Antihistamine Therapy in Allergic Rhinitis

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 509-543

  Hoyte, Flavia C L ^a   Katial, Rohit K ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergic; Allergy; Antihistamine; Histamine; Rhinitis; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ACRIVASTINE; ACRIVASTINE PLUS PSEUDOEPHEDRINE; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ASTEMIZOLE; AZELASTINE; BECLOMETASONE; BENZODIOXAN DERIVATIVE; CETIRIZINE; CHLORPHENIRAMINE; DESLORATADINE; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; DOXEPIN; EBASTINE; ETHYLENE DERIVATIVE; FEXOFENADINE; FLUTICASONE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; HISTAMINE; HYDROXYZINE; LEVOCETIRIZINE; LORATADINE; MIZOLASTINE; MONTELUKAST; OLOPATADINE; PIPEROXAN; PLACEBO; PROMETHAZINE; TERFENADINE; TRIPELENNAMINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; BEDTIME DOSAGE; CONJUNCTIVITIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG IDENTIFICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EVENING DOSAGE; HAY FEVER; HUMAN; MAST CELL; MONOTHERAPY; MORNING DOSAGE; NONHUMAN; NOSE CONGESTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RHINITIS; RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TIME TO MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URTICARIA; VASOMOTOR RHINITIS;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRANASAL; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; CHILD; FEMALE; HISTAMINE; HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; PREGNANCY; RECEPTORS, HISTAMINE; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79959985353     PISSN: 08898561     EISSN: 15578607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2011.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Parsons M., Ganellin C. Histamine and its receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2006, 147:S127-S135.
2. Dale H.D., Laidlaw P.D. The physiological action of beta-iminazolylethylamine. J Physiol 1910, 41:318-344.
3. Best C.H., Dale H.H., Dudley H.W., et al. The nature of the vaso-dilator constituents of certain tissue extracts. J Physiol 1927, 62:397-417.
4. Steinhoff M., Griffiths C., Church M., et al. Histamine. Rok's textbook of dermatology 2004, vol. 9:50-52. Blackwell Science, Oxford (UK). T. Burns, S. Breathnach, N. Cox (Eds.).
5. Masheter H.C. Terfenadine: the first nonsedating antihistamine. Clin Rev Allergy 1993, 11:5-34.
6. Jutel M., Blaser K., Akdis C.A. Histamine receptors in immune regulation and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006, 26:249-259.
7. Akdis C.A., Simons F.E.R. Histamine receptors are hot in immunopharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 2006, 533:69-76.
8. Simons F.E., Adkis C.A. Antihistamines. Middleton's allergy: principles and practice 2009, 1517-1547. Mosby, St Louis (MO). 7th edition. N.F. Adkinson, B.S. Bochner, W.W. Busse (Eds.).
9. Simons F.E. Advances in H1-antihistamines. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2203-2217.
10. Godot V., Arock M., Garcia G., et al. H4 histamine receptor mediates optimal migration of mast cell precursors to CXCL12. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007, 120:827-834.
11. Suzuki S., Takeuchi K., Majima Y. Localization and function of histamine H3 receptor in the nasal mucosa. Clin Exp Allergy 2008, 38:1476-1482.
12. Strakhova M.I., Nikkela A.L., Manellia A.M., et al. Localization of histamine H4 receptors in the central nervous system of human and rat. Brain Res 2009, 1250:41-48.
13. Leurs R., Church M.K., Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002, 32:489-498.
14. Milligan G., Bond R., Lee M. Inverse agonism: pharmacological curiosity or potential therapeutic strategy?. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995, 16:10-13.
15. Ash A.S., Schild H.O. Receptors mediating some actions of histamine. 1966. Br J Pharmacol 1997, 120:302-314. [discussion: 300-1].
16. Wallace D.V., Dykewicz M.S., Bernstein D.I., et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122:S1-S84.
17. Cook T.J., MacQueen D.M., Wittig H.J., et al. Degree and duration of skin test suppression and side effects with antihistamines: a double blind controlled study with five antihistamines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1973, 51:71-77.
18. Long W.F., Taylor R.J., Wagner C.J., et al. Skin test suppression by antihistamines and the development of subsensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985, 76:113-117.
19. LexiComp Online drug reference [online].
20. Rao K.S., Menon P.K., Hilman B.C., et al. Duration of the suppressive effect of tricyclic antidepressants on histamine-induced wheal-and-flare reactions in human skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988, 82(5 Pt 1):752-757.
21. del Cuvillo A., Mullol J., Bartra J., et al. Comparative pharmacology of the H1 antihistamines. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006, 16(Suppl 1):3-12.
22. Simons F.E., Simons K.J. Clinical pharmacology of new histamine H1 receptor antagonists. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999, 36:329-352.
23. Molimard M., Diquet B., Benedetti M.S. Comparison of pharmacokintetics and metabolism of desloratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine and mizolastine in humans. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004, 18:399-411.
24. Pearlman D.S., Grossman J., Meltzer E.O. Histamine skin test reactivity following single and multiple doses of azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003, 91:258-262.
25. Kay G.G. The effects of antihistamines on cognition and performance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000, 105(6):S622-S627.
26. Hansten P.D., Levy R.H. Role of P-glycoprotein and organic anion transporting polypeptides in drug absorption and distribution. Clin Drug Investig 2001, 21:587-596.
27. Lehman J.M. Selecting the optimal oral antihistamine for patients with allergic rhinitis. Drugs 2006, 66(18):2309.
28. Golightly L.K., Greos L.S. Second-generation antihistamines: actions and efficacy in the management of allergic disorders. Drugs 2005, 65(3):341-384.
29. Simons F.E., Simons K.J. Clinical pharmacology of H1 antihistamines. Histamine and H1-antihistamines in allergic disease 2002, 141-178. Marcel Dekker, New York. F.E. Simons (Ed.).
30. Figueiredo A., Ribeiro C.A., Goncalo M., et al. Mechanism of action of doxepin in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1990, 4(2):147-158.
31. Greene S.L., Reed C.E., Schroeter A.L. Double-blind crossover study comparing doxepin with diphenhydramine for the treatment of chronic urticaria. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985, 12:669-675.
32. Passalacqua G., Canonica G.W. A review of evidence from comparative studies of levocetirizne and desloratadine for symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Clin Ther 2005, 27(7):979-992.
33. Ciprandi G., Tosca M.A., Cosentino C., et al. Effects of fexofenadine and other antihistamines on components of the allergic response: adhesion molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 112(Suppl 4):S78-S82.
34. van Cauwenberge P., Juniper E.F., Meltzer E.O., et al. Comparison of the efficacy, safety and quality of life provided by fexofenadine hydrochloride 120mg, loratadine 10mg and placebo administered once daily for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2000, 30:891-899.
35. Paolieri F., Battifora M., Riccio A., et al. Terfenadine and fexofenadine reduce in vitro ICAM-1 expression on human continuous cell lines. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998, 81:601-607.
36. Naclerio R.M. The effect of antihistamines on the immediate allergic response: a comparative review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993, 108(6):723-730.
37. Ciprandi G., Passalacqua G., Canonica G.W. Effects of H1 antihistamines on adhesion molecules: a possible rationale for long-term treatment. Clin Exp Allergy 1999, 29(Suppl 3):49-53.
38. Schroeder J.T., Schleimer R.P., Lichtenstein L.M., et al. Inhibition of cytokine generation and mediator release by human basophils treated with desloratadine. Clin Exp Allergy 2001, 31:1369-1377.
39. Slater J.M., Zechnich A.D., Haxby D.G. Second-generation anti-histamines: a comparative review. Drugs 1999, 57:31-47.
40. Dubuske L. Dose-ranging comparative evaluation of cetirizine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995, 74:345-354.
41. Clissold S.P., Sorkin E.M., Goa K.L. Loratadine: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1989, 37:42-57.
42. Haria M., Fitton A., Peters D.H. Loratadine: a reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in allergic disorders. Drugs 1994, 48:617-637.
43. Bruttmann G., Pedrali P. Loratadine (SCH 29851) 40mg once daily vs terfenadine 60mg twice daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Int Med Res 1987, 15:63-70.
44. Bradley C.M., Nicholson A.N. Studies on the central effects of the H1-antagonist, loratadine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987, 32:419-421.
45. Bronsky E.A., Falliers C.J., Kaiser H.B., et al. Effectiveness and safety of fexofenadine, a new nonsedating H1-receptor antagonist, in the treatment of fall allergies. Allergy Asthma Proc 1998, 19:135-141.
46. Bernstein D.I., Schoenwetter W.F., Nathan R.A., et al. Efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 79:443-448.
47. Meltzer E.O., Casale T.B., Nathan R.A., et al. Once-daily fexofenadine HCl improves quality of life and reduces work and activity impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999, 83:311-317.
48. Raphael G.D., Angello J.T., Wu M.M. Efficacy of diphenhydramine vs desloratadine and placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006, 96:606-614.
49. Bousquet J., Van Cauwenberge P.B., Khaltaev N., et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001, 108:1A-14A. S147-334.
50. Bonini S., Bonini M., Bousquet J., et al. Rhinitis and asthma in athletes: an ARIA document in collaboration with GA2LEN. Allergy 2006, 61:681-692.
51. Juniper E.F., Stahl E., Doty R.L., et al. Clinical outcomes and adverse effect monitoring in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005, 115:S390-S413.
52. Zyrtec (cetirizine hydrochloride) tablets and syrup [package insert]. New York: Pfizer Inc; 2002.
53. Mohler S.R., Nicholson A., Harvey R.P., et al. The use of antihistamines in safety-critical jobs: a meeting report. Curr Med Res Opin 2002, 18:332-337.
54. Xyzal (levocetirizine) tablets [package insert]. Brussels: UCB Pharma Ltd; 2003.
55. Kay G.G., Berman B., Mockoviak S.H., et al. Initial and steady state effects of diphenhydramine and loratadine on sedation, cognition, mood, and psychomotor performance. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:2350-2356.
56. Allegra (fexofenadine hydrochloride) capsules and tablets: activity impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis [package insert]. Kansas City, MO: Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2003.
57. Pagliara A., Testa B., Carrupt P.A., et al. Molecular properties and pharmacokinetic behavior of cetirizine, a zwitterionic H1-receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 1998, 41:853-863.
58. Lai D.S., Lue K.H., Hsieh J.C., et al. The comparison of the efficacy and safety of cetirizine, oxatomide, ketotifen, and a placebo for the treatment of childhood perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002, 89:589-598.
59. Bousquet J., Duchateau J., Pignat J.C., et al. Improvement of quality of life by treatment with cetirizine in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis as determined by a French version of the SF-36 questionnaire. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996, 98:309-316.
60. Ciebiada M., Gorska-Ciebiada M., DuBuske L.M., et al. Montelukast with desloratadine or levocetirizine for the treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006, 97:664-671.
61. Jorissen M., Bertrand B., Stiels B., et al. Levocetirizine as treatment for symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. B-ENT 2006, 2(2):55-62.
62. Ciprandi G., Passalacqua G., Mincarini M., et al. Continuous versus on demand treatment with cetirizine for allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 79:507-511.
63. Aaronson D.W. Evaluation of cetirizine in patients with allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996, 76:440-446.
64. Torkildsen G.L., Gomes P., Welch D., et al. Evaluation of desloratadine on conjunctival allergen challenge-induced ocular symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy 2009, 39(7):1052-1059.
65. Tanner L.A., Reilly M., Meltzer E.O., et al. Effect of fexofenadine HCl on quality of life and work, classroom and daily activity impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Manag Care 1999, 5(Suppl 2):S235-S247.
66. Hampel F., Ratner P., Mansfield L., et al. Fexofenadine hydro-chloride, 180 mg, exhibits equivalent efficacy to cetirizine, 10 mg, with less drowsiness in patients with moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003, 91:354-361.
67. Sabbah A., Daele J., Wade A.G., et al. Comparison of the efficacy, safety, and onset of action of mizolastine, cetirizine, and placebo in the management of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999, 83:319-325.
68. Murray J.J., Nathan R.A., Bronsky E.A., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of cetirizine in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact on symptoms, quality of life, productivity, and activity impairment. Allergy Asthma Proc 2002, 23:391-398.
69. Noonan M.J., Raphael G.D., Nayak A., et al. The health-related quality of life effects of once-daily cetirizine HCl in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2003, 33:351-358.
70. Mansmann H.C., Altman R.A., Berman B.A., et al. Efficacy and safety of cetirizine therapy in perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1992, 68:348-353.
71. Horak F., Toth J., Marks B., et al. Efficacy and safety relative to placebo of an oral formulation of cetirizine and sustained-release pseudoephedrine in the management of nasal congestion. Allergy 1998, 53:849-856.
72. Rinne J., Simola M., Malmberg H., et al. Early treatment of perennial rhinitis with budesonide or cetirizine and its effect on long-term outcome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002, 109:426-432.
73. Segall N., Gawchik S., Georges G., et al. Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine in improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in US adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010, 104(3):259-267.
74. Mansfield L.E., Hampel F., Haeslui J.M., et al. Study of levocetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Curr Med Res Opin 2010, 26(6):1269-1275.
75. Potter P.C., Study Group Levocetirizine is effective for symptom relief including nasal congestion in adolescent and adult (PAR) sensitized to house dust mites. Allergy 2003, 58:893-899.
76. Bachert C., Bousquet J., Canonica G.W., et al. Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in longterm management of persistent allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004, 114:838-844.
77. Canonica G.W., Bousquet J., Van Hammee G., et al. Levocetirizine improves health-related quality of life and health status in persistent allergic rhinitis. Respir Med 2006, 100:1706-1715.
78. Day J.H., Briscoe M.P., Welsh A., et al. Onset of action, efficacy, and safety of a single dose of fexofenadine hydrochloride for ragweed allergy using an environmental exposure unit. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 79:533-540.
79. Sussman G.L., Mason J., Compton D., et al. The efficacy and safety of fexofenadine HCl and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination, in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999, 104:100-106.
80. Casale T.B., Andrade C., Qu R. Safety and efficacy of once-daily fexofenadine HCl in the treatment of autumn seasonal allergy rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 1999, 20:193-198.
81. Ciprandi G., Cosentino C., Milanese M., et al. Fexofenadine reduces nasal congestion in perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2001, 56:1068-1070.
82. Druce H.M., Thoden W.R., Mure P., et al. Brompheniramine, loratadine, and placebo in allergic rhinitis: a placebo-control led comparative trial. J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 38:382-389.
83. Crawford W.W., Klaustermeyer W.B., Lee P.H., et al. Comparative efficacy of terfenadine, loratadine, and astemizole in perennial allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998, 118:668-673.
84. Kaiser H.B., Gopalan G., Chung W. Loratadine provides early symptom control in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2008, 29(6):654-658.
85. Nayak A.S., Schenkel E. Desloratadine reduces nasal congestion in patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2001, 56:1077-1080.
86. Horak F., Stübner U.P., Zieglmayer R., et al. Comparison of the effects of desloratadine 5mg daily and placebo on nasal airflow and seasonal allergy rhinitis symptoms induced by grass pollen exposure. Allergy 2003, 58:481-485.
87. Salmun L.M., Lorber R., Danzig M., et al. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000, 104(Suppl 1):384-385. [abstract no: 1123].
88. Heithoff K., Meltzer E.O., Mellars L., et al. Desloratadine improves quality of life in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000, 104(Suppl 1):383-384. [abstract no: 1121].
89. Berger W.E., Schenkel E.J., Mansfield L.E., et al. Safety and efficacy of desloratadine 5mg in asthma patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002, 89:485-491.
90. Salmun L.M., Lorber R. 24-Hour efficacy of once-daily desloratadine therapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. BMC Fam Pract 2002, 3:14-20.
91. Simons F.E., Prenner B.M., Finn A., et al. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111:617-622.
92. Bousquet J., Bachert C., Canonica G.W., et al. Efficacy of desloratadine in intermittent allergic rhinitis: a GA(2)LEN study. Allergy 2009, 64(1):1516-1523.
93. Bousquet J., Bachert C., Canonica G.W., et al. Efficacy of desloratadine in persistent allergic rhinitis-a GALEN study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010, 153(4):395-402.
94. Horak F., Stübner U.P., Zieglmayer R., et al. Controlled comparison of the efficacy and safety of cetirizine 10mg daily and fexofenadine 120mg daily in reducing symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001, 125:73-79.
95. Howarth P.H., Stern M.A., Roi L., et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride (120 and 180mg once daily) and cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999, 104:927-933.
96. Meltzer E.O., Weiler J.M., Widlitz M.D. Comparative outdoor study of the efficacy, onset and duration of action, and safety of cetirizine, loratadine, and placebo for seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996, 97:617-626.
97. Day J.H., Briscoe M.P., Clark R.H., et al. Onset of action and efficacy of terfenadine, astemizole, cetirizine, and loratadine rhinitis for the relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 79:163-172.
98. Day J.H., Briscoe M.P., Rafeiro E., et al. Comparative onset and symptom relief with cetirizine, loratadine, or placebo in an environmental exposure unit in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis: confirmation of a test system. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001, 87:474-481.
99. Day J.H., Briscoe M., Widlitz M.D. Cetirizine, loratadine, or placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis: effects after controlled ragweed pollen challenge in an environmental exposure unit. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998, 101:638-645.
100. Wilson A.M., Haggart K., Sims E.J., et al. Effects of fexofenadine and desloratadine on subjective and objective measures of nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2002, 32:1504-1509.
101. Berger W.E., Lumry W.R., Meltzer E.O., et al. Efficacy of desloratadine, 5mg, compared with fexofenadine, 180mg, in patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006, 27(3):214-223.
102. Mösges R., van Cauwenberg P., Purello-D'Ambrosio F., et al. Fexofenadine and loratadine exhibit rapid relief, but only fexofenadine maintains efficacy over a 2-week period. Allergy 2000, 55(Suppl 63):281. [abstract no: 1005].
103. Ricard N., Kind P., Christian S., et al. Link between preferences and treatment outcomes in seasonal allergic rhinitis: an empiric investigation. Clin Ther 1999, 20:268-277.
104. Bachert C., Maurer M. Safety and efficacy of desloratadine in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis or chronic urticaria: results of four postmarketing surveillance studies. Clin Drug Investig 2010, 30(2):109-122.
105. Lee D.K., Gardiner M., Haggart K., et al. Comparative effects of desloratadine, fexofenadine, and levocetirizine on nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004, 34:650-653.
106. Meltzer E.O., Weiler J.M., Widlitz M.D. Comparative outdoor study of the efficacy, onset and duration of action, and safety of cetirizine, loratadine, and placebo for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Life Sci 2002, 72:409-414.
107. Ciprandi G., Cirillo I., Vizzaccaro A., et al. Desloratadine and levocetirizine improve nasal symptoms, airflow, and allergic inflammation in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Int Immunopharmacol 2005, 5:1800-1808.
108. Juniper E.F., Kline P.A., Hargreave F.E., et al. Comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray, astemizole, and the combination in the prophylactic treatment of ragweed pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989, 83:627-633.
109. Ratner P., VanBavel J., Martin B., et al. A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Fam Pract 1998, 47:118-125.
110. Di Lorenzo G., Pacor M.L., Pellitteri M.E., et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono-therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004, 34:259-267.
111. Barnes M., Ward J., Fardon T., et al. Effects of levocetirizine as add-on therapy to fluticasone in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006, 36:676-684.
112. Aurora J. Development of nasal delivery systems: a review. Drug Deliv Technol 2002, 2:85.
113. Kaliner M.A. Azelastine and olopatadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009, 103:373-380.
114. Berger W.E. Pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety and tolerability of a reformulated azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray in patients with chronic rhinitis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009, 5(1):91-102.
115. Shah S., Berger W., Lumry W. Efficacy and safety of azelastine 0.15% nasal spray and azelastine 0.10% nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009, 30:628-633.
116. Bernstein J.A. Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr Med Res Opin 2007, 23:2441-2452.
117. Banov C.H., Lieberman P. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001, 86:28-35.
118. Meltzer E., Weiler J., Dockhorn R., et al. Azelastine nasal spray in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1994, 72:354-359.
119. Weiler J., Meltzer E., Benson P., et al. A dose-ranging study of the efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with an acute model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:972-980.
120. Storms W., Pearlman D., Chervinsky P., et al. The effectiveness of azelastine nasal solution in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ear Nose Throat J 1994, 73:382-394.
121. Ratner P., Findlay S., Hampel F., et al. A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:818-825.
122. LaForce C., Dockhorn R., Prenner B., et al. Safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray (Asteline NS) for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a 4-week comparative multicenter trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996, 76:181-188.
123. Lumry W., Prenner B., Corren J., et al. Efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray at a dosage of one spray per nostril twice daily. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007, 99:267-272.
124. Ratner P., Hampel F., Amar N., et al. Safety and efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis to mountain cedar. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005, 95:474-479.
125. Fairchild C., Meltzer E., Roland P., et al. Comprehensive report of the efficacy, safety, quality of life, and work impact of Olopatadine 0.6% and Olopatadine 0.4% treatment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007, 28:716-723.
126. Hampel F., Ratner P., Amar N., et al. Improved quality of life among seasonal allergic rhinitis patients treated with olopatadine HCL nasal spray 0.4% and olopatadine HCL nasal spray0.6% compared with vehicle placebo. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006, 27:202-207.
127. Shah S., Nayak A., Ratner P., et al. Effects of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray 0.6% in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled study in adolescents and adults. Clin Ther 2009, 31:99-107.
128. Pipkorn P., Constantini C., Reynolds C., et al. The effects of the nasal antihistamine olopatadine and azelastine in nasal allergen provocation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008, 101:82-89.
129. Yáñez A., Rodrigo G. Intranasal corticosteroids versus topical H1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002, 89:479-484.
130. Kaliner M.A., Storms W., Tilles S., et al. Comparison of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray versus fluticasone propionate 50 microg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009, 30:255-262.
131. Ratner P., Hampel F., VanBavel J., et al. Combination therapy with azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray and fluticasone propionate nasal spray in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008, 100:74-81.
132. Patel D., Garadi R., Brubaker M., et al. Onset and duration of action of nasal sprays in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients: olopatadine hydrochloride versus mometasone furoate monohydrate. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007, 28:592-599.
133. Patel P., Roland P., Marple B., et al. An assessment of the onset and duration of action of olopatadine nasal spray. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007, 137:918-924.
134. Patel D., D'Andrea C., Sacks H.J. Onset of action of azelastine nasal spray compared with mometasone nasal spray and placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis evaluated in an environmental exposure chamber. Am J Rhinol 2007, 21:499-503.
135. Horak F., Zieglmayer U.P., Zieglmayer R., et al. Azelastine nasal spray and desloratadine tablets in pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pharmacodynamic study of onset of action and efficacy. Curr Med Res Opin 2006, 22:151-157.
136. Cassell H.R., Katial R.K. Intranasal antihistamines for allergic rhinitis: examining the clinical impact. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009, 30:349-357.
137. Berger W., White M., The Rhinitis Study Group Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003, 91:205-211.
138. LaForce C., Corren J., Wheeler W., et al. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients who remain symptomatic after treatment with fexofenadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004, 93:154-159.
139. Corren J., Storms W., Burnstein J., et al. Effectiveness of azelastine nasal spray compared with oral cetirizine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Ther 2005, 27:543-553.
140. Berger W., Hampel F., Berstein J., et al. Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006, 97:375-381.
141. Schad C.A., Skoner D.P. Antihistamines in the pediatric population: Achieving optimal outcomes when treating seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc 2008, 29:7-13.
142. Simons F.E. H1-antihistamines in children. Histamine and H1-antihistamines in allergic disease 2002, 437-464. Marcel Dekker, New York. F.E. Simons (Ed.).
143. Gupta S., Khalilieh S., Kantesaria B., et al. Pharmacokinetics of desloratadine in children between 2 and 11 years of age. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007, 63:534-540.
144. Gupta S.K., Kantesaria B., Banfield C., et al. Desloratadine dose selection in children aged 6 months to 2 years: comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007, 64:174-184.
145. Simons F.E., Simons K.J. Levocetirizine: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children age 6 to 11 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005, 116:355-361.
146. Cranswick N., Turzikova J., Fuchs M., et al. Levocetirizine in 1-2 year old children: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005, 43:172-177.
147. Simons F.E., ETAC Study Group Population pharmacokinetics of levocetirizine in very young children: the pediatricians' perspective. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005, 16:97-103.
148. Pearlman D.S., Lumry W.R., Winder J.A., et al. Once-daily cetirizine effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 6 to 11 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1997, 36:209-215.
149. Gillman S.A., Blatter M., Condemi J.J., et al. The health-related quality of life effects of once-daily cetirizine HCl syrup in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2002, 41:687-696.
150. Simons F.E. Prospective, long-term safety evaluation of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine in very young children with atopic dermatitis. ETAC Study Group. Early treatment of the atopic child. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999, 104:433-440.
151. Simons F.E., Silas P., Portnoy J.M., et al. Pharmd. Safety of cetirizine in infants 6 to 11 months of age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111:1244-1248.
152. Wahn U., Meltzer E.O., Finn A.F., et al. Fexofenadine is efficacious and safe in children (aged 6-11 years) with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111:763-769. [Erratum in J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1202 J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:71].
153. Meltzer E.O., Scheinmann P., Rosado Pinto J.E., et al. Safety and efficacy of oral fexofenadine in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis-a pooled analysis of three studies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004, 15:253-260.
154. Bloom M., Staudinger H., Herron J. Safety of desloratadine syrup in children. Curr Med Res Opin 2004, 20:1959-1965.
155. Simons F.E., Early Prevention of Asthma in Atopic Children (EPAAC) Study Group Safety of levocetirizine treatment in young atopic children: an 18-month study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007, 18(6):535-542.
156. Fineman S.M. Clinical experience with azelastine nasal spray in children: physician survey of case reports. Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol 2001, 15(1):49-54.
157. Herman D., Garay R., Le Gal M. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study of azelastine nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997, 39(1):1-8.
158. Vuurman E.F., van Veggel L.M., Uiterwijk M.M., et al. Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children's learning. Ann Allergy 1993, 71:121-126.
159. Vuurman E.F., van Veggel L.M., Sanders R.L., et al. Effects of semprex-D and diphenhydramine on learning in young adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996, 76:247-252.
160. Mazzotta P., Loebstein R., Koren G. Treating allergic rhinitis in pregnancy: safety considerations. Drug Saf 1999, 20:361-375.
161. So M., Inoue P.B., Einarson A. Motherisk update: safety of antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation. Can Fam Physician 2010, 56:427-429.
162. Gilbert C., Mazzotta P., Loebstein R., et al. Fetal safety of drugs used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a critical review. Drug Saf 2005, 28(8):707-719.
163. Seto A., Einarson T., Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to antihistamines: meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol 1997, 14(3):119-124.
164. Källén B. Use of antihistamine drugs in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002, 11(3):146-152.
165. Moretti M.E., Caprara D., Coutinho C.J., et al. Fetal safety of loratadine use in the first trimester of pregnancy: a multicentre study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111(3):479-483.
166. Diav-Citrin O., Shechtman S., Aharonovich A., et al. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a prospective controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 111(6):1239-1243.
167. Keleş N. Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Am J Rhinol 2004, 18:23-28.
168. Einarson A., Bailey B., Jung G., et al. Prospective controlled study of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997, 78(2):183-186.
169. Einarson A., Levichek Z., Einarson T.R., et al. The antiemetic effect of cetirizine in pregnancy. Ann Pharmacother 2000, 34:1486-1487. [letter].
170. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Drugs in pregnancy: consensus conference on teratogen information services," Prague, 16-18 April 2004. Reprod Toxicol 2004, 19(2):258. [abstract].
171. Clarinex (desloratadine) tablets [package insert] 2003, Schering Corporation, Kenilworth (NJ).
172. Hilbert J., Radwanski E., Affrime M., et al. Excretion of loratadine in human breast milk. J Clin Pharmacol 1988, 28(3):234-239.
173. Lucas B.D., Purdy C.Y., Scarim S.K., et al. Terfenadine pharmacokinetics in breast milk of lactating women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995, 57:398-402.