Aromatase inhibitor-associated bone and musculoskeletal effects: New evidence defining etiology and strategies for management

Breast Cancer Research

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Gaillard, Stéphanie ^a   Stearns, Vered ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANASTROZOLE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; DENOSUMAB; DIURETIC AGENT; EXEMESTANE; FISH OIL; GLUCOSAMINE; IBANDRONIC ACID; LETROZOLE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; RISEDRONIC ACID; TAMOXIFEN; VITAMIN D; ZOLEDRONIC ACID; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ACUPUNCTURE; ANTINOCICEPTION; ARTHRALGIA; ARTHRITIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; BODY MASS; BONE DEMINERALIZATION; BONE DENSITY; BONE METABOLISM; BONE PAIN; BONE TURNOVER; BREAST CANCER; CALCIUM INTAKE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; DYSPAREUNIA; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ENZYME INHIBITION; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; EXERCISE; FAMILY HISTORY; FOLLOW UP; FRACTURE; HUMAN; JOINT STIFFNESS; LIBIDO DISORDER; MASSAGE; MUSCLE CRAMP; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; MYALGIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; VITAMIN INTAKE; YOGA; BONE; BREAST TUMOR; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; POSTMENOPAUSE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; AROMATASE INHIBITORS; ARTHRALGIA; BONE AND BONES; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; TAMOXIFEN;

EID: 79960491885     PISSN: 14655411     EISSN: 1465542X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/bcr2818     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer Statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010, 60:277-300. 10.3322/caac.20073, 20610543.
2. Burstein HJ, Prestrud AA, Seidenfeld J, Anderson H, Buchholz TA, Davidson NE, Gelmon KE, Giordano SH, Hudis CA, Malin J, Mamounas EP, Rowden D, Solky AJ, Sowers MR, Stearns V, Winer EP, Somerfield MR, Griggs JJ. American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline: update on adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:3784-3796. 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.3756, 20625130.
3. Simpson ER, Davis SR. Minireview: aromatase and the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis - some new perspectives. Endocrinology 2001, 142:4589-4594. 10.1210/en.142.11.4589, 11606422.
4. Nelson LR, Bulun SE. Estrogen production and action. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001, 45(3 Suppl):S116-124. 10.1067/mjd.2001.117432, 11511861.
5. Miller WR, Hawkins RA, Forrest AP. Significance of aromatase activity in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 1982, 42(8 Suppl):3365s-3368s.
6. Chen S, Ye J, Kijima I, Kinoshita Y, Zhou D. Positive and negative transcriptional regulation of aromatase expression in human breast cancer tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005, 95:17-23. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.002, 15955695.
7. Geisler J, King N, Anker G, Ornati G, Di Salle E, Lonning PE, Dowsett M. In vivo inhibition of aromatization by exemestane, a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 1998, 4:2089-2093.
8. Geisler J, Detre S, Berntsen H, Ottestad L, Lindtjorn B, Dowsett M, Einstein Lonning P. Influence of neoadjuvant anastrozole (Arimidex) on intratumoral estrogen levels and proliferation markers in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001, 7:1230-1236.
9. Geisler J, Haynes B, Anker G, Dowsett M, Lonning PE. Influence of letrozole and anastrozole on total body aromatization and plasma estrogen levels in postmenopausal breast cancer patients evaluated in a randomized, cross-over study. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:751-757. 10.1200/JCO.20.3.751, 11821457.
10. Dowsett M, Haynes BP. Hormonal effects of aromatase inhibitors: focus on premenopausal effects and interaction with tamoxifen. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003, 86:255-263. 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00365-0, 14623519.
11. Buzdar A, Howell A, Cuzick J, Wale C, Distler W, Hoctin-Boes G, Houghton J, Locker GY, Nabholtz JM. Alone or in Combination Trialists' Group Comprehensive side-effect profile of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: long-term safety analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 2006, 7:633-643. 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70767-7, 16887480, Alone or in Combination Trialists' Group.
12. Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M, Buzdar A, Dowsett M, Forbes JF, Hoctin-Boes G, Houghton J, Locker GY, Tobias JS, ATAC Trialists' Group Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 2005, 365:60-62. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74803-0, 15639680, ATAC Trialists' Group.
13. Coates AS, Keshaviah A, Thurlimann B, Mouridsen H, Mauriac L, Forbes JF, Paridaens R, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Gelber RD, Colleoni M, Lang I, Del Mastro L, Smith I, Chirgwin J, Nogaret JM, Pienkowski T, Wardley A, Jakobsen EH, Price KN, Goldhirsch A. Five years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1-98. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:486-492. 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8617, 17200148.
14. Coombes RC, Kilburn LS, Snowdon CF, Paridaens R, Coleman RE, Jones SE, Jassem J, Van de Velde CJ, Delozier T, Alvarez I, Del Mastro L, Ortmann O, Diedrich K, Coates AS, Bajetta E, Holmberg SB, Dodwell D, Mickiewicz E, Andersen J, Lonning PE, Cocconi G, Forbes J, Castiglione M, Stuart N, Stewart A, Fallowfield LJ, Bertelli G, Hall E, Bogle RG, Carpentieri M, Colajori E, Subar M, Ireland E, Bliss JM, Intergroup Exemestane Study Survival and safety of exemestane versus tamoxifen after 2-3 years' tamoxifen treatment (Intergroup Exemestane Study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 369:559-570. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60200-1, 17307102, Intergroup Exemestane Study.
15. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, Robert NJ, Muss HB, Piccart MJ, Castiglione M, Tu D, Shepherd LE, Pritchard KI, Livingston RB, Davidson NE, Norton L, Perez EA, Abrams JS, Cameron DA, Palmer MJ, Pater JL. Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97:1262-1271. 10.1093/jnci/dji250, 16145047.
16. Jakesz R, Jonat W, Gnant M, Mittlboeck M, Greil R, Tausch C, Hilfrich J, Kwasny W, Menzel C, Samonigg H, Seifert M, Gademann G, Kaufmann M, Wolfgang J, ABCSG and the GABG Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years' adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABCSG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial. Lancet 2005, 366:455-462. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67059-6, 16084253, ABCSG and the GABG.
17. Jakesz R, Greil R, Gnant M, Schmid M, Kwasny W, Kubista E, Mlineritsch B, Tausch C, Stierer M, Hofbauer F, Renner K, Dadak C, Rucklinger E, Samonigg H, Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Extended adjuvant therapy with anastrozole among postmenopausal breast cancer patients: results from the randomized Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 6a. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:1845-1853. 10.1093/jnci/djm246, 18073378, Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group.
18. Mamounas EP, Jeong JH, Wickerham DL, Smith RE, Ganz PA, Land SR, Eisen A, Fehrenbacher L, Farrar WB, Atkins JN, Pajon ER, Vogel VG, Kroener JF, Hutchins LF, Robidoux A, Hoehn JL, Ingle JN, Geyer CE, Costantino JP, Wolmark N. Benefit from exemestane as extended adjuvant therapy after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: intention-to-treat analysis of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast And Bowel Project B-33 trial. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:1965-1971. 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.0228, 18332472.
19. Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Puntoni M, Guglielmini P, Amoroso D, Fini A, Paladini G, Mesiti M, Romeo D, Rinaldini M, Scali S, Porpiglia M, Benedetto C, Restuccia N, Buzzi F, Franchi R, Massidda B, Distante V, Amadori D, Sismondi P. Switching to anastrozole versus continued tamoxifen treatment of early breast cancer: preliminary results of the Italian Tamoxifen Anastrozole Trial. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:5138-5147. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.120, 16009955.
20. Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Guglielmini P, Fini A, Paladini G, Mesiti M, Rinaldini M, Scali S, Porpiglia M, Benedetto C, Restuccia N, Buzzi F, Franchi R, Massidda B, Distante V, Amadori D, Sismondi P. Switching to anastrozole versus continued tamoxifen treatment of early breast cancer. Updated results of the Italian tamoxifen anastrozole (ITA) trial. Ann Oncol 2006, 17(Suppl 7):vii10-4. 10.1093/annonc/mdl941, 16760270.
21. Forbes JF, Cuzick J, Buzdar A, Howell A, Tobias JS, Baum M. Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists' Group Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 2008, 9:45-53. 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70385-6, 18083636, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists' Group.
22. Locker GY, Eastell R. The time course of bone fractures observed in the ATAC ('Arimidex', Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003, 22:abstract 98.
23. Coombes RC, Hall E, Gibson LJ, Paridaens R, Jassem J, Delozier T, Jones SE, Alvarez I, Bertelli G, Ortmann O, Coates AS, Bajetta E, Dodwell D, Coleman RE, Fallowfield LJ, Mickiewicz E, Andersen J, Lonning PE, Cocconi G, Stewart A, Stuart N, Snowdon CF, Carpentieri M, Massimini G, Bliss JM, van de Velde C, Intergroup Exemestane Study A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1081-1092. 10.1056/NEJMoa040331, 15014181, Intergroup Exemestane Study.
24. Love RR, Barden HS, Mazess RB, Epstein S, Chappell RJ. Effect of tamoxifen on lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women after 5 years. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:2585-2588. 10.1001/archinte.154.22.2585, 7979855.
25. Assikis VJ, Jordan VC. Risks and benefits of tamoxifen therapy. Oncology 1997, 11(2 Suppl 1):21-23.
26. Eastell R, Hannon RA, Cuzick J, Dowsett M, Clack G, Adams JE, ATAC Trialists' group Effect of an aromatase inhibitor on bmd and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (18233230). J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:1215-1223. 10.1359/jbmr.060508, 16869719, ATAC Trialists' group.
27. Eastell R, Adams JE, Coleman RE, Howell A, Hannon RA, Cuzick J, Mackey JR, Beckmann MW, Clack G. Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination trial 18233230. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:1051-1057. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.0726, 18309940.
28. Perez EA, Josse RG, Pritchard KI, Ingle JN, Martino S, Findlay BP, Shenkier TN, Tozer RG, Palmer MJ, Shepherd LE, Liu S, Tu D, Goss PE. Effect of letrozole versus placebo on bone mineral density in women with primary breast cancer completing 5 or more years of adjuvant tamoxifen: a companion study to NCIC CTG MA.17. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:3629-3635. 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4882, 16822845.
29. Seeman E. Is a change in bone mineral density a sensitive and specific surrogate of anti-fracture efficacy?. Bone 2007, 41:308-317. 10.1016/j.bone.2007.06.010, 17644058.
30. Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ. Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. Endocr Rev 2002, 23:279-302. 10.1210/er.23.3.279, 12050121.
31. Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL. Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology 1999, 140:4367-4370. 10.1210/en.140.9.4367, 10465311.
32. Frenkel B, Hong A, Baniwal SK, Coetzee GA, Ohlsson C, Khalid O, Gabet Y. Regulation of adult bone turnover by sex steroids. J Cell Physiol 2010, 224:305-310. 10.1002/jcp.22159, 20432458.
33. Drake MT, McCready LK, Hoey KA, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S. Effects of suppression of follicle stimulating hormone secretion on bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:5063-5068. 10.1210/jc.2010-1103, 20610587.
34. Lonning PE, Geisler J, Krag LE, Erikstein B, Bremnes Y, Hagen AI, Schlichting E, Lien EA, Ofjord ES, Paolini J, Polli A, Massimini G. Effects of exemestane administered for 2 years versus placebo on bone mineral density, bone biomarkers, and plasma lipids in patients with surgically resected early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:5126-5137. 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.097, 15983390.
35. McCaig FM, Renshaw L, Williams L, Young O, Murray J, Macaskill EJ, McHugh M, Hannon R, Dixon JM. A study of the effects of the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010, 119:643-651. 10.1007/s10549-009-0646-0, 19941160.
36. Rabaglio M, Sun Z, Price KN, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Hawle H, Thurlimann B, Mouridsen H, Campone M, Forbes JF, Paridaens RJ, Colleoni M, Pienkowski T, Nogaret JM, Lang I, Smith I, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A, Coates AS, BIG 1-98 Collaborative and International Breast Cancer Study Groups Bone fractures among postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer treated with 5 years of letrozole or tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 trial. Ann Oncol 2009, 20:1489-1498. 2731016, 19474112, 10.1093/annonc/mdp033, BIG 1-98 Collaborative and International Breast Cancer Study Groups.
37. Hadji P, Body JJ, Aapro MS, Brufsky A, Coleman RE, Guise T, Lipton A, Tubiana-Hulin M. Practical guidance for the management of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss. Ann Oncol 2008, 19:1407-1416. 10.1093/annonc/mdn164, 18448451.
38. Reid DM, Doughty J, Eastell R, Heys SD, Howell A, McCloskey EV, Powles T, Selby P, Coleman RE. Guidance for the management of breast cancer treatment-induced bone loss: a consensus position statement from a UK Expert Group. Cancer Treat Rev 2008, 34(Suppl 1):S3-18. 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.03.007, 18515009.
39. Nieves JW, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES, Zion M, Barlas S, Chen YT. Calcium and vitamin D intake influence bone mass, but not short-term fracture risk, in Caucasian postmenopausal women from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Osteoporos Int 2008, 19:673-679. 10.1007/s00198-007-0501-2, 17999024.
40. Schwartz AL, Winters-Stone K, Gallucci B. Exercise effects on bone mineral density in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007, 34:627-633. 10.1188/07.ONF.627-633, 17573321.
41. Hillner BE, Ingle JN, Chlebowski RT, Gralow J, Yee GC, Janjan NA, Cauley JA, Blumenstein BA, Albain KS, Lipton A, Brown S, American Society of Clinical Oncology American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 update on the role of bisphosphonates and bone health issues in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:4042-4057. 10.1200/JCO.2003.08.017, 12963702, American Society of Clinical Oncology.
42. Gnant MF, Mlineritsch B, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Grampp S, Kaessmann H, Schmid M, Menzel C, Piswanger-Soelkner JC, Galid A, Mittlboeck M, Hausmaninger H, Jakesz R, Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Zoledronic acid prevents cancer treatment-induced bone loss in premenopausal women receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy for hormone-responsive breast cancer: a report from the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:820-828. 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7102, 17159195, Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group.
43. Bundred NJ, Campbell ID, Davidson N, DeBoer RH, Eidtmann H, Monnier A, Neven P, von Minckwitz G, Miller JC, Schenk NL, Coleman RE. Effective inhibition of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss by zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole: ZO-FAST Study results. Cancer 2008, 112:1001-1010. 10.1002/cncr.23259, 18205185.
44. Brufsky A, Harker WG, Beck JT, Carroll R, Tan-Chiu E, Seidler C, Hohneker J, Lacerna L, Petrone S, Perez EA. Zoledronic acid inhibits adjuvant letrozole-induced bone loss in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:829-836. 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.3744, 17159193.
45. Lester JE, Dodwell D, Purohit OP, Gutcher SA, Ellis SP, Thorpe R, Horsman JM, Brown JE, Hannon RA, Coleman RE. Prevention of anastrozole-induced bone loss with monthly oral ibandronate during adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:6336-6342. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5101, 18829518.
46. Van Poznak C, Hannon RA, Mackey JR, Campone M, Apffelstaedt JP, Clack G, Barlow D, Makris A, Eastell R. Prevention of aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss using risedronate: the SABRE trial. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:967-975. 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.5902, 20065185.
47. Markopoulos C, Tzoracoleftherakis E, Polychronis A, Venizelos B, Dafni U, Xepapadakis G, Papadiamantis J, Zobolas V, Misitzis J, Kalogerakos K, Sarantopoulou A, Siasos N, Koukouras D, Antonopoulou Z, Lazarou S, Gogas H. Management of anastrozole-induced bone loss in breast cancer patients with oral risedronate: results from the ARBI prospective clinical trial. Breast Cancer Res 2010, 12:R24. 2879572, 20398352, 10.1186/bcr2565.
48. Amir E, Ocana A, Seruga B, Josse R, Clemons M. Medical oncology: zoledronic acid for breast cancer therapy-induced bone loss. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010, 7:187-188. 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.19, 20354540.
49. Valachis A, Polyzos NP, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D, Mauri D. Lack of evidence for fracture prevention in early breast cancer bisphosphonate trials: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 117:139-145. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.001, 20061004.
50. Ellis GK, Bone HG, Chlebowski R, Paul D, Spadafora S, Smith J, Fan M, Jun S. Randomized trial of denosumab in patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for nonmetastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4875-4882. 10.1200/JCO.2008.16.3832, 18725648.
51. Hiscox S, Barrett-Lee P, Borley AC, Nicholson RI. Combining Src inhibitors and aromatase inhibitors: a novel strategy for overcoming endocrine resistance and bone loss. Eur J Cancer 2010, 46:2187-2195. 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.012, 20471823.
52. Presant CA, Bosserman L, Young T, Vakil M, Horns R, Upadhyaya G, Ebrahimi B, Yeon C, Howard F. Aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia and/or bone pain: frequency and characterization in non-clinical trial patients. Clin Breast Cancer 2007, 7:775-778. 10.3816/CBC.2007.n.038, 18021478.
53. Moxley G. Rheumatic disorders and functional disability with aromatase inhibitor therapy. Clin Breast Cancer 2010, 10:144-147. 10.3816/CBC.2010.n.019, 20299320.
54. Crew KD, Greenlee H, Capodice J, Raptis G, Brafman L, Fuentes D, Sierra A, Hershman DL. Prevalence of joint symptoms in postmenopausal women taking aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:3877-3883. 10.1200/JCO.2007.10.7573, 17761973.
55. Henry NL, Giles JT, Ang D, Mohan M, Dadabhoy D, Robarge J, Hayden J, Lemler S, Shahverdi K, Powers P, Li L, Flockhart D, Stearns V, Hayes DF, Storniolo AM, Clauw DJ. Prospective characterization of musculoskeletal symptoms in early stage breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008, 111:365-372. 10.1007/s10549-007-9774-6, 17922185.
56. Cuzick J, Forbes JF, Sestak I, Cawthorn S, Hamed H, Holli K, Howell A, International Breast Cancer Intervention Study I Investigators Long-term results of tamoxifen prophylaxis for breast cancer - 96-month follow-up of the randomized IBIS-I trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:272-282. 10.1093/jnci/djk049, 17312304, International Breast Cancer Intervention Study I Investigators.
57. Powles TJ, Ashley S, Tidy A, Smith IE, Dowsett M. Twenty-year follow-up of the Royal Marsden randomized, double-blinded tamoxifen breast cancer prevention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:283-290. 10.1093/jnci/djk050, 17312305.
58. Sestak I, Cuzick J, Sapunar F, Eastell R, Forbes JF, Bianco AR, Buzdar AU, ATAC Trialists' Group Risk factors for joint symptoms in patients enrolled in the ATAC trial: a retrospective, exploratory analysis. Lancet Oncol 2008, 9:866-872. 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70182-7, 18703382, ATAC Trialists' Group.
59. Burstein HJ. Aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia syndrome. Breast 2007, 16:223-234. 10.1016/j.breast.2007.01.011, 17368903.
60. Donnellan PP, Douglas SL, Cameron DA, Leonard RC. Aromatase inhibitors and arthralgia. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:2767.
61. Morales L, Pans S, Paridaens R, Westhovens R, Timmerman D, Verhaeghe J, Wildiers H, Leunen K, Amant F, Berteloot P, Smeets A, Van Limbergen E, Weltens C, Van den Bogaert W, De Smet L, Vergote I, Christiaens MR, Neven P. Debilitating musculoskeletal pain and stiffness with letrozole and exemestane: associated tenosynovial changes on magnetic resonance imaging. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007, 104:87-91. 10.1007/s10549-006-9394-6, 17061044.
62. Mao JJ, Stricker C, Bruner D, Xie S, Bowman MA, Farrar JT, Greene BT, DeMichele A. Patterns and risk factors associated with aromatase inhibitor-related arthralgia among breast cancer survivors. Cancer 2009, 115:3631-3639. 10.1002/cncr.24419, 19517460.
63. Ohsako T, Inoue K, Nagamoto N, Yoshida Y, Nakahara O, Sakamoto N. Joint symptoms: a practical problem of anastrozole. Breast Cancer 2006, 13:284-288. 10.2325/jbcs.13.284, 16929123.
64. Coombes RC, Paridaens R, Jassem J, Van de Velde, Delozier T, Jones SE, Hall E, Kilburn LS, Snowdon CF, Bliss JM. First mature analysis of the Intergroup Exemestane Study. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(Suppl 18):LBA527.
65. Sestak I, Sapunar F, Cuzick J. Aromatase inhibitor-induced carpal tunnel syndrome: results from the ATAC trial. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4961-4965. 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.0236, 19752338.
66. Dizdar O, Ozcakar L, Malas FU, Harputluoglu H, Bulut N, Aksoy S, Ozisik Y, Altundag K. Sonographic and electrodiagnostic evaluations in patients with aromatase inhibitor-related arthralgia. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4955-4960. 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.5435, 19752344.
67. Henry NL, Jacobson JA, Banerjee M, Hayden J, Smerage JB, Van Poznak C, Storniolo AM, Stearns V, Hayes DF. A prospective study of aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms and abnormalities on serial high-resolution wrist ultrasonography. Cancer 2010, 116:4360-4367. 10.1002/cncr.25385, 20549827.
68. Magliano M. Menopausal arthralgia: Fact or fiction. Maturitas 2010, 67:29-33. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.04.009, 20537472.
69. Friedman AJ, Juneau-Norcross M, Rein MS. Adverse effects of leuprolide acetate depot treatment. Fertil Steril 1993, 59:448-450.
70. Zhang Y, McAlindon TE, Hannan MT, Chaisson CE, Klein R, Wilson PW, Felson DT. Estrogen replacement therapy and worsening of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:1867-1873. 10.1002/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1867::AID-ART20>3.0.CO;2-W, 9778229.
71. Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Incidence and risk factors for radiographic knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged women: the Chingford Study. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:17-24. 10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<17::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-E, 9920009.
72. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Hubbell A, Lane D, O'Sullivan M, Cummings S, Rohan T, Yasmeen S, Khandekar J. The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of calcium plus vitamin D: Effects on breast cancer and arthralgias [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:Abstract LBA6.
73. Nevitt MC, Felson DT, Williams EN, Grady D. The effect of estrogen plus progestin on knee symptoms and related disability in postmenopausal women: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:811-818. 10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<811::AID-ANR137>3.0.CO;2-F, 11315920.
74. Ushiyama T, Ueyama H, Inoue K, Ohkubo I, Hukuda S. Expression of genes for estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999, 7:560-566. 10.1053/joca.1999.0260, 10558854.
75. Tsai CL, Liu TK, Chen TJ. Estrogen and osteoarthritis: a study of synovial estradiol and estradiol receptor binding in human osteoarthritic knees. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992, 183:1287-1291. 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80330-4, 1567405.
76. Claassen H, Hassenpflug J, Schunke M, Sierralta W, Thole H, Kurz B. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor alpha in articular chondrocytes from cows, pigs and humans: in situ and in vitro results. Ann Anat 2001, 183:223-227. 10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80221-1, 11396791.
77. Nilsson LO, Boman A, Savendahl L, Grigelioniene G, Ohlsson C, Ritzen EM, Wroblewski J. Demonstration of estrogen receptor-beta immunoreactivity in human growth plate cartilage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:370-373. 10.1210/jc.84.1.370, 9920110.
78. Hoegh-Andersen P, Tanko LB, Andersen TL, Lundberg CV, Mo JA, Heegaard AM, Delaisse JM, Christgau S. Ovariectomized rats as a model of postmenopausal osteoarthritis: validation and application. Arthritis Res Ther 2004, 6:R169-80. 400436, 15059281, 10.1186/ar1152.
79. Ham KD, Loeser RF, Lindgren BR, Carlson CS. Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy on osteoarthritis severity in cynomolgus monkeys. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1956-1964. 10.1002/art.10406, 12124881.
80. Nielsen RH, Christiansen C, Stolina M, Karsdal MA. Oestrogen exhibits type II collagen protective effects and attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2008, 152:21-27. 2384059, 18241229, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03594.x.
81. Oestergaard S, Sondergaard BC, Hoegh-Andersen P, Henriksen K, Qvist P, Christiansen C, Tanko LB, Karsdal MA. Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen therapy on type II collagen degradation and structural integrity of articular cartilage in rats: implications of the time of initiation. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:2441-2451. 10.1002/art.22009, 16871544.
82. Le Bail J, Liagre B, Vergne P, Bertin P, Beneytout J, Habrioux G. Aromatase in synovial cells from postmenopausal women. Steroids 2001, 66:749-757. 10.1016/S0039-128X(01)00104-0, 11522337.
83. Sasano H, Uzuki M, Sawai T, Nagura H, Matsunaga G, Kashimoto O, Harada N. Aromatase in human bone tissue. J Bone Miner Res 1997, 12:1416-1423. 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.9.1416, 9286757.
84. Felson DT, Cummings SR. Aromatase inhibitors and the syndrome of arthralgias with estrogen deprivation. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2594-2598. 10.1002/art.21364, 16142740.
85. Gintzler AR. Endorphin-mediated increases in pain threshold during pregnancy. Science 1980, 210:193-195. 10.1126/science.7414330, 7414330.
86. Dawson-Basoa ME, Gintzler AR. Estrogen and progesterone activate spinal kappa-opiate receptor analgesic mechanisms. Pain 1996, 64:169-177. 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00092-5, 8867260.
87. Evrard H, Baillien M, Foidart A, Absil P, Harada N, Balthazart J. Localization and controls of aromatase in the quail spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2000, 423:552-564. 10.1002/1096-9861(20000807)423:4<552::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-S, 10880987.
88. Riley JL, Robinson ME, Wise EA, Price DD. A meta-analytic review of pain perception across the menstrual cycle. Pain 1999, 81:225-235. 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00258-9, 10431710.
89. LeResche L, Saunders K, Von Korff MR, Barlow W, Dworkin SF. Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain. Pain 1997, 69:153-160. 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03230-7, 9060026.
90. Xepapadakis G, Ntasiou P, Koronarchis D, Koufoudakis D, Panousis D, Grosomanidis D, Venizelos V, Georgiadis S. New views on treatment of aromatase inhibitors induced arthralgia. Breast 2010, 19:249-250. 10.1016/j.breast.2010.03.031, 20418100.
91. Laroche M, Borg S, Lassoued S, De Lafontan B, Roche H. Joint pain with aromatase inhibitors: abnormal frequency of Sjogren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 2007, 34:2259-2263.
92. Vural P, Akgul C, Canbaz M. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on plasma pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and some bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Pharmacol Res 2006, 54:298-302. 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.06.006, 16879975.
93. Cvoro A, Tatomer D, Tee MK, Zogovic T, Harris HA, Leitman DC. Selective estrogen receptor-beta agonists repress transcription of proinflammatory genes. J Immunol 2008, 180:630-636.
94. Henry NL, Pchejetski D, A'Hern R, Nguyen AT, Charles P, Waxman J, Li L, Storniolo AM, Hayes DF, Flockhart DA, Stearns V, Stebbing J. Inflammatory cytokines and aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal syndrome: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 2010, 103:291-296. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605768, 20606683.
95. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Cella D, Fallowfield L, ATAC Trialists' Group Treatment-emergent endocrine symptoms and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: a retrospective analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 2008, 9:1143-1148. 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70259-6, 18976959, ATAC Trialists' Group.
96. Stearns V, Chapman J, Ma C, Ellis M, Ingle JN, Pritchard KI, Budd G, Rabaglio M, Sledge G, Le Maitre A, Elliott C, Shepherd LE, Goss PE. Treatment-emergent symptoms and the risk of breast cancer recurrence in the NCIC CTG MA.27 Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Trial. Cancer Res 2009, 69:Abstract 14.
97. Garreau JR, Delamelena T, Walts D, Karamlou K, Johnson N. Side effects of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen: the patients' perspective. Am J Surg 2006, 192:496-498. 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.06.018, 16978958.
98. Khan QJ, Reddy PS, Kimler BF, Sharma P, Baxa SE, O'Dea AP, Klemp JR, Fabian CJ. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, joint pain, and fatigue in women starting adjuvant letrozole treatment for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010, 119:111-118. 10.1007/s10549-009-0495-x, 19655244.
99. Prieto-Alhambra D, Javaid MK, Servitja S, Arden NK, Martinez-Garcia M, Diez-Perez A, Albanell J, Tusquets I, Nogues X. Vitamin D threshold to prevent aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia: a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010, 125:869-878. 10.1007/s10549-010-1075-9, 20665105.
100. Muslimani A, Iqbal MN, Spiro TP, Chaudhry AA, Taylor HC, Daw HA. Aromatase inhibitor (AI) related musculoskeletal (MS) symptoms: Is preventing osteoporosis the key to eliminating these symptoms?. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:9554.
101. Henry NL, Banerjee M, Blossom D, Wicha M, Van Poznak C, Smerage JB, Schott AF, Griggs JG, Hayes DF. Duloxetine for treatment of aromatase inhibitor (AI)-associated musculoskeletal syndrome (AIMSS). San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 8-12, 2010: San Antonio, Texas, USA 2010, PD08-06., http://www.posters2view.com/sabcs10/viewp.php?nu=PD08-06
102. Mao JJ, Bruner DW, Stricker C, Farrar JT, Xie SX, Bowman MA, Pucci D, Han X, DeMichele A. Feasibility trial of electroacupuncture for aromatase inhibitor--related arthralgia in breast cancer survivors. Integr Cancer Ther 2009, 8:123-129. 10.1177/1534735409332903, 19679620.
103. Crew KD, Capodice JL, Greenlee H, Brafman L, Fuentes D, Awad D, Yann Tsai W, Hershman DL. Randomized, blinded, sham-controlled trial of acupuncture for the management of aromatase inhibitor-associated joint symptoms in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:1154-1160. 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.4708, 20100963.
104. Briot K, Tubiana-Hulin M, Bastit L, Kloos I, Roux C. Effect of a switch of aromatase inhibitors on musculoskeletal symptoms in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer: the ATOLL (articular tolerance of letrozole) study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010, 120:127-134. 10.1007/s10549-009-0692-7, 20035381.
105. US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for osteoporosis: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2011, US Preventive Services Task Force.