilate (Aequamen)-double-blind study versus placebo (crossover) Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 64 269 272 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3ms1yrsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15024522)
35. J Claes PH Van-de-Heyning 1997 Medical treatment of Meniere's disease: a review of literature Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 526 37 42 9107354 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3mtFCjsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27153389)
36. James A, Thorp M (2004) Meniere's disease. Clin Evid pp 742-750
37. JK Dziadziola EL Laurikainen JD Rachel WS Quirk 1999 Betahistine increases vestibular blood flow Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120 400 405 10064646 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7osl2nsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29135878)
38. M Strupp D Huppert C Frenzel, et al. 2008 Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Menière's disease -comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 128 620 624
39. T Brandt M Dieterich 1994 Vestibular paroxysmia: vascular compression of the eighth nerve? Lancet 343 798 799 7907760 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7otVOjsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24098718)
40. K Hufner D Barresi M Glaser, et al. 2008 Vestibular paroxysmia: diagnostic features and medical treatment Neurology 71 1006 1014 18809837 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnitVGquw%3D%3D
41. H Neuhauser T Lempert 2004 Vertigo and dizziness related to migraine: a diagnostic challenge Cephalalgia 24 83 91 14728703 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2c%2FivFWrsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38221722)
42. JM Furman DA Marcus CD Balaban 2003 Migrainous vertigo: development of a pathogenetic model and structured diagnostic interview Curr Opin Neurol 16 5 13 12544852 (Pubitemid 36206757)
43. MD Reploeg JA Goebel 2002 Migraine-associated dizziness: patient characteristics and management options Otol Neurotol 23 364 371 11981397 (Pubitemid 34506649)
44. H Neuhauser A Radtke M von Brevern T Lempert 2003 Zolmitriptan for treatment of migrainous vertigo: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial Neurology 60 882 883 12629256 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7hs1Slsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36297383)
45. Bisdorff AR (2004) Treatment of migraine related vertigo with lamotrigine an observational study. Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb pp 103-108
46. B Baier E Winkenwerder M Dieterich 2009 "Vestibular migraine": effects of prophylactic therapy with various drugs. A retrospective study J Neurol 256 436 442 19266150
47. YH Cha 2010 Migraine-associated vertigo: diagnosis and treatment Semin Neurol 30 167 174 20352586
48. RC Griggs JG Nutt 1995 Episodic ataxias as channelopathies Ann Neurol 37 285 287 7535034 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3gvFalsQ%3D%3D
49. J Jen GW Kim RW Baloh 2004 Clinical spectrum of episodic ataxia type 2 Neurology 62 17 22 14718690 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FitFGhug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38082863)
50. M Strupp A Zwergal T Brandt 2007 Episodic ataxia type 2 Neurotherapeutics 4 267 273 17395137 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt12rsLw%3D (Pubitemid 46467550)
51. RC Griggs RT Moxley RA Lafrance J McQuillen 1978 Hereditary paroxysmal ataxia: response to acetazolamide Neurology 28 1259 1264 366453 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FpsVaktA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9030411)
52. RA Ophoff GM Terwindt MN Vergouwe, et al. 1996 Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4 Cell 87 543 552 8898206 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmvVOqt78%3D (Pubitemid 26374327)
53. M Strupp R Kalla M Dichgans T Freilinger S Glasauer T Brandt 2004 Treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 with the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine Neurology 62 1623 1625 15136697 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1ylur0%3D (Pubitemid 38608211)
54. Y Etzion Y Grossman 2001 Highly 4-aminopyridine sensitive delayed rectifier current modulates the excitability of guinea pig cerebellar Purkinje cells Exp Brain Res 139 419 425 11534865 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltlSqsLg%3D (Pubitemid 32703948)
55. K Alvina K Khodakhah 2010 The therapeutic mode of action of 4-aminopyridine in cerebellar ataxia J Neurosci 30 7258 7268 20505092 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovVOisL4%3D
56. CJ Weisz RS Raike LE Soria-Jasso EJ Hess 2005 Potassium channel blockers inhibit the triggers of attacks in the calcium channel mouse mutant tottering J Neurosci 25 4141 4145 15843617 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjvV2itLc%3D (Pubitemid 40563390)
57. M Stayte B Reeves C Wortham 1993 Ocular and vision defects in preschool children Br J Ophthalmol 77 228 232 8494859 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3msVertA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23133034)
58. JN Wagner M Glaser T Brandt M Strupp 2008 Downbeat nystagmus: aetiology and comorbidity in 117 patients J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 672 677 17872983 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1czisVGhsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 351829440)
59. N Sarvananthan M Surendran EO Roberts, et al. 2009 The prevalence of nystagmus: the Leicestershire nystagmus survey Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50 5201 5206 19458336
60. RW Baloh JW Spooner 1981 Downbeat nystagmus, a type of central vestibular nystagmus Neurology 31 304 310 6970904 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7kvFantg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11146993)
61. C Pierrot-Deseilligny D Milea 2005 Vertical nystagmus: clinical facts and hypotheses Brain 128 1237 1246 15872015 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M3lvVentA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40826178)
62. GM Halmagyi P Rudge MA Gresty MD Sanders 1983 Downbeating nystagmus. A review of 62 cases Arch Neurol 40 777 784 6639406 1:STN:280: DyaL2c%2FltFyqsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14204318)
63. D Straumann DS Zee D Solomon 2000 Three-dimensional kinematics of ocular drift in humans with cerebellar atrophy J Neurophysiol 83 1125 1140 10712443 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7nslOmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30159544)
64. S Glasauer M Hoshi U Kempermann T Eggert U Buttner 2003 Three-dimensional eye position and slow phase velocity in humans with downbeat nystagmus J Neurophysiol 89 338 354 12522184 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s%2Fhs1Sisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36134026)
65. S Glasauer LH von C Siebold U Buttner 2004 Vertical vestibular responses to head impulses are symmetric in downbeat nystagmus Neurology 63 621 625 15326232 (Pubitemid 39100815)
66. S Glasauer M Hoshi U Buttner 2005 Smooth pursuit in patients with downbeat nystagmus Ann NY Acad Sci 1039 532 535 15827016 (Pubitemid 40979921)
67. Leigh RJ (2003) Clinical significance of positionally induced downbeat nystagmus. Ann Neurol 53:688 (Pubitemid 36529449)
68. M Dieterich T Brandt 1995 Vestibulo-ocular reflex Curr Opin Neurol 8 83 88 7749523 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3mvVGqsQ%3D%3D
69. A Bohmer D Straumann 1998 Pathomechanism of mammalian downbeat nystagmus due to cerebellar lesion: a simple hypothesis Neurosci Lett 250 127 130 9697935 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktFKisL4%3D (Pubitemid 28348309)
70. S Marti A Palla D Straumann 2002 Gravity dependence of ocular drift in patients with cerebellar downbeat nystagmus Ann Neurol 52 712 721 12447924 (Pubitemid 35403180)
71. A Sprenger H Rambold T Sander, et al. 2006 Treatment of the gravity dependence of downbeat nystagmus with 3, 4-diaminopyridine Neurology 67 905 907 16966567 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XoslOnu7w%3D (Pubitemid 44394219)
72. DS Zee AR Friendlich DA Robinson 1974 The mechanism of downbeat nystagmus Arch Neurol 30 227 237 4591431 1:STN:280:DyaE2c%2FpvVKhtg%3D%3D
73. DS Zee N Yamazaki PHZ Butler F Bücer 1981 Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus on eye movements in primate J Neurophysiol 46 878 899 7288469 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2Fjt1CntQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11022554)
74. SG Lisberger FA Miles DS Zee 1984 Signals used to compute errors in monkey vestibuloocular reflex: possible role of flocculus J Neurophysiol 52 1140 1153 6335171 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7gslagtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15190279)
75. H Rambold A Churchland Y Selig L Jasmin SG Lisberger 2002 Partial ablations of the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus in monkeys cause linked deficits in smooth pursuit eye movements and adaptive modification of the VOR J Neurophysiol 87 912 924 11826056 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ivFOntQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34670854)
76. S Takemori B Cohen 1974 Loss of visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after flocculus lesions Brain Res 72 213 224 4209081 1:STN:280:DyaE2c3ltFWhtA%3D%3D
77. S Marti D Straumann S Glasauer 2005 The origin of downbeat nystagmus: an asymmetry in the distribution of on-directions of vertical gaze-velocity purkinje cells Auris Nasus Larynx 1039 548 553 (Pubitemid 40979925)
78. AM Partsalis Y Zhang SM Highstein 1995 Dorsal Y group in the squirrel monkey. II. Contribution of the cerebellar flocculus to neuronal responses in normal and adapted animals J Neurophysiol 73 632 650 7760123 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3otVSkuw%3D%3D
79. R Kalla A Deutschlander K Hufner, et al. 2006 Detection of floccular hypometabolism in downbeat nystagmus by fMRI Neurology 66 281 283 16434677 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28%2Fks1ertA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43970177)
80. S Bense C Best HG Buchholz, et al. 2006 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose hypometabolism in cerebellar tonsil and flocculus in downbeat nystagmus Neuroreport 17 599 603 16603919
81. K Hufner T Stephan R Kalla, et al. 2007 Structural and functional MRIs disclose cerebellar pathologies in idiopathic downbeat nystagmus Neurology 69 1128 1135 17846412 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srjt1CmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 47517558)
82. YH Young TW Huang 2001 Role of clonazepam in the treatment of idiopathic downbeat nystagmus Laryngoscope 111 1490 1493 11568589 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXmsV2ksrY%3D
83. JN Currie V Matsuo 1986 The use of clonazepam in the treatment of nystagmus-induced oscillopsia Ophthalmology 93 924 932 3763138 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FhsFOgtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16046102)
84. M Dieterich A Straube T Brandt W Paulus U Büttner 1991 The effects of baclofen and cholinergic drugs on upbeat and downbeat nystagmus J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 54 627 632 1:STN:280:DyaK3MznsVWntQ%3D%3D
85. L Averbuch-Heller RJ Tusa L Fuhry, et al. 1997 A double-blind controlled study of gabapentin and baclofen as treatment for acquired nystagmus Ann Neurol 41 818 825 9189045 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktlyqsLw%3D (Pubitemid 27249189)
86. M Strupp O Schuler S Krafczyk, et al. 2003 Treatment of downbeat nystagmus with 3, 4-diaminopyridine: a placebo-controlled study Neurology 61 165 170 12874393 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVGqsbc%3D (Pubitemid 36875295)
87. T Tsunemi K Ishikawa K Tsukui T Sumi K Kitamura H Mizusawa 2010 The effect of 3, 4-diaminopyridine on the patients with hereditary pure cerebellar ataxia J Neurol Sci 292 81 84 20181362 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjvFCnt7s%3D
88. C Helmchen A Sprenger H Rambold T Sander D Kompf D Straumann 2004 Effect of 3, 4-diaminopyridine on the gravity dependence of ocular drift in downbeat nystagmus Neurology 63 752 753 15326263 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvhvF2ntQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39100846)
89. A Sprenger E Zils H Rambold T Sander C Helmchen 2005 Effect of 3, 4-diaminopyridine on the postural control in patients with downbeat nystagmus Ann NY Acad Sci 1039 395 403 15826992 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXot1Cqs7o%3D (Pubitemid 40979897)
90. R Kalla S Glasauer F Schautzer, et al. 2004 4-aminopyridine improves downbeat nystagmus, smooth pursuit, and VOR gain Neurology 62 1228 1229 15079036 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7otlGksg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38456530)
91. R Kalla S Glasauer U Buttner T Brandt M Strupp 2007 4-Aminopyridine restores vertical and horizontal neural integrator function in downbeat nystagmus Brain 130 2441 2451 17664175 (Pubitemid 47327634)
92. MJ Thurtell RL Tomsak RJ Leigh 2009 Upbeat-torsional nystagmus and contralateral fourth-nerve palsy due to unilateral dorsal ponto mesencephalic lesion Ann N Y Acad Sci 1164 476 478 19645952
93. S Glasauer R Kalla U Buttner M Strupp T Brandt 2005 4-Aminopyridine restores visual ocular motor function in upbeat nystagmus J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 451 453 15716550 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2Fos12juw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40299147)
94. S Glasauer M Strupp R Kalla U Buttner T Brandt 2005 Effect of 4-Aminopyridine on upbeat and downbeat nystagmus elucidates the mechanism of downbeat nystagmus Ann NY Acad Sci 1039 528 531 15827015 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXot1Cqs7k%3D (Pubitemid 40979920)
95. LI Lopez AM Bronstein MA Gresty EP Du Boulay P Rudge 1996 Clinical and MRI correlates in 27 patients with acquired pendular nystagmus Brain 119 465 472 8800942 (Pubitemid 26149362)
96. K Nakamagoe Y Iwamoto K Yoshida 2000 Evidence for brainstem structures participating in oculomotor integration Science 288 857 859 10797008 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtFeiu78%3D (Pubitemid 30257734)
97. JA Buttner-Ennever AK Horn 1996 Pathways from cell groups of the paramedian tracts to the floccular region Ann NY Acad Sci 781 532 540 8694442 1:STN:280:DyaK283otVygtw%3D%3D
98. L Averbuch-Heller AZ Zivotofsky VE Das AO DiScenna RJ Leigh 1995 Investigations of the pathogenesis of acquired pendular nystagmus Brain 118 369 378 7735879
99. Das VE, Oruganti P, Kramer PD, Leigh RJ (2000) Experimental tests of a neural-network model for ocular oscillations caused by disease of central myelin. Exp Brain Res 133:189-197 (Pubitemid 30449904)
100. RJ Leigh TH Burnstine RL Ruff RJ Kasmer 1991 Effect of anticholinergic agents upon acquired nystagmus: a double-blind study of trihexyphenidyl and tridihexethyl chloride Neurology 41 1737 1741 1944902 1:STN:280: DyaK38%2FltVahsA%3D%3D
101. M Starck H Albrecht W Pöllmann A Straube M Dieterich 1997 Drug therapy for acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 244 9 16 9007739 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7mtVahsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26413892)
102. AG Shaikh S Hong K Liao, et al. 2010 Oculopalatal tremor explained by a model of inferior olivary hypertrophy and cerebellar plasticity Brain 133 923 940 20080879
103. G Deuschl C Toro J Valls Sole T Zeffiro DS Zee M Hallett 1994 Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. 1. Clinical, physiological and MRI analysis Brain 117 775 788 7922465
104. M Nishie Y Yoshida Y Hirata M Matsunaga 2002 Generation of symptomatic palatal tremor is not correlated with inferior olivary hypertrophy Brain 125 1348 1357 12023323 (Pubitemid 34587143)
105. C Alev S Urschel S Sonntag, et al. 2008 The neuronal connexin36 interacts with and is phosphorylated by CaMKII in a way similar to CaMKII interaction with glutamate receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 20964 20969 19095792 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXksFCnsg%3D%3D
106. RJ Leigh DA Robinson DS Zee 1981 A hypothetical explanation for periodic alternating nystagmus: instability in the optokinetic-vestibular system Ann N Y Acad Sci 374 619 635 6978650 1:STN:280:DyaL387otVKmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12170719)
107. JS Stahl GT Plant RJ Leigh 2002 Medical treatment of nystagmus and its visual consequences J R Soc Med 95 235 237 11983763 (Pubitemid 34533785)
108. A Straube RJ Leigh A Bronstein, et al. 2004 EFNS task force-therapy of nystagmus and oscillopsia Eur J Neurol 11 83 89 14748767 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2c%2Fpt1WhsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38230782)
109. A Kumar S Thomas R McLean, et al. 2009 Treatment of acquired periodic alternating nystagmus with memantine: a case report Clin Neuropharmacol 32 109 110 19512963
110. P Tarpey S Thomas N Sarvananthan, et al. 2006 Mutations in FRMD7, a newly identified member of the FERM family, cause X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus Nat Genet 38 1242 1244 17013395 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFeisbvJ (Pubitemid 44646284)
111. RV Abadi A Bjerre 2002 Motor and sensory characteristics of infantile nystagmus Br J Ophthalmol 86 1152 1160 12234898 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38vnt1yksw%3D%3D
112. RF Pilling JR Thompson I Gottlob 2005 Social and visual function in nystagmus Br J Ophthalmol 89 1278 1281 16170116 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2Mvps1Ojug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41638865)
113. R McLean F Proudlock S Thomas C Degg I Gottlob 2007 Congenital nystagmus: randomized, controlled, double-masked trial of memantine/gabapentin Ann Neurol 61 130 138 17279539 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjs1yrtbw%3D (Pubitemid 46363840)
114. P Apkarian LJ Bour PG Barth L Wenniger-Prick B Verbeeten Jr 1995 Non-decussating retinal-fugal fibre syndrome. An inborn achiasmatic malformation associated with visuotopic misrouting, visual evoked potential ipsilateral asymmetry and nystagmus Brain 118 Pt 5 1195 1216 7496780
115. L Frisén C Wikkelso 1986 Posttraumatic seesaw nystagmus abolished by ethanol ingestion Neurology 136 841 844 (Pubitemid 16056228)
116. FE Lepore 1987 Ethanol-induced reduction of pathological nystagmus Neurology 37 887 3619996 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3gt1elsw%3D%3D
117. Villoslada P, Arrondo G, Sepulcre J et al (2009) Memantine induces reversible neurologic impairment in patients with MS. Neurology 72:1630-1633
118. JP Cochin D Hannequin MC Do T Didier P Augustin 1995 Intermittent sea-saw nystagmus successfully treated with clonazepam Rev Neurol (Paris) 151 60 62 1:STN:280:DyaK2Mvgs1Glug%3D%3D
119. GM Halmagyi ST Aw I Dehaene IS Curthoys MJ Todd 1994 Jerk-waveform see-saw nystagmus due to unilateral meso-diencephalic lesion Brain 117 Pt 4 789 803 7922466 (Pubitemid 24281841)
120. VE Das RJ Leigh M Swann MJ Thurtell 2010 Muscimol inactivation caudal to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal induces hemi-seesaw nystagmus Exp Brain Res 205 405 413 20686890
121. MJ Thurtell AC Joshi AC Leone, et al. 2010 Crossover trial of gabapentin and memantine as treatment for acquired nystagmus Ann Neurol 67 676 680 20437565 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmvF2lsrk%3D
122. Hufner K, Linn J, Strupp M (2008) Recurrent attacks of vertigo with monocular oscillopsia. Neurology;71:863
123. RL Tomsak GS Kosmorsky RJ Leigh 2002 Gabapentin attenuates superior oblique myokymia Am J Ophthalmol 133 721 723 11992881 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38Xjt1Sgsbo%3D (Pubitemid 34462032)
124. RV Abadi E Gowen 2004 Characteristics of saccadic intrusions Vision Res 44 2675 2690 15358063 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvltFSrsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39092497)
125. J Ashe TC Hain DS Zee NJ Schatz 1991 Microsaccadic flutter Brain 114 461 472 2004251
126. MW Ko J Dalmau SL Galetta 2008 Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes J Neuroophthalmol 28 58 68 18347462 (Pubitemid 351416895)
127. AG Shaikh S Ramat LM Optican K Miura RJ Leigh DS Zee 2008 Saccadic burst cell membrane dysfunction is responsible for saccadic oscillations J Neuroophthalmol 28 329 336 19145136
128. TC Hain DS Zee M Mordes 1986 Blink-induced saccadic oscillations Ann Neurol 19 299 301 3963775 1:STN:280:DyaL287osFekuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16111083)
129. S Ramat JT Somers VE Das RJ Leigh 1999 Conjugate ocular oscillations during shifts of the direction and depth of visual fixation Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40 1681 1686 10393036 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzitVajtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29297142)
130. AG Shaikh K Miura LM Optican S Ramat RJ Leigh DS Zee 2007 A new familial disease of saccadic oscillations and limb tremor provides clues to mechanisms of common tremor disorders Brain 130 3020 3031 17921180 (Pubitemid 350033976)
131. E Perez-Reyes 2003 Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels Physiol Rev 83 117 161 12506128 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXntlGgsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36459879)
132. J Walden H Grunze D Bingmann Z Liu R Dusing 1992 Calcium antagonistic effects of carbamazepine as a mechanism of action in neuropsychiatric disorders: studies in calcium dependent model epilepsies Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2 455 462 1490097 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhs1SqsLk%3D
133. DA McCormick HC Pape 1990 Noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current in thalamic relay neurones J Physiol 431 319 342 1712844 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXksVantr8%3D
134. DA McCormick HC Pape 1990 Properties of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current and its role in rhythmic oscillation in thalamic relay neurones J Physiol 431 291 318 1712843 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzgtlCnsA%3D%3D
135. AM Wong S Musallam RD Tomlinson P Shannon JA Sharpe 2001 Opsoclonus in three dimensions: oculographic, neuropathologic and modelling correlates J Neurol Sci 189 71 81 11535236 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvptlejtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32776652)
136. van der KW, Maassen VA, Ferrari MD, van Dijk JG (1996) Interictal cortical hyperexcitability in migraine patients demonstrated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurol Sci 139:106-110 (Pubitemid 26246287)
137. M Starck H Albrecht W Pöllmann M Dieterich A Straube 2010 Acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis: an examiner-blind cross-over treatment study of memantine and gabapentin J Neurol 257 322 327 19756822
138. G Guillain P Mollaret 1931 Deux cas de myoclonies synchrones et rhythmes velopharyngo-laryngo-oculo-diaphragmatiques Rev Neurol 2 545 566