Hormone therapy and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic postmenopausal women: The Rancho Bernardo Study

Menopause

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 40-48

  Barrett Connor, Elizabeth ^a   Laughlin, Gail A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Coronary artery calcification; Hormone therapy; Menopause

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; ESTROGEN; PROGESTERONE;

ADULT; AGED; ANAMNESIS; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMMUNITY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY; ELECTRON BEAM TOMOGRAPHY; EVALUATION; FEMALE; HEART DISEASE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; POSTMENOPAUSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SOCIAL CLASS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; VALIDATION PROCESS;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CALCINOSIS; CALIFORNIA; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; COHORT STUDIES; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; POSTMENOPAUSE; RISK FACTORS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 13444252625     PISSN: 10723714     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00042192-200512010-00009     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Barrett-Connor E, Grady D. Hormone replacement therapy, heart disease, and other considerations. Annu Rev Public Health 1998;19:55-72.
2. Sullivan JM, Vander Zwaag R, Lemp GF, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:358-363.
3. Gruchow HW, Anderson AJ, Barboriak JJ, Sobocinski KA. Postmenopausal use of estrogen and occlusion of coronary arteries. Am Heart J 1988;115:954-963.
4. McFarland KF, Boniface ME, Homung CA, Earnhardt W, Humphries JO. Risk factors and noncontraceptive estrogen use in women with and without coronary disease. Am Heart J 1989;117:1209-1214.
5. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605-613.
6. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
7. Cherry N, Gilmour K, Hannaford P, et al. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:2001-2008.
8. Clarke SC, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H, Slack M, Schofiel PM. A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study. BJOG 2002;109:1056-1062.
9. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2432-2440.
10. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:522-529.
11. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo R. Antiatherosclerosis interventions in women. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:17F-21F.
12. Reed D, Yano K. Predictors of arteriographically defined coronary stenosis in the Honolulu Heart Program: comparisons of cohort and arteriography series analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:111-122.
13. Pearson TA, Derby CA. Invited commentary: should arteriographic case-control studies be used to identify causes of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease? Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:123-128.
14. Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, et al. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications: a statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group. Circulation 1996;94:1175-1192.
15. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, et al. Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries: 19-month follow-up of 1173 asymptomatic subjects. Circulation 1996;93:1951-1953.
16. Akhrass F, Evans AT, Wang Y, Rich S, Kannan CR, Fogelfeld L, Mazzone T. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with less coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5611-5614.
17. McLaughlin VV, Hoff JA, Rich S. Relation between hormone replacement therapy in women and coronary artery disease estimated by electron beam tomography. Am Heart J 1997;134:1115-1119.
18. Shemesh J, Frenkel Y, Leibovitch L, Grossman E, Pines A, Motro M. Does hormone replacement therapy inhibit coronary artery calcification? Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:989-992.
19. Schisterman EF, Gallagher AM, Bairey Merz CN, et al. The association of hormone replacement therapy and coronary calcium as determined by electron beam tomography. J Womens Health & Gender-Based Med 2002;11:631-638.
20. Nishino M, Malloy MJ, Naya-Vigne J, Russell J, Kane JP, Redberg RF. Lack of association of lipoprotein(a) levels with coronary calcium deposits in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:314-320.
21. Kuller LH, Matthews KA, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Edmundowicz D, Bunker CH. Coronary and aortic calcification among women 8 years after menopause and their premenopausal risk factors: the healthy women study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2189-2198.
22. Hollingshead AB. Hollingshead two-factor index of social position In: Miller DC. Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement. 5th ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1991:351-359.
23. Lipid Research Clinics Program. Manual of Laboratory Operations. Vol 1. Lipid and Lipoprotein Analysis. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Govt Printing Office; 1974:US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare publication NIH 75-628.
24. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1976;18:499-502.
25. Cooperative Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Group. The hypertension detection and follow-up program. Prev Med 1976;5:207-215.
26. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr., Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:827-832.
27. Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF 2nd, Breen JF, Fitzpatrick LA, Schwartz RS. Electron beam computed tomography and coronary artery disease: scanning for coronary artery calcification. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:369-377.
28. Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Public Health 1992;82:215-219.
29. Barrett-Connor E. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:455-456.
30. Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy, are users healthier than nonusers? Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:971-978.
31. Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P, Teutsch SM, Allan JD. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA 2002;288:872-881.
32. Fung MM, Barrett-Connor E, Bettencourt RR. Hormone replacement therapy and stroke risk in older women. J Womens Health 1999;8:359-364.
33. Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Postmenopausal oestrogen treatment and stroke: a prospective study. BMJ 1988; 297:519-522.
34. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B, He ZX, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Zelinger A, Mahmarian JJ. Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 2000;101:850-855.
35. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1972-1978.
36. Herrington DM, Howard TD. From presumed benefit to potential harm-hormone therapy and heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:519-521.
37. Barrett-Connor E, Grady D, Sashegyi A, et al. Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women: four-year results from the MORE (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation) randomized trial. JAMA 2002;287:847-857.
38. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:58-66.
39. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 1999;100:717-722.