Risk perception of mega-events

Journal of Sport and Tourism

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 139-161

  Boo, Soyoung ^a   Gu, Huimin ^b  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BEIJING INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cross sectional studies; Mega events; Risk perception; The beijing 2008 olympic games

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960290468     PISSN: 14775085     EISSN: 10295399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14775085.2010.498257     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2. Baker, D.A., & Crompton, J.L. (2000). Quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785-804.
3. Bitner, M.J. (1990). Evaluating service encounters: the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses. Journal of Marketing, 54, 69-82.
4. Blanthorne, C., Jones-Farmer, L.A., & Almer, E.D. (2006). Why you should consider SEM: a guide getting started. Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research, 9, 179-207.
5. Bloch, P.H., & Richins, M.L. (1983). A theoretical model for the study of product importance perceptions. Journal of Consumer Research, 47, 69-81.
6. Boholm, A. (1998). Comparative studies of risk perception: a review of twenty years of research. Journal of Risk Research, 1(2), 135-163.
7. Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park: Sage.
8. Cater, C.I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 317-325.
9. Chalip, L. (1992). The construction and use of polysemic structures: Olympic lessons for sport marketing. Journal of Sport Management, 6, 87-98.
10. Chang, P.C., & Singh, K.K. (1990). Risk management for mega-events. Tourism Management, 11(2), 45-52.
11. Creyer, E.H., Ross, W.T., & Evers, D. (2003). Risky recreation: an exploration of factors influencing the likelihood of participation and the effects of experience. Leisure Studies, 22, 239-253.
12. Cronin, J.J., & Taylor, S.Z. (1992). Measuring service quality: a reexamination and extension. Journal of Marketing, 56(3), 55-68.
13. Cronin, J.J., Brady, M.K., & Hult, G.T.M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193-218.
14. Derbaix, C. (1983). Perceived risk and risk relievers: an empirical investigation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3, 19-38.
15. Dholakia, U.M. (2001). A motivational process model of product involvement and consumer risk perception. European Journal of Marketing, 35(11/12), 2340-1360.
16. Doney, P.M., & Cannon, J.P. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61, 35-51.
17. Dowling, G.R. (1986). Perceived risk: the concept and its measurement. Psychology & Marketing, 3, 193-210.
18. Earle, T.C., & Cvetkovich, G.T. (1997). Culture, cosmopolitanism, and risk management. Risk Analysis, 17(1), 55-65.
19. Fakeye, P., & Crompton, J. (1992). Importance of socialization to repeat visitation. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 364-367.
20. Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1997). Tourist information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 503-523.
21. Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist destination risk perception: the case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108.
22. Gitelson, R.J., & Crompton, J.L. (1984). Insights into the repeat vacation phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research, 11, 199-217.
23. Goodrich, J.N. (1978). The relationship between preferences for and perceptions of vacation destinations: application of a choice model. Journal of Travel Research, 17, 8-13.
24. Ho, S.S.M., & Ng, V. (1994). Customers' risk perceptions of electronic payment systems. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(8), 26-38.
25. Hultsman, W. (1998). The multi-day, competitive leisure event: examining satisfaction over time. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(4), 472-497.
26. Jacoby, J., & Kaplan, L.B. (1972). The components of perceived risk. In M. Venkatesan (Ed.), Advances in consumer research, pp. 383-393. Chicago: Association for Consumer Research.
27. Jacoby, J., Chestnut, R.W., & Fisher, W.A. (1978). A behavioral process approach to information acquisition in nondurable purchasing. Journal of Marketing Research, 15(4), 532-544.
28. Kim, N.S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFAWorld Cup: effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25, 695-707.
29. Kraus, N.N., & Slovic, P. (1988). Taxonomic analysis of perceived risk: modeling individual and group perceptions within homogeneous hazard domains. Risk Analysis, 8, 435-455.
30. Lehto, X.Y., O'Leary, J.T., & Morrison, A.M. (2004). The effect of prior experience on vacation behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 801-818.
31. Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606-624.
32. Lewis, J.D., & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social Forces, 63, 967-985.
33. Lindell, M., & Earle, T. (1983). How close is close enough: public perceptions of the risks of industrial facilities. Risk Analysis, 3, 245-254.
34. Loureiro, S.M.C., & Gonzá lez, F.J.M. (2008). The importance of quality, satisfaction, trust, and image in relation to rural tourist loyalty. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 117-136.
35. Madrigal, R. (2003). Investigating an evolving leisure experience: antecedents and consequences of spectator affect during a live sporting event. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 23-48.
36. March, J.G., & Shapira, Z. (1987). Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Science, 33(11), 1404-1418.
37. Marsh, H.W., Balla, J.R., & McDonald, R.P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: the effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391-410.
38. Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
39. Mazursky, D. (1989). Past experience and future tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(3), 333-344.
40. Mitchell, V.W., & Vassos, V. (1997). Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: a crosscultural and gender analysis. Journal of Euromarketing, 6(3), 47-97.
41. Mowen, J., & Minor, M. (1998). Consumer behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
42. Mun, S. (2004). The perception of risk in sport activities. Dissertation, The Florida State University.
43. Murray, K.B. (1991). A test of services marketing theory: consumer information acquisition activities. Journal of Marketing, 55(1), 10-25.
44. Neirotti, L.D., & Hilliard, T. (2006). Impact of Olympic spectator safety perception and security concerns on travel decisions. Tourism Review International, 10, 269-284.
45. Odin, Y., Odin, N., & Valette-Florence, P. (2001). Conceptual and operational aspects of brand loyalty: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Research, 53, 75-84.
46. Pavlou, P.A. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7, 101-134.
47. Perdue, R.R. (1985). Segmenting state travel information inquires by timing of the destination decision and previous experience. Journal of Travel Research, 23, 6-11.
48. Philip, C., & Kiren, K. (1990). Risk management for mega-events: the 1988 Olympic Winter Games. Tourism Management, 3, 45.
49. Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 212-225.
50. Rittichainuwat, N.B., Qu, H., & Mongkhonvanit, C. (2002). A study of the impact of travel satisfaction on the likelihood of travelers to revisit Thailand. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 12(2), 19-43.
51. Roehl, W., & Fesenmaier, D. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 17-26.
52. Roselius, T. (1971). Consumer rankings of risk reduction method. Journal of Marketing, 35, 56-61.
53. Sheth, J.N., & Vankatesan, M. (1968). Risk-reduction processes in repetitive consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 5(3), 307-310.
54. Siegrist, M., & Cvetkovich, G. (2000). Perception of hazards: the role of social trust and knowledge. Risk Analysis, 20(5), 713-719.
55. Singh, J. (1990). A typology of customer dissatisfaction response styles. Journal of Retailing, 66(1), 57-97.
56. Sjöberg, L. (1998). Worry and risk perception. Risk Analysis, 18(1), 85-93.
57. Sjöberg, L. (2000). Factors in risk perception. Risk Analysis, 20(1), 1-11.
58. Sjöberg, L., & Drottz-Sjöberg, B.M. (1991). Knowledge and perception of risk among nuclear power plant employees. Risk Analysis, 11, 607-618.
59. Sjöberg, L., Moen, B.-E., & Rundmo, T. (2004). Explaining risk perception. An evaluation of the psychometric paradigm in risk perception research. Rotunde publikasjoner Rotunde no. 84. Retrived from http://www.svt.ntnu.no/psy/Torbjorn.Rundmo/Psychometric_paradigm.pdf
60. Slovic, P. (1993). Perceived risk, trust, and democracy. Risk Analysis, 13(6), 675-682.
61. Snepenger, D., Houser, B., & Snepenger, M. (1990). Seasonality of demand. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 628-630.
62. Sönmez, S.F., & Graefe, A.R. (1998a). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
63. Sönmez, S.F., & Graefe, A.R. (1998b). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 171-177.
64. Sönmez, S., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 3-18.
65. Stone, R.N., & Gronhaug, K. (1993). Perceived risk: further considerations for the marketing discipline. European Journal of Marketing, 27(3), 39-50.
66. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
67. Taylor, T., & Toohey, K. (2006a). Security, perceived safety, and event attendee enjoyment at the 2003 rugby World Cup. Tourism Review International, 10, 257-267.
68. Taylor, T., & Toohey, K. (2006b). Impacts of terrorism-related safety and security measures at a major sport event. Event Management, 9, 100-209.
69. Taylor, T., & Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of terrorism threats at the 2004 Olympic Games: implications for sports events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(2), 99-114.
70. Toohey, K., & Taylor, T. (2008). Mega events, fear, and risk: terrorism at the Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 451-469.
71. Toohey, K., Taylor, T., & Lee, C. (2003). The FIFAWorld Cup 2002: the effects of terrorism on sport tourist. Journal of Sports Tourism, 8(3), 167-185.
72. Tsaur, S.H., Tzeng, G.H., & Wang, K.C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812.
73. Ulleberg, P., & Rundmo, T. (2003). Personality, attitudes and risk perception as predictors of risk driving behaviour among young drivers. Safety Science, 41, 427-443.
74. Weber, E.U., Blais, A.R., & Betz, N.E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Marking, 15, 263-290.
75. Wildavsky, A., & Dake, K. (1990). Theories of risk perception: who fears what and why? Daedalus, 119(4), 41-60.
76. Xinran, Y.L., Joseph, T.O., & Alastair, M.M. (2004). The effect of prior experience on vacation behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 801-818.
77. Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2007). Shopping risk perceptions: effects on tourists' emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions. Tourism Management, 28, 703-713.