Individualizing hormone therapy to minimize risk: Accurate assessment of risks and benefits

Women's Health

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 475-485

  Shoupe, Donna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women; estrogen replacement; HRT; hypoestrogenism; low dose estrogen therapy; menopausal hormone therapy; menopause; osteoporosis; reducing mortality in women; risks and benefits of hormone replacement; strategies to minimize risk; timing hypothesis; transdermal estrogen therapy; Women's Health Initiative

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLACEBO;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATROPHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART PROTECTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MORTALITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SCORING SYSTEM; STROKE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; DEMENTIA; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; POSTMENOPAUSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; THROMBOEMBOLISM; URINARY BLADDER DISEASES; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 79960962615     PISSN: 17455057     EISSN: 17455065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/whe.11.42     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M et al. KEEPS: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric 8, 3-12 (2005). (Pubitemid 40675116)
2. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 2591-2602 (2007). (Pubitemid 46961004)
3. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288, 321-333 (2002). (Pubitemid 34761611)
4. Grodstein F, Stampfer M. The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 38, 199-210 (1995).
5. Stampfer MI, Colditz GA, Willett WC et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study. N. Engl. J. Med. 325(11), 756-762 (1991).
6. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1801-1811 (1999). (Pubitemid 29266405)
7. Mikkola TS, Clarkson TB. Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function. Cardiovasc. Res. 53, 605-619 (2002). (Pubitemid 34175253)
8. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz, GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease HRT users compared with non-users. Ann. Intern. Med. 133(12), 933-941 (2000). (Pubitemid 32003509)
9. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo RA et al. Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 135, 939-953 (2001). (Pubitemid 33131615)
10. Schisterman EF, Gallagher AM, Bairey Merz CN et al. The association of hormone replacement therapy and coronary calcium as determined by electron beam tomography. J. Womens Health Gend. Based Med. 11, 631-638 (2002).
11. Akhrass F, Evans AT, Wang Y et al. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with less coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 5611-5614 (2003). (Pubitemid 38033023)
12. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288, 2432-2440 (2002). (Pubitemid 35340539)
13. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 522-529 (2000). (Pubitemid 30650747)
14. Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 15(2), CD004143 (2009).
15. Grodstein F, Manson J, Stampfer M, Willett WC. The discrepancy between observational studies and randomized trials of menopausal hormone therapy Ann. Intern. Med. 140, 764-765 (2004).
16. Phillips LD, Langer RD. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: critical reappraisal and a unified hypothesis. Fertil. Steril. 83, 558-566 (2005). (Pubitemid 40348564)
17. Grodstein F, Clarkson TB, Manson JE. Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 645-650 (2003). (Pubitemid 36204960)
18. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 1701-1712 (2004). (Pubitemid 38489892)
19. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M et al. Effects of estrogen plus progesin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: WHI randomized trial. JAMA 290, 1729-1738 (2003). (Pubitemid 37430623)
20. LaCroix A, Chebowski R, Manson J et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy. JAMA 305(13), 1305-1314 (2011).
21. Rapp S, Espeland M, Hogan P, Jones B, Dugan E. Baseline experience with Modified mini mental state exam: the Women's Health Initiative memory study (WHIMS).Aging Ment. Health 7(3), 217-223 (2003). (Pubitemid 36604520)
22. Rowan T, Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL et al. For the WHI investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 304(15), 1684-1692 (2010).
23. Gray S. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy: the Million Women Study. Lancet 362(9392), 1332 (2003).
24. Cerne JZ, Ferk P, Leskosek B, Gersak K. Hormone replacement therapy and some risk factors for breast cancer among Slovenian postmenopausal women. Climacteric (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
25. Rossouw J, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 297, 1465-1477 (2007). (Pubitemid 46556472)
26. Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in perspective. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 51(3), 564-580 (2008).
27. Langer RD. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of low-dose hormone therapy in managing menopausal symptoms J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 22, 563-573 (2009).
28. McKeever C, McIlwain H, Greenwald M et al. An estradiol matrix transdermal system for the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss Clin. Ther. 22, 845-857 (2000). (Pubitemid 30625917)
29. Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk Study Group. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 362(9382), 428-432 (2003). (Pubitemid 36999704)
30. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G et al. For the estrogen and thromboembolism risk (ESTHER) study group hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 115, 840-845 (2007). (Pubitemid 46294724)
31. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 133(12), 933-941 (2000). (Pubitemid 32003509)
32. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC et al. For the Women's Health Initiative investigators. estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 523-534 (2003). (Pubitemid 36951364)
33. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Greyber E, Salpeter EE. Coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-analysis. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 21(4), 363-366 (2006).
34. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 357-365 (2006). (Pubitemid 43244325)
35. Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA. Hormone therapy and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic postmenopausal women: the Rancho bernardo study. Menopause 12, 40-48 (2005). (Pubitemid 40204892)
36. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 756 (1991).
37. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Greyber E, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. J. Gen. Intern. Med. (7), 791-804 (2004). (Pubitemid 38951954)
38. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. HRT and the young at heart N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 2639-2641 (2007). (Pubitemid 46964429)
39. Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer Disease in older women the cache county study. JAMA 288, 2123-2129 (2002). (Pubitemid 35265379)
40. Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 348, 429-432 (1996). (Pubitemid 26267873)
41. Carlson MC, Zandi PP, Plassman BL et al. Hormone replacement therapy and reduced cognitive decline in older women: the Cache county study. Neurology 57, 2210-2216 (2001). (Pubitemid 34016453)
42. LeBlanc ES, Janowsky J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition. Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 285, 1489-1499 (2001). (Pubitemid 32221898)
43. Fillenbaum GG, Hanlon JT, Landerman LR, Schmader KE. Impact of estrogen use on decline in cognitive function in a representative sample of older community-resident women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 153, 137-144 (2001). (Pubitemid 32060604)
44. Kawas C, Resnick S, Morrison A et al. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Neurology 48, 1517-1521 (1997).
45. Seshadri S, Zornberg GL, Derby LE, Myers MW, Jick H, Drachman DA. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 58, 435-440 (2001). (Pubitemid 32217460)
46. Resnick SM, Henderson VW. Hormone therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease: a critical time. JAMA 288(17), 2170-2172 (2002). (Pubitemid 35276517)
47. Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutehrland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association. cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 96, 2468-2482 (1997).
48. Walsh JM, Pignone M. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia in women. JAMA 291(18), 2243-2252 (2004). (Pubitemid 38608174)
49. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM et al. A randomized tiral of low-dose aspirin in the pirmary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1293-1304 (2005).
50. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 1701-1712 (2004). (Pubitemid 38489892)