Stroke management

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology

Volumn 14, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages

  Prasad, Kameshwar ^a   Kaul, Subhash ^b   Padma, M V ^a   Gorthi, S P ^c   Khurana, Dheeraj ^d   Bakshi, Asha ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b NIZAM'S INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^c Central Command ^*  (India)

^d POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; CAPTOPRIL; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONIDINE; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; FUROSEMIDE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HEPARIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; LABETALOL; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MANNITOL; NICARDIPINE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PHENYTOIN; PROTAMINE SULFATE; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; VALPROIC ACID; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ARTERY DISSECTION; ARTICLE; BLADDER FUNCTION; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BODY TEMPERATURE MONITORING; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DRAINAGE; DECOMPRESSIVE CRANIECTOMY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DYSPEPSIA; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH SERVICE; HEART FAILURE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; INFECTION RISK; INTESTINE FUNCTION; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; MOBILIZATION; MOUTH HYGIENE; NEUROIMAGING; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; OXYGEN THERAPY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT POSITIONING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROPHYLAXIS; SEIZURE; STROKE; SWALLOWING; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 79960932492     PISSN: 09722327     EISSN: 19983549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.83084     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso- Coello P, et al. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924-6. (Pubitemid 351632017)
2. Albers GW, Bates VE, Clark WM, Bell R, Verro P, Hamilton SA. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for treatment of acute stroke: The Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke study. JAMA 2000;283:1145-50. (Pubitemid 30126602)
3. Alberts MJ, Hademenos G, Latchaw RE, Jagoda A, Marler JR, Mayberg MR, et al. Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. Brain Attack Coalition. JAMA 2000;283:3102-9. (Pubitemid 30399721)
4. Audebert HJ, Schenkel J, Heuschmann PU, Bogdahn U, Haberl RL. Effects of the implementation of a telemedical stroke network: The Telemedic Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care in Bavaria, Germany. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:742-8. (Pubitemid 44205508)
5. Calvet D, Lamy C, Touzé E, Oppenheim C, Meder J-F, Mas J-L. Management and outcome of patients with transient ischemic attack admitted to a stroke unit. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;24:80-5. (Pubitemid 47026145)
6. Evans A, Perez I, Harraf F, Melbourn A, Steadman J, Donaldson N, et al. Can differences in management processes explain different outcomes between stroke unit and stroke-team care? Lancet 2001;358:1586-92. (Pubitemid 33101908)
7. Stroke IWP for, Unit RC of P of LCE and E. National clinical guidelines for stroke. Clinical Effectiveness & Evaluation Unit, Royal College of Physicians; 2004.
8. Katzan IL, Hammer MD, Furlan AJ, Hixson ED, Nadzam DM. Quality improvement and tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: A Cleveland update. Stroke 2003;34:799-800. (Pubitemid 36307415)
9. Koton S, Schwammenthal Y, Merzeliak O, Philips T, Tsabari R, Bruk B, et al. Effectiveness of establishing a dedicated acute stroke unit in routine clinical practice in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:688-93. (Pubitemid 41700790)
10. LaMonte MP, Bahouth MN, Hu P, Pathan MY, Yarbrough KL, Gunawardane R, et al. Telemedicine for acute stroke: Triumphs and pitfalls. Stroke 2003;34:725-8. (Pubitemid 36307401)
11. Prabhakaran S, Chong JY, Sacco RL. Impact of abnormal diffusion-weighted imaging results on short-term outcome following transient ischemic attack. Arch Neurol 2007;64:1105-9. (Pubitemid 47258068)
12. Purroy F, Montaner J, Rovira A, Delgado P, Quintana M, Alvarez- Sabín J. Higher risk of further vascular events among transient ischemic attack patients with diffusion-weighted imaging acute ischemic lesions. Stroke 2004;35:2313-9. (Pubitemid 39311255)
13. Rønning OM, Guldvog B, Stavem K. The benefi t of an acute stroke unit in patients with intracranial haemorrhage: A controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2001;70:631-4. (Pubitemid 32397999)
14. Silva Y, Puigdemont M, Castellanos M, Serena J, Suñer RM, García MM, et al. Semi-intensive monitoring in acute stroke and long-term outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;19:23-30. (Pubitemid 40082255)
15. Stavem K, Rønning OM. Quality of life 6 months after acute stroke: Impact of initial treatment in a stroke unit and general medical wards. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:417-23. (Pubitemid 46742331)
16. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD000197.
17. Bray JE, Coughlan K, Bladin C. Can the ABCD Score be dichotomised to identify high-risk patients with transient ischaemic attack in the emergency department? Emerg Med J 2007;24:92-5. (Pubitemid 46210623)
18. Cucchiara BL, Messe SR, Taylor RA, Pacelli J, Maus D, Shah Q, et al. Is the ABCD score useful for risk stratifi cation of patients with acute transient ischemic attack? Stroke 2006;37:1710-4. (Pubitemid 44297717)
19. Lavallée PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H, Cabrejo L, Olivot J-M, Simon O, et al. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-theclock access (SOS-TIA): Feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:953-60. (Pubitemid 47570023)
20. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, Lovelock CE, Redgrave JN, Warlow CP, et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2005;366:29-36. (Pubitemid 40956527)
21. Wardlaw JM, Seymour J, Cairns J, Keir S, Lewis S, Sandercock P. Immediate computed tomography scanning of acute stroke is cost-effective and improves quality of life. Stroke 2004;35:2477-83. (Pubitemid 39458402)
22. CAST: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997;349:1641-9.
23. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, von Kummer R, Broderick JP, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: Pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004;363:768-74.
24. Hill MD, Buchan AM. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: Results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. CMAJ 2005;172:1307-12. (Pubitemid 40745072)
25. Whiteley W, Lindley R, Wardlaw J, Sandercock P. Third international stroke trial. Int J Stroke 2006;1:172-6. (Pubitemid 44151513)
26. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Altepase for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (TA 122). London: NICE; 2007.
27. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-7.
28. Gupta R, Connolly ES, Mayer S, Elkind MS. Hemicraniectomy for massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction: A systematic review. Stroke 2004;35:539-43. (Pubitemid 38174445)
29. Jüttler E, Schwab S, Schmiedek P, Unterberg A, Hennerici M, Woitzik J, et al. Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): A randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2007;38:2518-25. (Pubitemid 47329631)
30. Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E, Vicaut E, George B, Algra A, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: A pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:215-22. (Pubitemid 46237760)
31. Dávalos A, Castillo J, Alvarez-Sabín J, Secades JJ, Mercadal J, López S, et al. Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: An individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials. Stroke 2002;33:2850-7. (Pubitemid 35462855)
32. Muir KW, Lees KR, Ford I, Davis S. Magnesium for acute stroke (Intravenous Magnesium Effi cacy in Stroke trial): Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:439-45. (Pubitemid 38210060)
33. Shuaib A, Lees KR, Lyden P, Grotta J, Davalos A, Davis SM, et al. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2007;357:562-71. (Pubitemid 47236281)
34. Cartmill M, Dolan G, Byrne JL, Byrne PO. Prothrombin complex concentrate for oral anticoagulant reversal in neurosurgical emergencies. Br J Neurosurg 2000;14:458-61.
35. Goldstein JN, Thomas SH, Frontiero V, Joseph A, Engel C, Snider R, et al. Timing of fresh frozen plasma administration and rapid correction of coagulopathy in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2006;37:151-5. (Pubitemid 43732064)
36. Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M, Köhrmann M, Juettler E, Wikner J, et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: Comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke 2006;37:1465-70. (Pubitemid 44305727)
37. Fredriksson K, Norrving B, Strömblad LG. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1992;23:972-7.
38. Yasaka M, Minematsu K, Naritomi H, Sakata T, Yamaguchi T. Predisposing factors for enlargement of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients treated with warfarin. Thromb Haemost 2003;89:278-83. (Pubitemid 36227279)
39. Gubitz G, Sandercock P, Counsell C. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD000024.
40. Phan TG, Koh M, Wijdicks EF. Safety of discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with intracranial hemorrhage at high thromboembolic risk. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1710-3.
41. Auer LM, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K, Gell G, Kleinert R, Schneider G, et al. Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: A randomized study. J Neurosurg 1989;70:530-5. (Pubitemid 19100711)
42. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Hope DT, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage: A randomised trial. Lancet 2005;365:387-97. (Pubitemid 40179225)
43. Prasad K, Mendelow AD, Gregson B. Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;4:CD000200.
44. Prasad K, Mendelow AD, Gregson B. Surgery for Primary Supratentorial Intracerebral Hematoma. A Meta-Analysis of 10 Randomized Controlled Trials. Stroke 2009 Sep 24. Available from: Http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797178. [Cited 2011 Mar 10].
45. Arauz A, Hoyos L, Espinoza C, Cantú C, Barinagarrementeria F, Román G. Dissection of cervical arteries: Long-term follow-up study of 130 consecutive cases. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;22:150-4. (Pubitemid 44114457)
46. Desfontaines P, Despland PA. Dissection of the internal carotid artery: Aetiology, symptomatology, clinical and neurosonological follow-up, and treatment in 60 consecutive cases. Acta Neurol Belg 1995;95:226-34. (Pubitemid 26024055)
47. Han DH, Kwon OK, Oh CW. Clinical characteristics of vertebrobasilar artery dissection. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1998;38:107-13. (Pubitemid 28551366)
48. Lyrer P, Engelter S. Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD000255.
49. Butler AC, Tait RC. Restarting anticoagulation in prosthetic heart valve patients after intracranial haemorrhage: A 2-year follow-up. Br J Haematol 1998;103:1064-6. (Pubitemid 29012644)
50. Evans A, Perez I, Yu G, Kalra L. Should stroke subtype infl uence anticoagulation decisions to prevent recurrence in stroke patients with atrial fi brillation? Stroke 2001;32:2828-32. (Pubitemid 33134473)
51. Hart RG, Palacio S, Pearce LA. Atrial fi brillation, stroke, and acute antithrombotic therapy: Analysis of randomized clinical trials. Stroke 2002;33:2722-7. (Pubitemid 35266448)
52. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Antithrombotic therapy (36). Edinburgh: SIGN; 1999
53. Bousser M-G, Ferro JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis: An update. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:162-70. (Pubitemid 46097542)
54. Stam J, De Bruijn SF, DeVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;4:CD002005.
55. Chiu EH, Liu C-S, Tan T-Y, Chang K-C. Venturi mask adjuvant oxygen therapy in severe acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 2006;63:741-4.
56. Rønning OM, Guldvog B. Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1999;30:2033-7. (Pubitemid 29473245)
57. Castillo J, Dávalos A, Noya M. Aggravation of acute ischemic stroke by hyperthermia is related to an excitotoxic mechanism. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:22-7. (Pubitemid 29027610)
58. Fukuda H, Kitani M, Takahashi K. Body temperature correlates with functional outcome and the lesion size of cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 1999;100:385-90. (Pubitemid 29529032)
59. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P. Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome : A meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 2000;31:410-4. (Pubitemid 30078174)
60. Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Pedersen PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen LL, et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: Relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet 1996;347:422-5. (Pubitemid 26054066)
61. Ahmed N, Näsman P, Wahlgren NG. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000;31:1250-5. (Pubitemid 30351241)
62. Bath PM, Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath FJ. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;4:CD000398.
63. Horn J, Limburg M. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001928.
64. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, Berger J, Zidek W, Treib J, et al. The ACCESS Study: Evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke 2003;34:1699-703. (Pubitemid 36842630)
65. Bruno A, Biller J, Adams HP Jr, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Williams LS, et al. Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. Neurology 1999;52:280-4.
66. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, O'Connell JE, Johnston DE, Cartlidge NEF, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: The UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 2007;6:397-406. (Pubitemid 46551852)
67. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: National clinical guideline for management in primary and secondary care (CG066). London: NICE; 2008.
68. Bereczki D, Liu M, do Prado GF, Fekete I. Mannitol for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;1:CD001153.
69. Broderick JP, Hacke W. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: Part II: Neuroprotection and medical management. Circulation 2002;106:1736-40.
70. Qizilbash N, Lewington SL, Lopez-Arrieta JM. Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD000064.
71. Tyson SF, Nightingale P. The effects of position on oxygen saturation in acute stroke: A systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:863-71. (Pubitemid 39642265)
72. Turkington PM, Bamford J, Wanklyn P, Elliott MW. Prevalence and predictors of upper airway obstruction in the fi rst 24 hours after acute stroke. Stroke 2002;33:2037-42. (Pubitemid 34840064)
73. Dennis M, Lewis S, Cranswick G, Forbes J. FOOD: A multicentre randomised trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Health Technol Assess 2006;10:1-120.
74. Hamidon BB, Nabil I, Raymond AA. Risk factors and outcome of dysphagia after an acute ischaemic stroke. Med J Malaysia 2006;61:553-7. (Pubitemid 46569501)
75. Norton B, Homer-Ward M, Donnelly MT, Long RG, Holmes GK. A randomised prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding after acute dysphagic stroke. BMJ 1996;312:13-6. (Pubitemid 26011882)
76. Paciaroni M, Mazzotta G, Corea F, Caso V, Venti M, Milia P, et al. Dysphagia following Stroke. Eur Neurol 2004;51:162-7. (Pubitemid 38608317)
77. Smithard DG, Smeeton NC, Wolfe CD. Long-term outcome after stroke: Does dysphagia matter? Age Ageing 2007;36:90-4. (Pubitemid 47072041)
78. Brady M, Furlanetto D, Hunter RV, Lewis S, Milne V. Staff-led interventions for improving oral hygiene in patients following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD003864.
79. Fang Y, Chen X, Li H, Lin J, Huang R, Zeng J. A study on additional early physiotherapy after stroke and factors affecting functional recovery. Clin Rehabil 2003;17:608-17. (Pubitemid 37063048)
80. Richards CL, Malouin F, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI, Bouchard JP, Brunet D. Task-specific physical therapy for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:612-20. (Pubitemid 23172763)
81. Dávalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F, Soler S, Marrugat J, Molins A, et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 1996;27:1028-32. (Pubitemid 26177601)
82. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden CM. A randomized, controlled, a single-blind trial of nutritional supplementation after acute stroke. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998;22:315-9. (Pubitemid 28406845)
83. Milne AC, Potter J, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD003288.
84. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Nutrition support in adults (CG32). London: NICE; 2006.
85. Meierkord H, Boon P, Engelsen B, Göcke K, Shorvon S, Tinuper P, et al. EFNS guideline on the management of status epilepticus. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:445-50. (Pubitemid 43823356)
86. Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, Ulivelli M, Vatti G. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia 2002;43:1175-80. (Pubitemid 35176125)
87. Vespa PM, O'Phelan K, Shah M, Mirabelli J, Starkman S, Kidwell C, et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: A factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 2003;60:1441-6. (Pubitemid 36554803)
88. Berge E, Sandercock P. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;4:CD003242.
89. Bath PM, England TJ. Thigh-length compression stockings and DVT after stroke. Lancet 2009;373:1923-4.
90. Thomas LH, Cross S, Barrett J, French B, Leathley M, Sutton CJ, et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD004462.
91. Coggrave M, Wiesel PH, Norton C. Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD002115.
92. Chamorro A, Horcajada JP, Obach V, Vargas M, Revilla M, Torres F, et al. The Early Systemic Prophylaxis of Infection After Stroke study: A randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2005;36:1495-500. (Pubitemid 40967519)
93. Gräsel E, Schmidt R, Biehler J, Schupp W. Long-term effects of the intensifi cation of the transition between inpatient neurological rehabilitation and home care of stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 2006;20:577-83. (Pubitemid 44193030)
94. Langhorne P, Taylor G, Murray G, Dennis M, Anderson C, Bautz- Holter E, et al. Early supported discharge services for stroke patients: A meta-analysis of individual patients' data. Lancet 2005;365:501-6. (Pubitemid 40215733)
95. Larsen T, Olsen TS, Sorensen J. Early home-supported discharge of stroke patients: A health technology assessment. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006;22:313-20. (Pubitemid 44469437)
96. Coull AJ, Lovett JK, Rothwell PM; Oxford Vascular Study. Population based study of early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: Implications for public education and organisation of services. BMJ 2004;328:326.
97. Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Giles MF, Elkins JS, Bernstein AL, et al. Validation and refi nement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2007;369:283-92. (Pubitemid 46136488)
98. Koton S, Rothwell PM. Performance of the ABCD and ABCD2 scores in TIA patients with carotid stenosis and atrial fi brillation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;24:231-5. (Pubitemid 47295589)
99. Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology 2004;62:569-73. (Pubitemid 38252797)
100. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
101. Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, et al. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1982-8. (Pubitemid 46694290)
102. The European Stroke Prevention Study (ESPS). Principal endpoints. The ESPS Group. Lancet 1987;2:1351-4.
103. Second European Stroke Prevention Study. ESPS-2 Working Group. J Neurol 1992;239:299-301.
104. Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1665-73.
105. Fisher M, Davalos A. The MATCH study results in the context of secondary stroke prevention. Stroke 2004;35:2609. (Pubitemid 39458427)
106. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.
107. De Schryver EL, Algra A, van Gijn J. Dipyridamole for preventing stroke and other vascular events in patients with vascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;3:CD001820.
108. Hankey GJ, Sudlow CL, Dunbabin DW. Thienopyridine derivatives (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001246.
109. Ringleb PA, Bhatt DL, Hirsch AT, Topol EJ, Hacke W. Benefi t of clopidogrel over aspirin is amplifi ed in patients with a history of ischemic events. Stroke 2004;35:528-32. (Pubitemid 38174442)
110. Saxena R, Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fi brillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;2:CD000185.
111. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 2002;288:2998-3007.
112. Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-35. (Pubitemid 37410190)
113. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, Marquardt L, Geraghty O, Redgrave JNE, et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): A prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007;370:1432-42. (Pubitemid 47576154)
114. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53.
115. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-41.
116. Cina CS, Clase CM, Haynes RB. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001081.
117. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379-87.
118. Ederle J, Featherstone RL, Brown MM. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD000515.
119. Fairhead JF, Rothwell PM. The need for urgency in identifi cation and treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis is already established. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;19:355-8. (Pubitemid 40910950)
120. Eliasziw M, Spence JD, Barnett HJ. Carotid endarterectomy does not affect long-term blood pressure: Observations from the NASCET. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:20-4. (Pubitemid 28046072)
121. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, Sharpe BL, Chan RK, Meldrum HE, et al. The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid- artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1693-700.
122. Paty PS, Darling RC 3rd, Feustel PJ, Bernardini GL, Mehta M, Ozsvath KJ, et al. Early carotid endarterectomy after acute stroke. J Vasc Surg 2004;39:148-54. (Pubitemid 38056165)
123. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet 2004;363:915-24. (Pubitemid 38388324)
124. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Effi cacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78.
125. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 2004;363:757-67.
126. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
127. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006;355:549-59. (Pubitemid 44202151)
128. Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, Szarek M, Sillesen H, Rudolph AE, Callahan A 3rd, et al. Effects of intense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke 2007;38:3198-204. (Pubitemid 350175737)
129. Brunner EJ, Rees K, Ward K, Burke M, Thorogood M. Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD002128.
130. He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: Meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet 2006;367:320-6. (Pubitemid 43151465)
131. Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey SG, Ebrahim S. Advice to reduce dietary salt for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;1:CD003656.
132. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD001292.
133. Rice VH, Stead LF. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;1:CD001188.
134. Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, Mant D, Fowler G. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;4:CD000146.
135. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew LC, Howard VJ, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: The Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:565-75. (Pubitemid 38500310)
136. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B, et al. n-3 Fatty acids from fi sh or fi sh-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:5-17. (Pubitemid 44699166)