Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: Consensus Document 2011

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 36, Issue SUPPL.1, 2011, Pages 266-298

  Warburton, Darren E R ^a   Gledhill, Norman ^b   Jamnik, Veronica K ^b   Bredin, Shannon S D ^a   McKenzie, Don C ^a   Stone, James ^c   Charlesworth, Sarah ^a   Shephard, Roy J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adverse events; Complications; Exercise; PAR Q; PARmed X; Preparticipation screening

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC DISEASE; CONSENSUS; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; DECISION TREE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; FITNESS; HEALTH STATUS; HEALTH STATUS INDICATOR; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; MALE; MASS SCREENING; METHODOLOGY; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PERINATAL CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STANDARD;

CHRONIC DISEASE; CONSENSUS; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; DECISION TREES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PERINATAL CARE; PHYSICAL FITNESS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PREGNANCY; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79960903356     PISSN: 17155312     EISSN: 17155320     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/H11-062     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Aapro, M., Bernard-Marty, C., Brain, E.G., Batist, G., Erdkamp, F., Krzemieniecki, K., et al. 2011. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in the elderly cancer patient: a SIOG expert position paper. Ann. Oncol. 22(2): 257-267. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq609. PMID:20956616.
2. Abate, N., and Chandalia, M. 2007. Ethnicity, type 2 diabetes & migrant Asian Indians. Indian J. Med. Res. 125(3): 251-258. PMID:17496354.
3. Adamsen, L., Midtgaard, J., Rorth, M., Borregaard, N., Andersen, C., Quist, M., et al. 2003. Feasibility, physical capacity, and health benefits of a multidimensional exercise program for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Support. Care Cancer, 11(11): 707-716. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0504-2. PMID:12898370.
4. Aiello, L.P., Cahill, M.T., and Wong, J.S. 2001. Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 132(5): 760-776. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01) 01124-2. PMID:11704039.
5. Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Leon, A.S., Jacobs, D.R., Jr, Montoye, H.J., Sallis, J.F., and Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr. 1993. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25(1): 71-80. doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00011. PMID:8292105.
6. Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Whitt, M.C., Irwin, M.L., Swartz, A. M., Strath, S.J., et al. 2000. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32(9 Suppl): S498-S504. PMID:10993420.
7. Alvarez, N., and Rubin, L. 1986. Atlantoaxial instability in adults with Down syndrome: a clinical and radiological survey. Appl. Res. Ment. Retard. 7(1): 67-78. doi:10.1016/0270-3092(86) 90019-6. PMID:2938541.
8. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1984. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Sports Medicine. Atlantoaxial instability in Down syndrome. Pediatrics, 74(1): 152-154. PMID:6234506.
9. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1995. Atlantoaxial instability in Down syndrome: subject review. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Pediatrics, 96(1 Pt. 1): 151-154. PMID:7596705.
10. Armstrong, D.G., Lavery, L.A., Holtz-Neiderer, K., Mohler, M.J., Wendel, C.S., Nixon, B.P., and Boulton, A.J. 2004. Variability in activity may precede diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care, 27(8): 1980-1984. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.1980. PMID:15277427.
11. Balducci, S., Iacobellis, G., Parisi, L., Di Biase, N., Calandriello, E., Leonetti, F., and Fallucca, F. 2006. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J. Diabetes Complications, 20(4): 216-223. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07. 005. PMID:16798472.
12. Bickel, C.S., Slade, J.M., and Dudley, G.A. 2004. Long-term spinal cord injury increases susceptibility to isometric contractioninduced muscle injury. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 91(2-3): 308-313. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0973-5. PMID:14586584.
13. Birrer, R.B. 2004. The Special Olympics athlete: evaluation and clearance for participation. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila.), 43(9): 777-782. doi:10.1177/000992280404300901. PMID:15583772.
14. Bouchard, C., Shephard, R.J., and Stephens, T. 1994. The consensus statement. In Physical activity fitness and health: International proceedings and consensus statement. Edited by C. Bouchard and R. J. Shephard and T. Stephens. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Ill., USA. pp. 9-76.
15. Braith, R.W., and Beck, D.T. 2008. Resistance exercise: training adaptations and developing a safe exercise prescription. Heart Fail. Rev. 13(1): 69-79. doi:10.1007/s10741-007-9055-9. PMID: 17932746.
16. Brehm, B.J., Rourke, K.M., and Cassell, C. 1999. Training health professionals: a multidisciplinary team approach in a universitybased weight-loss program. J. Allied Health, 28(4): 226-229. PMID:10614555.
17. Brown, J.K., Byers, T., Doyle, C., Coumeya, K.S., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Kushi, L.H., et al.; American Cancer Society. 2003. Nutrition and physical activity during and after cancer treatment: an American Cancer Society guide for informed choices. CA Cancer J. Clin. 53(5): 268-291. doi:10.3322/ canjclin.53.5.268. PMID:14570227.
18. Brox, J.I., Reikeras, O., Nygaard, O., Sorensen, R., Indahl, A., Holm, I., et al. 2006. Lumbar instrumented fusion compared with cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic back pain after previous surgery for disc herniation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Pain, 122(1-2): 145-155. doi:10. 1016/j.pain.2006.01.027. PMID:16545523.
19. Bruce, N., and Burnett, S. 1991. Prevention of lifestyle-related disease: general practitioners' views about their role, effectiveness and resources. Fam. Pract. 8(4): 373-377. doi:10.1093/fampra/8.4. 373. PMID:1800203.
20. Bull, F.C., Kreuter, M.W., and Scharff, D.P. 1999. Effects of tailored, personalized and general health messages on physical activity. Patient Educ. Couns. 36(2): 181-192. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991 (98)00134-7. PMID:10223022.
21. Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. 2009. Canadian guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and cardiovascular disease prevention: translating knowledge into action. 3rd ed. Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Winnipeg, Man., Canada.
22. Canadian Cardiovascular Society. 2001. CCS Consensus Document on Congestive Heart Failure. Canadian Cardiovascular Society, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
23. Canadian Diabetes Association. 2007. The prevalence and cost of diabetes. Canadian Diabetes Association. Available from http:// www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/prevalence.asp. [Accessed 3 September 2007.]
24. Canadian Diabetes Association. 2011. Diabetes facts. Canadian Diabetes Association, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
25. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. 2003. Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Approach. 3rd ed. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
26. Charlesworth, S., Foulds, H., Burr, J., and Bredin, S.S.D. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: pregnancy. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
27. Chilibeck, P., Vatanparast, H., Cornish, S.M., and Charlesworth, S. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: arthritis, low back pain, and osteoporosis. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
28. Cremers, M.J., and Beijer, H.J. 1993. No relation between general laxity and atlantoaxial instability in children with Down syndrome. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 13(3): 318-321. doi:10.1097/01241398-199305000-00008. PMID:8496364.
29. Cremers, M.J., Bol, E., de Roos, F., and van Gijn, J. 1993. Risk of sports activities in children with Down's syndrome and atlantoaxial instability. Lancet, 342(8870): 511-514. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91644-2. PMID:8102665.
30. Culos-Reed, S.N., Carlson, L.E., Daroux, L.M., and Hately-Aldous, S. 2006. A pilot study of yoga for breast cancer survivors: physical and psychological benefits. Psychooncology, 15(10): 891-897. doi:10.1002/pon.1021. PMID:16374892.
31. Cunningham, A.J., Edmonds, C.V., Jenkins, G.P., Pollack, H., Lockwood, G.A., and Warr, D. 1998. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of group psychological therapy on survival in women with metastatic breast cancer. Psychooncology, 7(6): 508-517. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199811/12)7:6<508::AIDPON376> 3.3.CO;2-Z. PMID:9885092.
32. Cust, A.E., Armstrong, B.K., Friedenreich, C.M., Slimani, N., and Bauman, A. 2007. Physical activity and endometrial cancer risk: a review of the current evidence, biologic mechanisms and the quality of physical activity assessment methods. Cancer Causes Control, 18(3): 243-258. doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0094-7. PMID: 17206535.
33. Davies, E.J., Moxham, T., Rees, K., Singh, S., Coats, A.J., Ebrahim, S., et al. 2010. Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4): CD003331. PMID:20393935.
34. Dollinger, V., Obwegeser, A.A., Gabl, M., Lackner, P., Koller, M., and Galiano, K. 2008. Sporting activity following discectomy for lumbar disc herniation. Orthopedics, 31(8): 756. doi:10.3928/ 01477447-20080801-05. PMID:19292419.
35. Dundar, U., Solak, O., Yigit, I., Evcik, D., and Kavuncu, V. 2009. Clinical effectiveness of aquatic exercise to treat chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 34(14): 1436-1440. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a79618. PMID:19525833.
36. Dunn, A.L., Trivedi, M.H., and O'Neal, H.A. 2001. Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S587-S597; discussion 609-610. PMID:11427783.
37. Earnest, C.P. 2008. Exercise interval training: an improved stimulus for improving the physiology of pre-diabetes. Med. Hypotheses, 71(5): 752-761. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.024. PMID: 18707813.
38. Eickhoff-Shemek, J.M. 2010. An analysis of 8 negligence lawsuits against personal fitness trainers: 3 major liability exposures revealed. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 14(5): 34-37.
39. Eves, N.D., and Davidson, W.J. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: respiratory disease. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
40. Fattal, C., Mariano-Goulart, D., Thomas, E., Rouays-Mabit, H., Verollet, C., and Maimoun, L. 2011. Osteoporosis in persons with spinal cord injury: the need for a targeted therapeutic education. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 92(1): 59-67. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010. 09.019. PMID:21187206.
41. Flocke, S.A., Kelly, R., and Highland, J. 2009. Initiation of health behavior discussions during primary care outpatient visits. Patient Educ. Couns. 75(2): 214-219. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.09.008. PMID:19013742.
42. Franklin, B., Fern, A., Fowler, A., Spring, T., and Dejong, A. 2009. Exercise physiologist's role in clinical practice. Br. J. Sports Med. 43(2): 93-98. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.055202. PMID:19050005.
43. Friedrich, M., Gittler, G., Halberstadt, Y., Cermak, T., and Heiller, I. 1998. Combined exercise and motivation program: effect on the compliance and level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 79(5): 475-487. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90059-4. PMID:9596385.
44. Frost, H., Lamb, S.E., Klaber Moffett, J.A., Fairbank, J.C., and Moser, J.S. 1998. A fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain: 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Pain, 75(2-3): 273-279. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00005-0. PMID:9583763.
45. Frotzler, A., Coupaud, S., Perret, C., Kakebeeke, T.H., Hunt, K.J., Donaldson Nde, N., and Eser, P. 2008. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone, 43(1): 169-176. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.004. PMID:18440891.
46. Ginis, K.A., Hicks, A.L., Latimer, A.E., Warburton, D.E.R., Bourne, C., Ditor, D.S., et al. 2011. The development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, [Epub ahead of print.] PMID:21647164.
47. Ginis, K.A., Latimer, A.E., Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K.P., Buchholz, A. C., Bray, S.R., Craven, B.C., et al. 2010. Leisure time physical activity in a population-based sample of people with spinal cord injury part I: demographic and injury-related correlates. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 91(5): 722-728. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.12. 027. PMID:20434609.
48. Gledhill, N., and Jamnik, V.K. 1992. Development and validation of a fitness screening protocol for firefighter applicants. Can. J. Sport Sci. 17(3): 199-206. PMID:1325259.
49. Goebbels, U., Myers, J., Dziekan, G., Muller, P., Kuhn, M., Ratte, R., and Dubach, P. 1998. A randomized comparison of exercise training in patients with normal vs. reduced ventricular function. Chest, 113(5): 1387-1393. doi:10.1378/chest.113.5.1387. PMID: 9596323.
50. Goodman, J.M., Thomas, S.G., and Burr, J. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity and exercise testing. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. S1): This issue.
51. Gordon, N.F., Gulanick, M., Costa, F., Fletcher, G., Franklin, B.A., Roth, E.J., and Shephard, T.; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council. 2004. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council. Circulation, 109(16): 2031-2041. doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000126280.65777.A4. PMID:15117863.
52. Greiner, A.C., and Knebel, E. 2003. Health professions education: a bridge to quality. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
53. Hamada, H., Ohkubo, T., Maeda, M., and Ogawa, S. 2006. Evaluation of cardiac reserved function by high-dose dobutamine-stress echocardiography in asymptomatic anthracyclinetreated survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr. Int. 48(3): 313-320. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02210.x. PMID:16732801.
54. Haydon, A.M., Macinnis, R., English, D., and Giles, G. 2006. The effect of physical activity and body size on survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer. Gut, 55(1): 62-67. doi:10.1136/gut.2005. 068189. PMID:15972299.
55. Haykowsky, M., Vonder Muhll, I., Ezekowitz, J., and Armstrong, P. 2005. Supervised exercise training improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength in older women with heart failure. Can. J. Cardiol. 21(14): 1277-1280. PMID:16341296.
56. Herbert, D.L., and Eickhoff-Shemek, J.M. 2010. New standards statements Legal considerations for the fitness industry. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 14(3): 31-33.
57. Ho, E., Brown, A., Barrett, P., Morgan, R.B., King, G., Kennedy, M. J., and Murphy, R.T. 2010. Subclinical anthracycline-and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in the long-term follow-up of asymptomatic breast cancer survivors: a speckle tracking echocardiographic study. Heart, 96(9): 701-707. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009. 173997. PMID:20424152.
58. Holmes, M.D., Chen, W.Y., Feskanich, D., Kroenke, C.H., and Colditz, G.A. 2005. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA, 293(20): 2479-2486. doi:10.1001/jama. 293.20.2479. PMID:15914748.
59. Ivey, F.M., Hafer-Macko, C.E., and Macko, R.F. 2008. Exercise training for cardiometabolic adaptation after stroke. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 28(1): 2-11. PMID:18277823.
60. Ivy, J.L., Zderic, T.W., and Fogt, D.L. 1999. Prevention and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 27: 1-35. doi:10.1249/00003677-199900270-00003. PMID: 10791012.
61. Jamnik, V.K., Gledhill, N., and Shephard, R.J. 2007. Revised clearance for participation in physical activity: greater screening responsibility for qualified university-educated fitness professionals. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(6): 1191-1197. doi:10. 1139/h07-128. PMID:18059594.
62. Jamnik, V.J., Warburton, D.E.R., Makarski, J., McKenzie, D.C., Shephard, R.J., Stone, J., et al. 2011. Enhancing the effectiveness of clearance for physical activity participation; background and overall process. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
63. Janssen, I. 2007. Physical activity guidelines for children and youth. Can. J. Public Health, 98(Suppl. 2): 109-121. PMID:18213942.
64. Jones, L.W. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: cancer. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
65. Jones, L.W., Haykowsky, M., Peddle, C.J., Joy, A.A., Pituskin, E.N., Tkachuk, L.M., et al. 2007. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with HER2/neu-positive breast cancer treated with anthracyclinetaxane-containing adjuvant chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16(5): 1026-1031. doi:10. 1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0870. PMID:17507633.
66. Kanade, R.V., van Deursen, R.W., Harding, K., and Price, P. 2006. Walking performance in people with diabetic neuropathy: benefits and threats. Diabetologia, 49(8): 1747-1754. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0309-1. PMID:16758177.
67. Katzmarzyk, P.T., and Janssen, I. 2004. The economic costs associated with physical inactivity and obesity in Canada: an update. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 29(1): 90-115. doi:10.1139/h04-008. PMID:15001807.
68. Katzmarzyk, P.T., Gledhill, N., and Shephard, R.J. 2000. The economic burden of physical inactivity in Canada. CMAJ, 163(11): 1435-1440. PMID:11192648.
69. Kavanagh, T., Mertens, D.J., Hamm, L.F., Beyene, J., Kennedy, J., Corey, P., and Shephard, R.J. 2002. Prediction of long-term prognosis in 12 169 men referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Circulation, 106(6): 666-671. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000024413. 15949.ED. PMID:12163425.
70. Kesäniemi, A., Riddoch, C.J., Reeder, B., Blair, S.N., and Sørensen, T. 2010. Advancing the future of physical activity guidelines in Canada: an independent expert panel interpretation of the evidence. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7: 41. PMID:20459785.
71. Kohl, H.W., III. 2001. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: evidence for a dose response. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S472-S483; discussion S493-S494. PMID:11427773.
72. Krassioukov, A.V., Karlsson, A.K., Wecht, J.M., Wuermser, L.A., Mathias, C.J., and Marino, R.J.; Joint Committee of American Spinal Injury Association and International Spinal Cord Society. 2007. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: rationale for additions to International Standards for Neurological Assessment. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 44(1): 103-112. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2005.10.0159. PMID:17551864.
73. Krassioukov, A., Eng, J.J., Warburton, D.E., and Teasell, R.; Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. 2009a. A systematic review of the management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90(5): 876-885. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.009. PMID:19406310.
74. Krassioukov, A., Warburton, D.E., Teasell, R., and Eng, J.J.; Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. 2009b. A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90(4): 682-695. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.10.017. PMID:19345787.
75. Kriska, A. 2003. Can a physically active lifestyle prevent type 2 diabetes? Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 31(3): 132-137. doi:10.1097/ 00003677-200307000-00006. PMID:12882479.
76. Kriska, A.M., LaPorte, R.E., Patrick, S.L., Kuller, L.H., and Orchard, T.J. 1991. The association of physical activity and diabetic complications in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study-VII. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 44(11): 1207-1214. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90153-Z. PMID:1941015.
77. Kriska, A.M., Saremi, A., Hanson, R.L., Bennett, P.H., Kobes, S., Williams, D.E., and Knowler, W.C. 2003. Physical activity, obesity, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a high-risk population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 158(7): 669-675. doi:10.1093/aje/ kwg191. PMID:14507603.
78. Lau, D.C., Douketis, J.D., Morrison, K.M., Hramiak, I.M., Sharma, A.M., and Ur, E.; Obesity Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Panel. 2007. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ, 176(8): S1-S13. [summary.] doi:10.1503/cmaj.061409. PMID:17420481.
79. Lazo, M.G., Shirazi, P., Sam, M., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Blacconiere, M.J., and Muppidi, M. 2001. Osteoporosis and risk of fracture in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 39(4): 208-214. doi:10. 1038/sj.sc.3101139. PMID:11420736.
80. Lee, I.M. 2003. Physical activity and cancer prevention-data from epidemiologic studies. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(11): 1823-1827. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000093620.27893.23. PMID: 14600545.
81. Lemaster, J.W., Reiber, G.E., Smith, D.G., Heagerty, P.J., and Wallace, C. 2003. Daily weight-bearing activity does not increase the risk of diabetic foot ulcers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(7): 1093-1099. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000074459.41029.75. PMID: 12840628.
82. Lemière, C., Bai, T., Balter, M., Bayliff, C., Becker, A., Boulet, L.P., et al.; Canadian Adult Consensus Group of the Canadian Thoracic Society. 2004. Adult Asthma Consensus Guidelines update 2003. Can. Respir. J. 11(Suppl. A): 9A-18A. PMID:15254605.
83. Lim, K.L., Jacobs, P., and Klarenbach, S. 2006. A population-based analysis of healthcare utilization of persons with back disorders: results from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2000-2001. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 31(2): 212-218. doi:10.1097/01.brs. 0000194773.10461.9f. PMID:16418643.
84. Lindahl, M., Hansen, L., Pedersen, A., Truelsen, T., and Boysen, G. 2008. Self-reported physical activity after ischemic stroke correlates with physical capacity. Advances in Physiotherapy, 10(4): 188-194. doi:10.1080/14038190802490025.
85. Manniche, C., Asmussen, K., Lauritsen, B., Vinterberg, H., Karbo, H., Abildstrup, S., et al. 1993. Intensive dynamic back exercises with or without hyperextension in chronic back pain after surgery for lumbar disc protrusion. A clinical trial. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 18(5): 560-567. doi:10.1097/00007632-199304000-00007. PMID:8484146.
86. Maron, B.J., and Pelliccia, A. 2006. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation, 114(15): 1633-1644. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613562. PMID:17030703.
87. McAvoy, B.R., Kaner, E.F., Lock, C.A., Heather, N., and Gilvarry, E. 1999. Our healthier nation: Are general practitioners willing and able to deliver? A survey of attitudes to and involvement in health promotion and lifestyle counselling. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 49(440): 187-190. PMID:10343420.
88. McDermott, M.M., Tian, L., Liu, K., Guralnik, J.M., Ferrucci, L., Tan, J., et al. 2008. Prognostic value of functional performance for mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51(15): 1482-1489. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.034. PMID:18402904.
89. McKelvie, R.S., Teo, K.K., McCartney, N., Humen, D., Montague, T., and Yusuf, S. 1995. Effects of exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure: a critical review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25 (3): 789-796. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)00428-S. PMID: 7860930.
90. McKelvie, R.S., Teo, K.K., Roberts, R., McCartney, N., Humen, D., Montague, T., et al. 2002. Effects of exercise training in patients with heart failure: the Exercise Rehabilitation Trial (EXERT). Am. Heart J. 144(1): 23-30. doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.123310. PMID: 12094184.
91. McKenzie, D.C. 1998. Abreast in a boat-a race against breast cancer. CMAJ, 159(4): 376-378. PMID:9732719.
92. McKenzie, D.C., and Kalda, A.L. 2003. Effect of upper extremity exercise on secondary lymphedema in breast cancer patients: a pilot study. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(3): 463-466. doi:10.1200/JCO. 2003.04.069. PMID:12560436.
93. Mendonca, G.V., Pereira, F.D., and Fernhall, B. 2010. Reduced exercise capacity in persons with Down syndrome: cause, effect, and management. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 6: 601-610. doi:10. 2147/TCRM.S10235. PMID:21206759.
94. Meyer, K., Lehmann, M., Sunder, G., Keul, J., and Weidemann, H. 1990. Interval versus continuous exercise training after coronary bypass surgery: a comparison of training-induced acute reactions with respect to the effectiveness of the exercise methods. Clin. Cardiol. 13(12): 851-861. doi:10.1002/clc.4960131208. PMID: 2282729.
95. Meyer, K., Samek, L., Schwaibold, M., Westbrook, S., Hajric, R., Beneke, R., et al. 1997. Interval training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: analysis and recommendations for exercise procedures. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29(3): 306-312. PMID: 9139168.
96. Meyer, T., Kindermann, M., and Kindermann, W. 2004. Exercise programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. Sports Med. 34(14): 939-954. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434140-00001. PMID:15571426.
97. Meyerhardt, J.A., Giovannucci, E.L., Holmes, M.D., Chan, A.T., Chan, J.A., Colditz, G.A., and Fuchs, C.S. 2006a. Physical activity and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(22): 3527-3534. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.0855. PMID:16822844.
98. Meyerhardt, J.A., Heseltine, D., Niedzwiecki, D., Hollis, D., Saltz, L. B., Mayer, R.J., et al. 2006b. Impact of physical activity on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: findings from CALGB 89803. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(22): 3535-3541. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.0863. PMID:16822843.
99. Michael, K.M., Allen, J.K., and Macko, R.F. 2005. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86(8): 1552-1556. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.026. PMID:16084807.
100. Monninkhof, E.M., Elias, S.G., Vlems, F.A., van der Tweel, I., Schuit, A.J., Voskuil, D.W., and van Leeuwen, F.E. TFPAC. 2007. Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review. Epidemiology, 18(1): 137-157. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000251167. 75581.98. PMID:17130685.
101. Myers, J., Gullestad, L., Vagelos, R., Do, D., Bellin, D., Ross, H., and Fowler, M.B. 2000. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and prognosis in severe heart failure: 14 mL/kg/min revisited. Am. Heart J. 139(1): 78-84. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90312-0. PMID:10618566.
102. Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., and Atwood, J.E. 2002. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(11): 793-801. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011858. PMID:11893790.
103. Myers, J., Lee, M., and Kiratli, J. 2007. Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86(2): 142-152. doi:10. 1097/PHM.0b013e31802f0247. PMID:17251696.
104. Nici, L., Donner, C., Wouters, E., Zuwallack, R., Ambrosino, N., Bourbeau, J., et al.; ATS/ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Committee. 2006. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173(12): 1390-1413. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1211ST. PMID:16760357.
105. Ohinmaa, A., Jacobs, P., Simpson, S., and Johnson, J.A. 2004. The projection of prevalence and cost of diabetes in Canada: 2000 to 2016. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 28(2): 1-8.
106. Oja, P. 2001. Dose response between total volume of physical activity and health and fitness. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(Suppl. 6): S428-S437, discussion S452-S453. PMID:11427767.
107. Orleans, C.T., George, L.K., Houpt, J.L., and Brodie, K.H. 1985. Health promotion in primary care: a survey of U.S. family practitioners. Prev. Med. 14(5): 636-647. doi:10.1016/0091-7435 (85)90083-0. PMID:4070193.
108. Osteoporosis Canada. 2010. Osteoporosis: facts and statistics. Osteoporosis Canada. Available from http://www.osteoporosis.ca/ index.php/ci_id/8867/la_id/1.htm. [Accessed 7 December 2010.]
109. Ozgen, S., Konya, D., Toktas, O.Z., Dagcinar, A., and Ozek, M.M. 2007. Lumbar disc herniation in adolescence. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 43(2): 77-81. doi:10.1159/000098377. PMID:17337916.
110. Pang, M.Y., Eng, J.J., Dawson, A.S., and Gylfadottir, S. 2006. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin. Rehabil. 20(2): 97-111. doi:10.1191/0269215506cr926oa. PMID:16541930.
111. Pang, M.Y., Eng, J.J., and Miller, W.C. 2007. Determinants of satisfaction with community reintegration in older adults with chronic stroke: role of balance self-efficacy. Phys. Ther. 87(3): 282-291. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060142. PMID:17284545.
112. Paterson, D.H., and Warburton, D.E. 2010. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7: 38. PMID:20459782.
113. Paterson, D.H., Jones, G.R., and Rice, C.L. 2007. Aging and physical activity: evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. [In French.] Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2F): S75-S171. [English version available at Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 32(Suppl. 2E): S69-S108.]
114. Pavy, B., Iliou, M.C., Meurin, P., Tabet, J.Y., and Corone, S. Functional Evaluation and Cardiac RehabilitationWorking Group of the French Society of Cardiology. 2006. Safety of exercise training for cardiac patients: results of the French registry of complications during cardiac rehabilitation. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(21): 2329-2334. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2329. PMID:17130385.
115. Petrella, R.J., Koval, J.J., Cunningham, D.A., and Paterson, D.H. 2003. Can primary care doctors prescribe exercise to improve fitness? The Step Test Exercise Prescription (STEP) project. Am. J. Prev. Med. 24(4): 316-322. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00022-9. PMID:12726869.
116. Petrella, R.J., Lattanzio, C.N., and Overend, T.J. 2007. Physical activity counseling and prescription among Canadian primary care physicians. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(16): 1774-1781. doi:10.1001/ archinte.167.16.1774. PMID:17846397.
117. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2008. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., USA.
118. Piepoli, M.F., Corra, U., Agostoni, P.G., Belardinelli, R., Cohen-Solal, A., Hambrecht, R., and Vanhees, L. Task Force of the Italian Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention (Gruppo Italiano di Cardiologia Riabilitativa e Prevenzione, GICR); Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 2006a. Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation Part II: How to perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 13(3): 300-311. PMID:16926657.
119. Piepoli, M.F., Corra, U., Agostoni, P.G., Belardinelli, R., Cohen-Solal, A., Hambrecht, R., and Vanhees, L.; Task Force of the Italian Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation PreventionWorking Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 2006b. Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation. Part I: definition of cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters for appropriate use in chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 13(2): 150-164. doi:10.1097/01.hjr. 0000209812.05573.04. PMID:16575267.
120. Piepoli, M.F., Corra, U., Agostoni, P.G., Belardinelli, R., Cohen-Solal, A., Hambrecht, R., and Vanhees, L.; Task Force of the Italian Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention. 2006c. Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction. Recommendations for performance and interpretation. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 13(1): 10-12. PMID:16449859.
121. Pierce, J.P., Stefanick, M.L., Flatt, S.W., Natarajan, L., Sternfeld, B., Madlensky, L., et al. 2007. Greater survival after breast cancer in physically active women with high vegetable-fruit intake regardless of obesity. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(17): 2345-2351. doi:10.1200/ JCO.2006.08.6819. PMID:17557947.
122. Piña, I.L., Apstein, C.S., Balady, G.J., Belardinelli, R., Chaitman, B. R., Duscha, B.D., et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention. 2003. Exercise and heart failure: A statement from the American Heart Association Committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention. Circulation, 107(8): 1210-1225. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000055013.92097.40. PMID:12615804.
123. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2007. Life and breath: respiratory disease in Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
124. Rhodes, R.E., Temple, V.A., and Tuokko, H.A. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: cognitive and psychological conditions. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
125. Rich, M.W. 2005. Multidisciplinary heart failure clinics: Are they effective in Canada? CMAJ 173(1): 53-54. doi:10.1503/cmaj. 050705. PMID:15997045.
126. Riddell, M.C., and Burr, J. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: metabolic disorders and related co-morbidities. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
127. Rockhill, B., Willett, W.C., Hunter, D.J., Manson, J.E., Hankinson, S.E., and Colditz, G.A. 1999. A prospective study of recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk. Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (19): 2290-2296. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.19.2290. PMID: 10547168.
128. Roglic, G., Unwin, N., Bennett, P.H., Mathers, C., Tuomilehto, J., Nag, S., et al. 2005. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: realistic estimates for the year 2000. Diabetes Care, 28(9): 2130-2135. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.9.2130. PMID:16123478.
129. Ross, H., Howlett, J., Arnold, J.M., Liu, P., O'Neill, B.J., Brophy, J. M., et al.; Canadian Cardiovascular Society Access to Care Working Group. 2006. Treating the right patient at the right time: access to heart failure care. Can. J. Cardiol. 22(9): 749-754. doi:10.1016/S0828-282X(06)70290-2. PMID:16835668.
130. Ross, R., Blair, S.N., Godwin, M., Hotz, S., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Lam, M., et al. 2009. Prevention and Reduction of Obesity through Active Living (PROACTIVE): rationale, design and methods. Br. J. Sports Med. 43(1): 57-63. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.053504. PMID:19001014.
131. Rutledge, J.C., Hyson, D.A., Garduno, D., Cort, D.A., Paumer, L., and Kappagoda, C.T. 1999. Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: the clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 19(4): 226-234. doi:10.1097/00008483-199907000-00003. PMID:10453429.
132. Safiyari, H., Warburton, D.E.R., Taunton, J., and Ignaszewski, A. 2005. The effectiveness of a 12-week home-based interval and resistance training program in patients with chronic heart failure. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 30(Suppl.): s70.
133. Scheinowitz, M., Dankner, R., Goldbourt, U., and Marom-Klibansky, R. 2008. Pre-participation screening of individuals engaging in noncompetitive physical activity. Harefuah, 147(7): 611-617, 662, 661. PMID:18814521.
134. Scott, J.M., Warburton, D.E., Williams, D., Whelan, S., and Krassioukov, A. 2011. Challenges, concerns and common problems: physiological consequences of spinal cord injury and microgravity. Spinal Cord, 49(1): 4-16. doi:10.1038/sc.2010.53. PMID:20498665.
135. Scully, R.E., and Lipshultz, S.E. 2007. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 7(2): 122-128. doi:10.1007/s12012-007-0006-4. PMID:17652816.
136. Segal, R.J., Reid, R.D., Courneya, K.S., Malone, S.C., Parliament, M.B., Scott, C.G., et al. 2003. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(9): 1653-1659. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.09.534. PMID: 12721238.
137. Selig, S. 2008. Clinical exercise science and practice: a collaborative university-industry approach. University of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
138. Sesso, H.D., Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr, and Lee, I.M. 1998. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in the College Alumni Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 9(4): 433-439. doi:10. 1023/A:1008827903302. PMID:9794176.
139. Shephard, R.J. 1988. PAR-Q, Canadian Home Fitness Test and exercise screening alternatives. Sports Med. 5(3): 185-195. doi:10. 2165/00007256-198805030-00005. PMID:3368685.
140. Shephard, R.J. 1991. Safety of exercise testing-the role of the paramedical exercise specialist. Clin. J. Sport Med. 1(1): 8-11. doi:10.1097/00042752-199101000-00002.
141. Shephard, R.J. 1994. Readiness for physical activity. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 1(5): 1-8.
142. Shephard, R.J. 2001. Absolute versus relative intensity of physical activity in a dose-response context. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S400-S418, discussion S419-S420. PMID:11427764.
143. Shephard, R.J., and Futcher, R. 1997. Physical activity and cancer: How may protection be maximized? Crit. Rev. Oncog. 8(2-3): 219-272. PMID:9570295.
144. Shirado, O., Doi, T., Akai, M., Hoshino, Y., Fujino, K., Hayashi, K., et al.; Japan Low back-pain Exercise Therapy Study; Investigators Japanese Orthopaedic Association; Japanese Society for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation; Japanese Clinical Orthopaedic Association. 2010. Multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of home-based exercise on patients with chronic low back pain: the Japan low back pain exercise therapy study. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976), 35(17): E811-E819. doi:10.1097/BRS. 0b013e3181d7a4d2. PMID:20628332.
145. Shojaei, H., Soroush, M.R., and Modirian, E. 2006. Spinal cord injury-induced osteoporosis in veterans. J. Spinal Disord. Tech. 19(2): 114-117. doi:10.1097/01.bsd.0000194689.95674.c1. PMID:16760785.
146. Simbre, V.C., II, Duffy, S.A., Dadlani, G.H., Miller, T.L., and Lipshultz, S.E. 2005. Cardiotoxicity of cancer chemotherapy: implications for children. Paediatr. Drugs, 7(3): 187-202. doi:10. 2165/00148581-200507030-00005. PMID:15977964.
147. Sinaki, M., and Mikkelsen, B.A. 1984. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: flexion versus extension exercises. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 65(10): 593-596. PMID:6487063.
148. Statistics Canada. 2010. Arthritis. Statistics Canada. Available from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-229-x/2009001/status/art-eng. htm. [Accessed 7 December 2010.]
149. Stone, J.A., McCartney, N., Millar, P.J., Tremblay, G., and Warburton, D.E.R. 2009. Risk stratification, exercise testing, exercise prescription, and program safety. In Canadian Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. 3rd ed. Edited by J.A. Stone. Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Winnipeg, Man., Canada. pp. 341-385.
150. Tabet, J.Y., Meurin, P., Driss, A.B., Weber, H., Renaud, N., Grosdemouge, A., et al. 2009. Benefits of exercise training in chronic heart failure. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 102(10): 721-730. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2009.05.011. PMID:19913773.
151. Talbot, L.A., Gaines, J.M., Huynh, T.N., and Metter, E.J. 2003. A home-based pedometer-driven walking program to increase physical activity in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: a preliminary study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 51(3): 387-392. doi:10. 1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51113.x. PMID:12588583.
152. Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., Shields, N., and Bruder, A. 2007. Therapeutic exercise in physiotherapy practice is beneficial: a summary of systematic reviews 2002-2005. Aust. J. Physiother. 53(1): 7-16. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(07)70057-0. PMID: 17326734.
153. Thom, T., Haase, N., Rosamond, W., Howard, V.J., Rumsfeld, J., Manolio, T., et al.; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 2006. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 113(6): e85-e151. doi:10. 1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.171600. PMID:16407573.
154. Thomas, S., Reading, J., and Shephard, R.J. 1992. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can. J. Sport Sci. 17(4): 338-345. PMID:1330274.
155. Thomas, S.G., Goodman, J.M., and Burr, J. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: established cardiovascular disease. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
156. Thune, I., and Furberg, A.S. 2001. Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S530-S550; discussion S609-S610. PMID:11427781.
157. Timmons, B.W., Naylor, P.J., and Pfeiffer, K. 2007. Physical activity for preschool children-How much and how? Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(Suppl. 2E): S122-S134. doi:10.1139/h07-112.
158. Tobe, S.W., Stone, J.A., Bhattacharyya, O., Brouwers, M., Walker, K. M., Dawes, M., et al. 2011. Harmonization and integration of cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment guidelines: The C-CHANGE Initiative II. CMAJ, In press.
159. Tong, H.C., Haig, A.J., Theisen, M.E., Smith, C., and Miller, Q. 2001. Multidisciplinary team evaluation of upper extremity injuries in a single visit: the UPPER Program. Occup. Med. (Lond.), 51(4): 278-286. doi:10.1093/occmed/51.4.278. PMID: 11463873.
160. Tremblay, M.S., Shephard, R.J., Brawley, L.R., Cameron, C., Craig, C.L., Duggan, M., et al. 2007. Physical activity guidelines and guides for Canadians: facts and future. Can. J. Public Health, 98(Suppl. 2): S218-S224. PMID:18213951.
161. Tremblay, M.S., Warburton, D.E., Janssen, I., Paterson, D.H., Latimer, A.E., Rhodes, R.E., et al. 2011. New canadian physical activity guidelines. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(1): 36-46, 47-58. doi:10.1139/h11-009. PMID:21326376.
162. Tuomilehto, J., Lindstrom, J., Eriksson, J.G., Valle, T.T., Hamalainen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., et al. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. 2001. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 344(18): 1343-1350. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105033441801. PMID:11333990.
163. Tyni-Lenné, R., Gordon, A., Europe, E., Jansson, E., and Sylvén, C. 1998. Exercise-based rehabilitation improves skeletal muscle capacity, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in both women and men with chronic heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 4(1): 9-17. doi:10.1016/S1071-9164(98)90503-6. PMID:9573499.
164. van de Port, I.G., Kwakkel, G., van Wijk, I., and Lindeman, E. 2006. Susceptibility to deterioration of mobility long-term after stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke, 37(1): 167-171. doi:10.1161/01. STR.0000195180.69904.f2. PMID:16322486.
165. van der Pal, H.J., van Dalen, E.C., Hauptmann, M., Kok, W.E., Caron, H.N., van den Bos, C., et al. 2010. Cardiac function in 5-year survivors of childhood cancer: a long-term follow-up study. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(14): 1247-1255. doi:10.1001/ archinternmed.2010.233. PMID:20660845.
166. van der Velde, G., and Mierau, D. 2000. The effect of exercise on percentile rank aerobic capacity, pain, and self-rated disability in patients with chronic low-back pain: a retrospective chart review. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81(11): 1457-1463. doi:10.1053/apmr. 2000.9629. PMID:11083348.
167. Vuori, I.M. 2001. Dose-response of physical activity and low back pain, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(6 Suppl.): S551-S586; discussion 609-610. PMID:11427782.
168. Wallace, P.G., and Haines, A.P. 1984. General practitioner and health promotion: what patients think. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 289 (6444): 534-536. doi:10.1136/bmj.289.6444.534. PMID:6432179.
169. Warburton, D.E.R., and Bredin, S.S.D. 2009. The importance of qualified exercise professionals in Canada. Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 2(2): 18-22.
170. Warburton, D.E., Gledhill, N., and Quinney, A. 2001a. The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(2): 161-216. doi:10.1139/h01-012. PMID:11312416.
171. Warburton, D.E., Gledhill, N., and Quinney, A. 2001b. Musculoskeletal fitness and health. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(2): 217-237. doi:10.1139/h01-013. PMID:11312417.
172. Warburton, D.E., Haykowsky, M.J., Quinney, H.A., Blackmore, D., Teo, K.K., Taylor, D.A., et al. 2004. Blood volume expansion and cardiorespiratory function: effects of training modality. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(6): 991-1000. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000128163. 88298.CB. PMID:15179169.
173. Warburton, D.E., McKenzie, D.C., Haykowsky, M.J., Taylor, A., Shoemaker, P., Ignaszewski, A.P., and Chan, S.Y. 2005. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 95(9): 1080-1084. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.063. PMID:15842976.
174. Warburton, D.E., Nicol, C., and Bredin, S.S. 2006a. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ, 174(6): 801-809. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351. PMID:16534088.
175. Warburton, D.E., Nicol, C., and Bredin, S.S. 2006b. Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. CMAJ 174(7): 961-974. doi:10. 1503/cmaj.1040750. PMID:16567757.
176. Warburton, D.E.R., Sproule, S., Krassioukov, A., and Eng, J.J. 2006c. Cardiovascular health and exercise following spinal cord injury. In Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence. Edited by J.J. Eng, R.W. Teasell, W.C. Miller, D.L. Wolfe, A.F. Townson, J. Aubut, C. Abramson, J.T.C. Hsieh and S. Connolly. International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries. Vancouver, B.C., Canada. pp. 7.1-7.28.
177. Warburton, D.E., Bredin, S.S., Gledhill, N., Jamnik, V., McKenzie, D.C., and Shephard, R.J. 2007a. Personal trainers for obese patients. CMAJ, 177(11): 1391. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1070089. PMID:18025434.
178. Warburton, D.E., Taylor, A., Bredin, S.S., Esch, B.T., Scott, J.M., and Haykowsky, M.J. 2007b. Central haemodynamics and peripheral muscle function during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32(2): 318-331. doi:10.1139/ h06-085. PMID:17486176.
179. Warburton, D.E.R., Bredin, S.S.D., Chilibeck, P., Fowles, J., Game, A., Gledhill, N., et al. 2007c. Electronic Letter: Not all personal trainers are qualified to work with patients with obesity. CMAJ Online. Available from http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/eletters/176/8/ 51#10750.
180. Warburton, D.E.R., Eng, J.J., Krassioukov, A., and Sproule, S. SCIRE Research Team. 2007d. Cardiovascular health and exercise rehabilitation in spinal cord injury. Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil. 13(1): 98-122. doi:10.1310/sci1301-98.
181. Warburton, D.E.R., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Rhodes, R.E., and Shephard, R.J. 2007e. Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 98(Suppl 2E): S16-S68. doi:10.1139/h07-123.
182. Warburton, D.E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., and Bredin, S.S. 2010. A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7(1): 39. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-39. PMID: 20459783.
183. Warburton, D.E.R., Bredin, S.S.D., Jamnik, V., and Gledhill, N. 2011a. Validation of the PAR-Q+ and ePARmed-X+. Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4(2): 38-46.
184. Warburton, D.E.R., Charlesworth, S., Bredin, S.S.D., Foulds, H., McKenzie, D.C., and Shephard, R.J. 2011b. Evidence-based risk recommendations for best practices in the training of qualified exercise professionals working with clinical populations. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
185. Warburton, D.E.R., Jamnik, V.K., Bredin, S.S.D., Burr, J., Charlesworth, S., Chilibeck, P., et al. 2011c. Executive summary: the 2011 Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+) and the Electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+). Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4(2): 24-25.
186. Warburton, D.E.R., Jamnik, V.K., Bredin, S.S.D., and Gledhill, N. 2011d. The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+) and electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+). Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4(2): 3-23.
187. Williams, R., Rapport, F., Elwyn, G., Lloyd, B., Rance, J., and Belcher, S. 2004. The prevention of type 2 diabetes: general practitioner and practice nurse opinions. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 54(504): 531-535. PMID:15239916.
188. Williamson, D.F., Vinicor, F., and Bowman, B.A. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Primary Prevention Working Group. 2004. Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by lifestyle intervention: implications for health policy. Ann. Intern. Med. 140(11): 951-957. PMID:15172920.
189. Wilson, E. 2001. Congestive heart failure: A national priority. Can. J. Cardiol. 17(12): 1243-1244. PMID:11773934.
190. Wisløff, U., Støylen, A., Loennechen, J.P., Bruvold, M., Rognmo, Ø., Haram, P.M., et al. 2007. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation, 115(24): 3086-3094. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041. PMID:17548726.
191. Wolfe, L.A., and Davies, G.A.; School of Physical and Health Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 2003. Canadian guidelines for exercise in pregnancy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 46(2): 488-495. doi:10.1097/00003081-200306000-00027. PMID:12808398.
192. Wolfe, L.A., and Mottola, M.F. 1993. Aerobic exercise in pregnancy: an update. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 18(2): 119-147. doi:10.1139/ h93-011. PMID:8513287.
193. Wolfe, L.A., Hall, P., Webb, K.A., Goodman, L., Monga, M., and McGrath, M.J. 1989. Prescription of aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Sports Med. 8(5): 273-301. doi:10.2165/00007256-198908050-00003. PMID:2692121.
194. Young, D.Z., Lampert, S., Graboys, T.B., and Lown, B. 1984. Safety of maximal exercise testing in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation, 70(2): 184-191. PMID:6733874.
195. Zehr, P. 2011. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: stroke and spinal cord injury. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36(Suppl. 1): This issue.
196. Zuppinger, C., and Suter, T.M. 2010. Cancer therapy-associated cardiotoxicity and signaling in the myocardium. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 56(2): 141-146. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181e0f89a. PMID:20386457.