Party membership and participation

Handbook of Party Politics

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 301-315

  Heidar, Knut ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960182871     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781848608047.n26     Document Type: Chapter

References (94)

1. Barnes, Samuel H. (1967) Party Democracy. Politics in an Italian Socialist Federation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2. Bartolini, Stefano (2000) The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860-1980. The Class Cleavage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511521560 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521560
3. Beck, Paul Allan and Sorauf, Frank J. (1992) Party Politics in America, 7th edn. New York: HarperCollins.
4. Beyme, Klaus von (1985) Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot: Gower.
5. Bian, Yanjie ‘Communist Party membership and regime dynamics in China’ Social Forces 79 (1995) 805-41. doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0006
6. Bratton, Michael ‘Political participation in a new democracy’ Comparative Political Studies 35 (1999) 549-88.
7. Brzezinski, Zbigniew ‘Party controls in the Soviet Army’ Journal of Politics 14 (1952) 565-91.
8. Carbone, Giovanni M. ‘Political parties in a "no-party democracy": Hegemony and opposition under "movement democracy" in Uganda’ Party Politics 9 (2003) 485-502. doi:10.1177/135406880394004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135406880394004
9. Carty, Kenneth R. Eagles, D. Munroe ‘Preface: Party organization and campaigning at the grass roots’ Party Politics 9 (2003) 539. doi:10.1177/13540688030095001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13540688030095001
10. Clark, Peter Wilson, James Q. ‘Incentive systems: A theory of organizations’ Administrative Science Quarterly 6 (1961) 219-66.
11. Clarke, Harold D. Kornberg, Allan Ellis, Faron Rapkin, Jon ‘Not for fame or fortune. A note on membership and activity in the Canadian Reform Party’ Party Politics 6 (2000) 75-93. doi:10.1177/1354068800006001005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068800006001005
12. Conway, M. Margaret Feigert, Frank B. ‘Motivation, incentive systems, and the political party organization’ American Political Science Review 62 (1968) 1159-173.
13. Cross, William Young, Lisa ‘The contours of political party membership in Canada’ Party Politics 10 (2004) 427-44. doi:10.1177/1354068804043907 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043907
14. Crotty William (1986) ‘Local parties in Chicago: The machine in transition’, in William Crotty (ed.), Political Parties in Local Areas. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
15. Daalder, Hans (ed.) (1987) Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. London: Frances Pinter.
16. Diamond, Larry and Gunther, Richard (eds) (2001) Political Parties and Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
17. Duverger, Maurice (1964) Political Parties. Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State 3rd edn. London: Methuen.
18. Eldersveld, Samuel J. (1964) Political Parties: A Behavioral Analysis. Chicago: Rand McNally.
19. Eldersveld, Samuel J. (1986) ‘The party activist in Detroit and Los Angeles: A longtudinal view, 1956-1980', in William Crotty (ed.), Political Parties in Local Areas. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
20. Epstein, Leon (1967) Political Parties in Western Democracies. London: Pall Mall.
21. Erdmann, Gero ‘Party research: Western European bias and the "African labyrinth"' Democratization 11 (2004) 63-87. doi:10.1080/1351034042000238176 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1351034042000238176
22. Falke, Wolfgang (1982) Die Mitglieder der CDU: Eine empirische Studie zum Verhältnis von Mitglieder- und Organisationsstruktur der CDU 1971-1977. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
23. Fox, Michael S. ‘Political culture, purges, and proletarization at the Institute of Red Professors, 1921-1929' Russian Review 52 (1993) 20-42. doi:10.2307/130856 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130856
24. Gallagher, Michael and Marsh, Michael (2002) Days of Blue Loyalty. The Politics of Membership of the Fine Gael Party. Dublin: PSAI Press.
25. Gallagher, Michael Marsh, Michael ‘Party membership in Ireland: The members of Fine Gael’ Party Politics 10 (2004) 407-26. doi:10.1177/1354068804043906 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043906
26. Gallagher, Michael Liston, Vanessa Marsh, Michael Weeks, Liam ‘Explaining activism levels amongst Fine Gail members: A test of Seyd and Whiteley’s general incentives model’ Irish Political Studies 17 (2002) 97-113. doi:10.1080/714003142 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714003142
27. Giliomee, Hermann and Simkins, Charles (1999) The Awkward Embrace: One-Party Domination and Democracy. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
28. Gosnell, Harold F. (1937) Machine Politics: Chicago Model. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Reprinted 1968.
29. Hansen, Bernhard (2002) Party Activism in Denmark - A Micro Level Approach to a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Correlates of Party Activism. Århus: Politica.
30. Heidar, Knut ‘The polymorphic nature of party membership’ European Journal of Political Research 25 (1994) 61-86. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb01201.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb01201.x
31. Heidar, Knut Saglie, Jo ‘A decline of linkage? Intra-party participation in Norway 1991-2000'. European Journal of Political Research 42 (2003) 761-86. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00103
32. Herrera, Richard Taylor, Melanie K. ‘The structure of opinion in American political parties’ Political Studies 42 (1994) 676-89. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb00305.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb00305.x
33. Hirschman, Albert O. (1982) Shifting Involvements: Private Interests and Public Action. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
34. Janda, Kenneth (1980) Political Parties. A Cross-National Survey. New York: Free Press.
35. Kadushin, Charles ‘Friendship among the French financial elite’ American Sociological Review 60 (1995) 202-21. doi:10.2307/2096384 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2096384
36. Katz, Richard S. ‘Party as linkage: A vestigial function?' European Journal of Political Research 18 (1990) 143-61. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1990.tb00225.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1990.tb00225.x
37. Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (eds) (1992) Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.
38. Lawson, Kay and Merkl, Peter (eds) (1988) When Parties Fail. Emerging Alternative Organizations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
39. Little, Walter ‘Party and state in Peronist Argentina, 1945-1955' Hispanic American Historical Review 53 (1973) 644-62.
40. Mair, Peter van Biezen, Ingrid ‘Party membership in twenty European democracies, 1980-2000' Party Politics 1 (2001) 5-21.
41. May, John D. ‘Opinion structure of political parties: The special law of curvilinear disparity’ Political Studies 21 (1973) 135-51. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01423.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1973.tb01423.x
42. McClosky, Herbert Hoffmann, Paul J. O’Hara, Rosemary ‘Issue conflict and consensus among party leaders and followers’ American Political Science Review 54 (1960) 406-27.
43. McCulloch, Alistair ‘Joining a political party: A reassessment of the economic approach to membership’ British Journal of Sociology 41 (1990) 497-516. doi:10.2307/590664 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590664
44. McKenzie, Robert T. (1955) British Political Parties. London: Heinemann.
45. Merriam, Charles Edward ‘Some disputed points in primary election legislation’ Proceedings of the American Political Science Association 4 (1907) 179-88. doi:10.2307/3038465 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3038465
46. Michels, Robert (1925) Soziologie des Parteiwesens. Stuttgart: Kröner. (Originally published in 1911.)
47. Michels, Robert (1962) Political Parties. New York: Free Press.
48. Miller, Norman N. ‘The Rural African Party: Political participation in Tanzania’ American Political Science Review 64 (1970) 548-71.
49. Narud, Hanne Marthe Skare, Audun ‘Are party activists the party extremists? The structure of opinion in political parties’ Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (1999) 45-65. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00003
50. Norris, Pippa ‘May’s law of curvilinear disparity revisited’ Party Politics 1 (1995) 29-47. doi:10.1177/1354068895001001002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001002
51. Nowak, Thomas C. Snyder, Kay A. ‘Clientelist politics in the Phiippines: Integration or instability?' American Political Science Review 68 (1974) 1147-70.
52. Ostrogorsky, Moisei I. (1902) Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. London: Macmillan
53. Panebianco, Angelo (1988) Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Party Politics (1999) ‘Special issue: Party democracy and direct democracy’.
55. Party Politics (2001) ‘Special issue: Democratizing candidate selection: Causes and consequences’.
56. Party Politics (2003) ‘Special issue: Party politics on the net’.
57. Party Politics (2004) ‘Special issue: Party members and activists’.
58. Pedersen, Karina Bille, Lars Buch, Roger Elklit, Jørgen Hansen, Bernhard Nielsen, Hans Jørgen ‘Sleeping or active partners? Danish party members at the turn of the millenium’ Party Politics 10 (2004) 367-84. doi:10.1177/1354068804043904 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043904
59. Pierre, Jon Svåsand, Lars Widfeldt, Anders ‘State subsidies to political parties: Confronting rhetoric with reality’ West Europeran Politics 23 (2000) 1-24. doi:10.1080/01402380008425381 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380008425381
60. Poguntke, Thomas ‘Unconventional participation in party politics. The experience of the German Greens’ Political Studies 40 (1992) 239-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01382.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01382.x
61. Poguntke, Thomas (1994) ‘Basisdemokratie and political realities: The German Green Party’, in Kay Lawson (ed.), How Political Parties Work. Westport, CT: Praeger.
62. Rogers, Marvin L. ‘Changing patterns of political involvement among Malay village women’ Asian Survey 26 (1986) 322-44. doi:10.1525/as.1986.26.3.01p03655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1986.26.3.01p03655
63. Rokkan, Stein (1962) ‘The comparative study of political participation. Notes toward a perspective on current research’, in A. Ranney (ed.), Essays on the Behavioral Study of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
64. Rokkan, Stein Campbell, Angus ‘Citizen participation in political life: Norway and the United States of America’ International Social Science Journal 12 (1960) 69-99.
65. Römmele, Andrea ‘Political parties, party communication and new information and communication technologies’ Party Politics 9 (2003) 7-20.
66. Sabatier, Paul A. (1992) ‘Interest group membership and organization: Multiple theories’, in Mark P. Petrecca (ed.), The Politics of Interests. Interest Groups Transformed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
67. Scarrow, Susan E. ‘Does local party organization make a difference? Political parties and local government elections in Germany’ German Politics 2 (1993) 377-92. doi:10.1080/09644009308404335 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644009308404335
68. Scarrow, Susan E. ‘The "paradox of enrollment": Assessing the costs and benefits of party membership’ European Journal of Political Research 25 (1994) 41-60. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb01200.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb01200.x
69. Scarrow, Susan E. (1996) Parties and Their Members. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0198279183.001.0001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198279183.001.0001
70. Scarrow, Susan E. (2000) ‘Parties without members?', in Russell Dalton and Martin Wattenberg (eds), Parties without Partisans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
71. Scarrow, Susan E., Webb, Paul and Farrell, David M. (2000) ‘From social integration to electoral contestation: The changing distribution of power within political parties’, in Russell Dalton and Martin Wattenberg (eds), Parties without Partisans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
72. Schattschneider, E. E. (1942) Party Government. New York: Rinehart.
73. Schlesinger, Joseph A. (1991) Political Parties and the Winning of Office. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
74. Selle, Per Svåsand, Lars ‘Membership in party organizations and the problem of decline of parties’ Comparative Political Studies 23 (1991) 459-77. doi:10.1177/0010414091023004002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414091023004002
75. Seyd, Patrick and Whiteley, Paul (1992) Labour’s Grassroots - The Politics of Party Membership. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
76. Stone, Walter J. Rapoport, Ronald B. Schneider, Monique B. ‘Party members in a three-party election: Major party and reform activism in the 1996 American Presidential election’ Party Politics 10 (2004) 445-69. doi:10.1177/1354068804043908 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068804043908
77. Sundberg, Jan (1995) ‘Women in Scandinavian party organization’, in Lauri Karvonen and Per Selle (eds), Women in Nordic Politics. Closing the Gap. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
78. Tan, Alexander C. ‘The impact of party membership size: A cross-national analysis’ Journal of Politics 60 (1998) 188-98.
79. Tingsten, Herbert (1937) Political Behaviour. London: King.
80. Tenga, Nakazael Peter, Chris Maina ‘The right to organize as mother of all rights: The experience of women in Tanzania’ Journal of Modern African Studies 34 (1996) 143-62. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00055245 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00055245
81. Teorell, Jan ‘A deliberative defence of intra-party democracy’ Party Politics 5 (1999) 363-82. doi:10.1177/1354068899005003006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068899005003006
82. van Biezen, Ingrid On the internal balance of party power: Party organizations in new democracies’ Party Politics 6 (2000) 395-418. doi:10.1177/1354068800006004001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068800006004001
83. van Ree, Erik ‘Stalin’s organic theory of the party’ Russian Review 52 (1993) 43-57. doi:10.2307/130857 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130857
84. Walder, Andrew G. Li, Bobai Treiman, Donald J. ‘Politics and life chances in a state socialist regime: Dual career paths into the urban Chinese elite, 1949 to 1996' American Sociological Review 65 (2000) 191-209. doi:10.2307/2657437 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657437
85. Ware, Alan (1987) Citizens, Parties and the State. Cambridge: Polity Press.
86. Ware Alan (1996) Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
87. Weber, Max (1964) Max Weber: The Theory of Social and Economical Organization. Toronto: Collier-Macmillan.
88. Wellhofer, Spencer ‘Dimensions of party development: A study in organizational dynamics’ Journal of Politics 34 (1972) 153-82.
89. Wellhofer, Spencer ‘The political incorporation of the newly enfranchised voter: Organizational encapsulation and Socialist Labor Party development’ Western Political Quarterly 34 (1981) 399-414. doi:10.2307/447219 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/447219
90. Whiteley, Paul Seyd, Patrick ‘Rationality and party activism: Encompassing tests of alternative models of political participation’ European Journal of Political Research 29 (1996) 215-34. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00649.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00649.x
91. Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick (2002) High-Intensity Participation - The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
92. Whiteley, Paul, Seyd, Patrick and Richardson, Jeremy (1994) True Blues - The Politics of Conservative Party Membership. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
93. Widfeldt, Anders (1995) ‘Party membership and party representativeness’, in Hans-Dieter Klingemann and D. Fuchs (eds), Citizens and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
94. Zielonka-Goei, Mei Lan ‘Members marginalising themselves? Intra-party participation in the Netherlands’ West European Politics 15 (1992) 93-106. doi:10.1080/01402389208424908 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402389208424908