Overview of the treatment of allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinopathy

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 121-131

  Greiner, Alexander N ^a,b   Meltzer, Eli O ^a,b  

^a ALLERGY AND ASTHMA MEDICAL GROUP AND RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergic rhinitis; Nonallergic rhinitis; Nonallergic rhinopathy; Pharmacotherapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; AZELASTINE; BECLOMETASONE; BROMPHENIRAMINE; BUDESONIDE; CAPSAICIN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CICLESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; FLUNISOLIDE; FLUTICASONE FUROATE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HYDROXYZINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LORATADINE; MEPYRAMINE; MOMETASONE FUROATE; OLOPATADINE; OMALIZUMAB; OSTEOCALCIN; PEPTIDOLEUKOTRIENE; TRIAMCINOLONE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; TRIPELENNAMINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ALLERGEN; ANTIALLERGIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANXIETY; APPLICATION SITE BURNING; APPLICATION SITE DRYNESS; APPLICATION SITE IRRITATION; ASTHMA; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BURNING SENSATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERANCE; EOSINOPHILIA; EPISTAXIS; FOOD ALLERGY; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSOMNIA; MOUTH ULCER; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NERVOUSNESS; NONALLERGIC RHINOPATHY; NOSE DISEASE; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STINGING; SUBCUTANEOUS IMMUNOTHERAPY; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TACHYCARDIA; TREMOR; VASOMOTOR RHINITIS; ATROPHIC RHINITIS; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG COMBINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HAY FEVER; HOSPITALIZATION; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOLOGY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERENNIAL RHINITIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ALLERGENS; ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; MALE; NASAL DECONGESTANTS; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL; RHINITIS, ATROPHIC; RHINITIS, VASOMOTOR; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79960651360     PISSN: 15463222     EISSN: 19435665     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1513/pats.201004-033RN     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (122)

1. Baraniuk JN. Pathogenic mechanisms of idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organiz J 2009;2:106-114.
2. Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, Lang DM, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;122:S1-S84. (Pubitemid 352033573)
3. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, Zuberbier T, Baena-Cagnani CE, Canonica GW, van Weel C, et al. Allergic Rhinitis And its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy 2008;63:8-160.
4. Allergies in America survey. [Accessed April 2, 2010.] Available from http://www.myallergiesinamerica.com
5. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics 1994;94:895-901. (Pubitemid 24359195)
6. Settipane RA. Epidemiology of vasomotor rhinitis. World Allergy Organiz J 2009;2:115-118.
7. Settipane RA, Lieberman P. Update on nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:494-507. (Pubitemid 32487847)
8. Nathan RA, Dalal AA, Stanford RH, Meltzer EO, Schatz M, Derebery J, Mintz M, Thompson M, DiBenedetti DB. Qualitative development of the rhinitis control assessment test (RCAT), an instrument for evaluating rhinitis control. Patient 2010;3:91-99.
9. Lindberg S, Malam L. Comparison of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis patients on the basis of a computer questionnaire. Allergy 1993;48:602-607. (Pubitemid 23356069)
10. Togias A. Age relationships and clinical features of nonallergic rhinitis [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;85:182.
11. Meltzer EO. The pharmacological basis for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis with topical corticosteroids. Allergy 1997;52:33-40. (Pubitemid 27288312)
12. Corren J. Intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis: how do different agents compare? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:S144-S149. (Pubitemid 30249320)
13. Welsh PW, Stricker WE, Chu CP, Naessens JM, Reese ME, Reed CE, Marcoux JP. Efficacy of beclomethasone nasal solution, flunisolide, and cromolyn in relieving symptoms of ragweed allergy. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;62:125-134. (Pubitemid 17016454)
14. Holm AF, Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Mulder PG, Vroom TM, Rijntjes E. A 1-yr placebo-controlled study of intranasal fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a safety and biopsy study. Clin Otolaryngol 1998;23:69-73. (Pubitemid 28344941)
15. Minshall E, Ghaffar O, Cameron L, O'Brien F, Quinn H, Rowe-Jones J, Davies RJ, Prior A, Lund VJ, Mackay IS, et al. Assessment by nasal biopsy of long-term use of mometasone furoate nasal spray (Nasonex) in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:648-654. (Pubitemid 28222208)
16. Wilson AM, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Effect of repeated once daily dosing of three intranasal corticosteroids on basal and dynamic measurements of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:470-474.
17. Wilson AM, Sims EJ, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Effects of intranasal corticosteroids on adrenal, bone, and blood markers of systemic activity in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:598-604.
18. Suissa S, Baltzan M, Kremer R, Ernst P. Inhaled and nasal corticosteroid use and the risk of fracture. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:83-88. (Pubitemid 38233893)
19. Skoner DP, Rachelefsky GS, Meltzer EO, Chervinsky P, Morris RM, Seltzer JM, Storms WW, Wood RA. Detection of growth suppression in children during treatment with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate. Pediatrics 2000;105:E23.
20. Murphy K, Uryniak T, Simpson B, O'Dowd L. Growth velocity in children with perennial allergic rhinitis treated with budesonide aqueous nasal spray. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;96:723-730.
21. Schenkel EJ, Skoner DP, Bronsky EA, Miller SD, Pearlman DS, Rooklin A, Rosen JP, Ruff ME, Vandewalker ML, Wanderer A, et al. Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray. Pediatrics 2000;105:E22.
22. Allen DB, Meltzer EO, Lemanske RF Jr, Philpot EE, Faris MA, Kral KM, Prillaman BA, Rickard KA. No growth suppression in children treated with the maximum recommended dose of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray for one year. Allergy Asthma Proc 2002;23:407-413.
23. Skoner DP, Gentile DA, Doyle WJ. Effect on growth of long-term treatment with intranasal triamcinolone acetonide aqueous in children with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;101:431-436.
24. Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, Puy RM. Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 1998;317:1624-1629. (Pubitemid 28554544)
25. Rinne J, Simola M, Malmberg H, Haahtela T. Early treatment of perennial rhinitis with budesonide or cetirizine and it effects on longterm outcome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:426-432. (Pubitemid 34234191)
26. Nathan RA, Yancey SW, Waitkus-Edwards K, Prillaman BA, Stauffer JL, Philpot E, Dorinsky PM, Nelson HS. Fluticasone propionate nasal spray is superior to montelukast for allergic rhinitis while neither affects overall asthma control. Chest 2005;128:1910-1920. (Pubitemid 41507521)
27. Ratner PH, Howland WC III, Arastu R, Philpot EE, Klein KC, Baidoo CA, Farris MA, Rickard KA. Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray provided significantly greater improvement in daytime and nighttime nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis compared with montelukast. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;90:536-542. (Pubitemid 36827391)
28. Wilson AM, Orr LC, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. Effects of monotherapy with intra-nasal corticosteroids or combined oral histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonists in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:61-68. (Pubitemid 32158762)
29. Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Pellitteri ME, Morici G, Di Gregoli A, Lo Bianco C, Ditta V, Martinelli N, Candore G, Mansueto G, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono-therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:259-267. (Pubitemid 38315263)
30. Pullerits T, Praks L, Ristioja V, Löl J. Comparison of a nasal glucocorticoid, antileukotriene, and a combination of antileukotriene and antihistamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:949-955. (Pubitemid 34634304)
31. Kaliner MA, Storms W, Tilles S, Spector S, Tan R, LaForce C, Lanier BQ, Chipps B. Comparison of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray versus fluticasone propionate 50 microg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009;30:255-262.
32. Barnes ML, Ward JH, Fardon TC, Lipworth BJ. Effects of levocetirizine as add-on therapy to fluticasone in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006;36:676-684.
33. Ratner PH, van Bavel JH, Martin BG, Hampel FC Jr, Howland WC III, Rogenes PR, Westlund RE, Bowers BW, Cook CK. A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Fam Pract 1998;47:118-125. (Pubitemid 28380776)
34. Ratner PH, Hampel F, VanBavel J, Amar NJ, Daftary P, Wheeler W, Sacks H. Combination therapy with azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;100:74-81.
35. Flonase [prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: GlaxoSmithKline; 2004 [accessed April 2, 2010]. Available at http://www.flonase.com.
36. Webb DR, Meltzer EO, Finn AF Jr, Rickard KA, Pepsin PJ, Westlund R, Cook CK. Intranasal fluticasone propionate is effective for perennial nonallergic rhinitis with or without eosinophilia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;88:385-390. (Pubitemid 34408564)
37. Arikan OK, Koc C, Kendi T, Muluk NB, Ekici A. CT assessment of the effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray treatment on lower turbinate hypertrophy due to vasomotor rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2006;126:37-42. (Pubitemid 41769738)
38. Malm L, Wihl JA, Lamm CJ, Lindqvist N. Reduction of metacholine-induced nasal secretion by treatment with a new topical steroids in perennial non-allergic rhinitis. Allergy 1981;36:209-214. (Pubitemid 11152458)
39. Lundblad L, Sipila P, Farstad T, Drozdziewicz D. Mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of perennial non-allergic rhinitis: a nordic, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Otolaryngol 2001;121:505-509. (Pubitemid 32679409)
40. Jacobs R, Lieberman P, Kent E, Silvey M, Locantore N, Philpot EE. Weather/temperature-sensitive vasomotor rhinitis may be refractory to intranasal corticosteroid treatment. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009;30:120-127.
41. Meltzer EO. The treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids. World Allergy Organiz J 2009;2:166-179.
42. Van Cauwenberge P, Juniper EF. Comparison of the efficacy, safety and quality of life provided by fexofenadine hydrochloride 120 mg, loratadine 10 mg and placebo administered once daily for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30:891-899. (Pubitemid 30341293)
43. Simons FER, Simons KJ. Clinical pharmacology of H1-antihistamines. In: Simons FER, editor. Histamine and H1-anti histamines in allergic disease, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002. p. 141-178
44. Passalacqua G, Scordamaglia A, Ruffoni S, Parodi MN, Canonica GW. Sedation from H1 antagonists: evaluation methods and experimental results. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1993;21:79-83. (Pubitemid 23189293)
45. Soper JW, Chaturvedi AK, Canfield DV. Prevalence of chlorpheniramine in aviation accident pilot fatalities, 1991-1996. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000;71:1206-1209.
46. Gilmore TM, Alexander BH, Mueller BA, Rivara FP. Occupational injuries and medication use. Am J Ind Med 1996;30:234-239. (Pubitemid 26287197)
47. Cockburn IM, Bailit HL, Berndt ER, Finkelstein SN. Loss of work productivity due to illness and medical treatment. J Occup Environ Med 1999;41:948-953. (Pubitemid 29535906)
48. Weiler JM, Bloomfield JR, Woodworth GG, Grant AR, Layton TA, Brown TL, McKenzie DR, Baker TW, Watson GS. Effects of fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and alcohol on driving performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in the Iowa Driving Simulator. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:354-363. (Pubitemid 30127773)
49. Goetz DW, Jacobson JM, Murnane JE, Reid MJ, Repperger DW, Goodyear C, Martin ME. Prolongation of simple and choice reaction times in a double-blinded comparison of twice-daily hydroxyzine versus terfenadine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:316-322. (Pubitemid 19243972)
50. Simons FER. H1-antihistamines. In: Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, Bochner BS, Holgate ST, Simons FER, editors. Middleton's allergy: principles and practice, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2003. pp. 834-869
51. Richardson GS, Roehrs TA, Rosenthal L, Koshorek G, Roth T. Tolerance to daytime sedative effects of H1 antihistamines. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:511-515.
52. Druce HM, Thoden WR, Mure P, Furey SA, Lockhart EA, Xie T, Galant S, Prenner BM, Weinstein S, Ziering R, et al. Brompheniramine, loratadine and placebo in allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled comparative clinical trial. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:382-389. (Pubitemid 28194180)
53. Simons FER. Advances in H1-antihistamines. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2203-2217.
54. Shamsi Z, Hindmarch I. Sedation and antihistamines: a review of interdrug differences using proportional impairment ratios. Hum Psychopharmacol 2000;15:S3-S30.
55. Hindmarch I, Shamsi Z. Antihistamines: models to assess sedative properties, assessment of sedation, safety and other side-effects. Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:133-142. (Pubitemid 29333347)
56. Zyrtec [prescribing information]. New York: Pfizer Laboratories; updated 2004 [accessed February 12, 2010]. Available at http://www.zyrtec.com
57. Xyxal [prescribing information]. UCB, Inc. and Sanofi-Aventis US; update 2010 [accessed February 12, 2010]. Available at http://www.xyzal.com
58. Purello-D'Ambrosio F, Isola S, Ricciardi L, Gangemi S, Barresi L, Bagnato GF. A controlled study on the effectiveness of loratadine in combination with flunisolide in the treatment of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES). Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:1143-1147. (Pubitemid 29359434)
59. Lieberman P. The role of antihistamines in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis. World Allergy Organiz J 2009;2:156-161.
60. Shah S, Berger W, Lumry W, La Force C, Wheeler W, Sacks H. Efficacy and safety of azelastine 0.15% nasal spray and azelastine 0.10% nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009;30:628-633.
61. Patel D, Garadi R, Brubaker M, Conroy JP, Kaji Y, Crenshaw K, Whitling A, Wall GM. Onset and duration of action of nasal sprays in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients: olopatadine hydrochloride versus mometasone furoate monohydrate. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007;28:592-599.
62. Ratner PH, Findlay SR, Hampel F Jr, van Bavel J, Widlitz MD, Freitag JJ. A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;94:818-825. (Pubitemid 24354478)
63. Meltzer EO, Weiler JM, Dockhorn RJ, Widlitz MD, Freitag JJ. Azelastine nasal spray in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1994;72:354-359. (Pubitemid 24125324)
64. Ratner PH, Hampel FC, Amar NJ, van Bavel JH, Mohar D, Marple BF, Roland PS, Wall GM, Brubaker MJ, Drake M, et al. Safety and efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis to mountain cedar. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;95:474-477.
65. Shah SR, Nayak A, Ratner P, Roland P, Michael Wall G. Effects of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray 0.6% in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled study in adolescents and adults. Clin Ther 2009;31:99-107.
66. Corren J, Storms W, Bernstein J, Berger W, Nayak A, Sacks H; Azelastine Cetirizine Trial No. 1 (ACT 1) Study Group. Effectiveness of azelastine nasal spray compared with oral cetirizine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Ther 2005;27:543-553. (Pubitemid 40835965)
67. Horak F, Zieglmayer UP, Zieglmayer R, Kavina A, Marschall K,Munzel U, Petzold U. Azelastine nasal spray and desloratadine tablets in pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pharmacodynamic study of onset of action and efficacy. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:151-157. (Pubitemid 43106918)
68. Laforce CF, Corren J, Wheeler WJ, Berger WE; Rhinitis Study Group. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients who remain symptomatic after treatment with fexofenadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004;93:154-159. (Pubitemid 39128495)
69. Enomoto T, Lu HQ, Yin M, Sakoda T, Dake Y, Enomoto K, Ide T, Cheng L. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of olopatadine and fexofenadine compared with placebo in Japanese cedar pollinosis using an environmental exposure unit. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009;19:299-305.
70. Charpin D, Godard P, Garay RP, Baehre M, Herman D, Michel FB. A multicenter clinical study of the efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a comparison with oral cetirizine. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;252:455-458. (Pubitemid 26003858)
71. Meltzer EO, Garadi R, LaForce C, Chadwick SJ, Berger WE, Gross G, Edwards MR, Censhaw K, Wall GM. Comparative study of sensory attributes of two antihistamine nasal sprays: olopatadine 0.6% and azelastine 0.1%. Allergy Asthma Proc 2008;29:659-668.
72. Stern MA, Wade AG, Ridout SM, Cambell LM. Nasal budesonide offers superior symptom relief in perennial allergic rhinitis in comparison to nasal azelastine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;81:354-358. (Pubitemid 28499001)
73. Banov CH, Lieberman P; Vasomotor Rhinitis Study Groups. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:28-35. (Pubitemid 32104567)
74. Smith PK. Olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray reduces symptoms in patients with severe vasomotor rhinitis and protects from hyperosmolar challenge [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;2:AB176.
75. Malm L, McCaffrey TV, Kern EB. Alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated secretion from the anterior nasal glands of the dog. Acta Otolaryngol 1983;96:149-155. (Pubitemid 13054243)
76. Mucha SM, deTineo M, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. Comparison of montelukast and pseudoephedrine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132:164-172. (Pubitemid 43356253)
77. Malm L, Anggard A. Vasoconstrictors. In: Mygind N, Naclerio RM, editors. Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis: clinical aspects. Copenhagen: Munsgaard; 1993. pp. 95-100.
78. Lanier BQ, Meltzer EO, Gates D, Shekar T, Teper A. Onset and duration of action of concomitant administration of mometasone furoate nasal spray with oxymetazoline nasal spray versus either drug alone and placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;2:AB173.
79. Rael EL, Ramey JT, Lockey RF. Oxymetazoline (OXY) hydrochloride combined with mometasone nasal spray (MNS) for persistent nasal congestion (NC) [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;2:AB173.
80. Nayak AS, Prenner B, Gates D, Shekar T, Teper A. Tolerability of concomitant administration of mometasone furoate and oxymetazoline nasal sprays administered once daily vs oxymetazoline twice daily, mometasone furoate once daily, and placebo in the treatment of subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;2:AB175.
81. Cos JS. Disodium cromoglycate (FPL 670 "Intal"): a specific inhibitor of reaginic antigen-antibody mechanisms. Nature 1967;216:1328-1329.
82. Orie NGM, Booij-Nord H, Pelikan Z. Protective effect of disodium cromoglycate on nasal and bronchial reactions after allergen challenge. In: Pepys J, Frankland AW, editors. Disodium cromoglycate in allergic airway disease. London: Butterworth; 1970. pp. 33-41.
83. Meltzer EO. NasalCrom Study Group. Efficacy and patient satisfaction with cromolyn sodium nasal solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2002;24:942-952. (Pubitemid 34734740)
84. Cohan RH, Bloom FL, Rhoades RB, Wittig HJ, Haugh LD. Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with cromolyn sodium. Double-blind study on 34 adult patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1976;58:121-128.
85. Nelson BL, Jacobs RL. Response of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES) syndrome to 4% cromolyn sodium nasal solution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982;70:125-128. (Pubitemid 12055360)
86. Lofkvist T, Rundcrantz H, Svensson G. Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal disodium cromoglycate (SCG). Results from a double-blind cross-over study. Acta Allergol 1977;32:35-43. (Pubitemid 8049989)
87. Wang D, Clement P, Smitz J, Derde M-P. Concentrations of chemical mediators in nasal secretions after nasal allergen challenges in atopic patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;252:S40-S43.
88. Bisgaard H, Olsson P, Bende M. Effect of leukotriene D4 on nasal mucosal blood flow, nasal airway resistance and nasal secretions in humans. Clin Allergy 1986;16:289-297. (Pubitemid 16060145)
89. Fujita M, Yonetomi Y, Shimouchi K, Takeda H, Aze Y, Kawabata K, Ohno H. Involvement of cysteinyl leukotrienes in biphasic increase of nasal airway resistance of antigen-induced rhinitis in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;369:349-356. (Pubitemid 29155302)
90. van Adelsberg J, Philip G, Pedinoff AJ, Meltzer EO, Ratner PH, Menten J, Reiss TF; Montelukast Fall Rhinitis Study Group. Montelukast improves symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis over a 4-week treatment period. Allergy 2003;58:1268-1276. (Pubitemid 37487184)
91. Chervinsky P, Philip G, Malice MP, Bardelas J, Nayak A, Marchal JL, van Adelsberg J, Bousquet J, Tozzi CA, Reiss TF. Montelukast for treating fall allergic rhinitis: effect of pollen exposure in 3 studies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004;92:367-373. (Pubitemid 38380795)
92. Chen ST, Lu KH, Sun HL, Chang WT, Lue KH, Chou MC. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing montelukast and cetirizine for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children aged 2-6 yr. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:49-54.
93. Patel P, Philip G, Yang W, Call R, Horak F, LaForce C, Gilles L, Garrett GC, Dass SB, Knorr BA, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of montelukast for treating perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;95:551-557. (Pubitemid 43010482)
94. Singulair [prescribing information]. New Jersey: Merck & Co. [Accessed March 26, 2010.] Available at http://www.singulair.com
95. Grainger J, Drake-Lee A. Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 2006;31:360-367. (Pubitemid 44511155)
96. Martin BG, Andrews CP, van Bavel JH, Hampel FC, Klein KC, Prillaman BA, Faris MA, Philpot EE. Comparison of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and oral montelukast for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;96:851-857.
97. Wood CC, Fireman P, Grossman J, Wecker M, MacGregor T. Product characteristics and pharmacokinetics of intranasal ipratropium bromide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;95:1111-1116.
98. Kirkegaard J, Mygind N, Molgaard F, Grahne B, Holopainen E, Malmberg H, Brøondbo K, Røjne T. Ordinary and high-dose ipratropium in perennial nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:585-590. (Pubitemid 17056912)
99. Kim KT, Kerwin E, Landwehr L, Bernstein JA, Bruner D, Harris D, Drda K, Wanger J, Wood CC; Pediatric Atrovent Nasal Spray Study Group. Use of 0.06% ipratropium bromide nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with rhinorrhea due to a common cold or allergies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94:73-79. (Pubitemid 40129639)
100. Meltzer EO, Orgel HA, Biondi R, Georgitis J, Milgrom H, Munk Z, Van Bavel J, Wood CC, Drda K. Ipratropium nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;78:485-491. (Pubitemid 27215390)
101. Bronsky EA, Druce H, Findlay SR, Hampel FC, Kaiser H, Ratner P, Valentine MD, Wood CC. A clinical trial of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;95:1117-1122.
102. Grossman J, Banov C, Boggs P, Bronsky EA, Dockhorn RJ, Druce H, Findlay SR, Georgitis JW, Hampel FC, Kaiser H, et al. Use of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in chronic treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis, alone and in combination with other perennial rhinitis medications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;95:1123-1127.
103. Blom HM, Van Rijswijk JB, Garrelds IM, Mulder PG, Timmermans T, Gerth van Wijk R. Intranasal capsaicin is efficacious in non-allergic, non-infectious perennial rhinitis. A placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:796-801. (Pubitemid 27306159)
104. Ciabatti PG, D'Ascanio L. Intranasal Capsicum spray in idiopathic rhinitis: a randomized prospective application regimen trial. Acta Otolaryngol 2009;129:367-371.
105. Van Rijswijk JB, Boeke EL, Keizer JM, Mulder PG, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ. Intranasal capsaicin reduces nasal hyperreactivity in idiopathic rhinitis: a double-blind randomized application regimen study. Allergy 2003;58:754-761. (Pubitemid 36920465)
106. van Rijswijk JB, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ. Idiopathic rhinitis, the ongoing quest. Allergy 2005;60:1471-1481. (Pubitemid 41654316)
107. Cheng J, Yang XN, Liu X, Zhang SP. Capsaicin for allergic rhinitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;19:CD004460.
108. Casale TB, Condemi J, LaForce C, Nayak A, Rowe M, Watrous M, McAlary M, Fowler-Taylor A, Racine A, Gupta N, et al. Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286:2956-2967. (Pubitemid 33140359)
109. Adelroth E, Rak S, Huahtela T, Aasand G, Rosenhall L, Zetterstrom L, Byrne A, Champain K, Thirlwell J, Cioppa GD, et al. Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:253-259. (Pubitemid 30644998)
110. Chervinsky P, Casale T, Townley R, Tripathy I, Hedgecock S, Fowler-Taylor A, Shen H, Fox H. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in the treatment of adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;91:160-167. (Pubitemid 36999475)
111. Vignola AM, HumbertM, Bousquet J, Boulet LP, Hedgecock S, BloggM, Fox H, Surrey K. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis: SOLAR. Allergy 2004;59:709-717. (Pubitemid 38850345)
112. Cox L, Platts-Mills TA, Finegold I, Schwartz LB, Simons FE, Wallace DV. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force Report on omalizumab-associated anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:1373-1377. (Pubitemid 350216610)
113. Talbot AR, Herr TM, Parsons DS. Mucociliary clearance and buffered hypertonic saline solution. Laryngoscope 1997;107:500-503. (Pubitemid 27176059)
114. Garavello W, Di Beradio F, Romagnoli M, Sambataro G, Gaini RM. Nasal rinsing with hypertonic solution: an adjunctive treatment for pediatric seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005;137:310-314. (Pubitemid 41161022)
115. Garavello W, Somigliana E, Acaia B, Gaini L, Pignataro L, Gaini RM. Nasal lavage in pregnant women with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010;15:137-141.
116. Tomooka LT, Murphy C, Davidson TM. Clinical study and literature review of nasal irrigation. Laryngoscope 2000;110:1189-1193. (Pubitemid 30439780)
117. Möller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, Halken S, Host A, Jacobsen L, Koivikko A, Koller DY, Niggemann B, Norberg LA, et al. Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:251-256. (Pubitemid 34158289)
118. Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, Halken S, Høst A, Koivikko A, Norberg LA, Valovirta E, Wahn U, et al. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy 2007;62:943-948. (Pubitemid 47037870)
119. James LK, Durham SR. Update on mechanisms of allergen injection immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2008;38:1074-1088.
120. Windom HH, Lockey RF. An update on the safety of specific immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;8:571-576.
121. Novembre E, Galli E, Landi F, Caffarelli C, Pifferi M, De Marco E, Burastero SE, Calori G, Benetti L, Bonazza P, et al. Coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:851-857. (Pubitemid 39330257)
122. Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S. Allergen injection immunotherapy for season allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;CD01936.