The connections between self-esteem and psychopathology

Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 157-164

  Zeigler Hill, Virgil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

Author keywords

Fragile; Psychopathology; Scar; Self esteem; Vulnerable

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SCAR MODEL; SELF ESTEEM; VULNERABILITY MODEL;

EID: 79959951694     PISSN: 00220116     EISSN: 15733564     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10879-010-9167-8     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Abela, J. R. Z., Webb, C. A., Wagner, C., Ho, M. H. R., & Adams, P. (2006). The role of self-criticism, dependency, and hassles in the course of depressive illness: A multiwave longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 328-338. (Pubitemid 43394558)
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Humphreys, L., Ward, J., Gregg, L., & Andrews, B. (2003). Self-esteem in schizophrenia: Relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 92-99. (Pubitemid 36249847)
4. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). The relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33. (Pubitemid 126421420)
6. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Selfpresentation motivations and personality differences in selfesteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
7. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.
8. Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press.
9. Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reaction to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 55-85). New York: Plenum Press.
10. Blankertz, L. (2001). Cognitive components of self-esteem for individuals with severe mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 457-465. (Pubitemid 34072197)
11. Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2007). Selfesteem and violence: Testing links between adolescent selfesteem and later hostility and violent behavior. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 881-891.
12. Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2008). Does adolescent self-esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self-esteem. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 319-339. (Pubitemid 351166718)
13. Bos, A. E. R., Huijding, J., Muris, P., Vogel, L. R. R., & Biesheuvel, J. (2010). Global, contingent, and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 311-316.
14. Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2, 169-187.
15. Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1415-1439.
16. Breines, J. G., Crocker, J., & Garcia, J. A. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 583-598.
17. Brown, G. W., Bifulco, A., Andrews, B., & Bridge, L. (1986). Life events, chronic subclinical symptoms, and vulnerability to clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 11, 1-19. (Pubitemid 16045970)
18. Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2006). The three faces of selfesteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A source book of current perspectives (pp. 4-9). New York: Psychology Press.
19. Brown, R. P., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2004). Narcissism and the nonequivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance? Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 585-592. (Pubitemid 39233999)
20. Buhlmann, U., Teachman, B. A., Naumann, E., Fehlinger, T., & Rief, W. (2009). The meaning of beauty: Implicit and explicit selfesteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 694-702.
21. Butler, A. C., Hokanson, J. E., & Flynn, H. A. (1994). A comparison of self-esteem lability and low trait self-esteem as vulnerability factors for depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 166-177.
22. Cambron, M. J., Acitelli, L. K., & Pettit, J. W. (2009). Explaining gender differences in depression: An interpersonal contingent self-esteem perspective. Sex Roles, 61, 751-761.
23. Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156
24. Ciesla, J. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2002). Self-directed thought and response to treatment for depression: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An Interpersonal Quarterly, 16, 435-453. (Pubitemid 36418567)
25. Cockerham, E., Stopa, L., Bell, L., & Gregg, A. (2009). Implicit selfesteem in bulimia nervosa. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 265-273.
26. Coyne, J. C., & Calarco, M. M. (1995). Effects of the experience of depression: Application of focus group and survey methodologies. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 58, 149-163.
27. Crocker, J. (2002). The costs of seeking self-esteem. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 597-615.
28. Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392-414. (Pubitemid 38614662)
29. Crocker, J., Thompson, L., McGraw, K., & Ingerman, C. (1987). Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 907-916.
30. Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623. (Pubitemid 33604138)
31. Dooley, D., Prause, J., Ham-Rowbottom, K. A., & Emptage, N. (2005). Age of alcohol drinking onset: Precursors and the mediation of alcohol disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15, 19-37. (Pubitemid 43570282)
32. Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Lian, H., & Keeping, L. M. (2009). When does self-esteem related to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1345-1353.
33. Foster, J. D., Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2007). Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability. Self and Identity, 6, 64-73.
34. Giesler, R. B., Josephs, R. A., & Swann, W. B. (1996). Selfverification in clinical depression: The desire for negative evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 358-368. (Pubitemid 26268705)
35. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
36. Grossbard, J. R., Lee, C. M., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2009). Body image concerns and contingent self-esteem in male and female college students. Sex Roles, 60, 198-207.
37. Gual, P., Pérez-Gaspar, M., Martinez-González, M. A., Lahortiga, F., de Irala-Estévez, J., & Cervera-Enguix, S. (2001). Self-esteem, personality, and eating disorders: Baseline assessment of a prospective population-based cohort. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 261-273. (Pubitemid 34260722)
38. Hakim-Larson, J., & Mruk, C. (1997). Enhancing self-esteem in a community mental health setting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 655-659. (Pubitemid 27463386)
39. Haney, P., & Durlak, J. A. (1998). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 423-433.
40. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
41. Henning, E. R., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Impairment and quality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 342-349. (Pubitemid 47403484)
42. Izgiç, F., Akyüz, G., Doǧan, O., & Kuǧu, N. (2004). Social phobia among university students and its relation to self-esteem and body image. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 630-634. (Pubitemid 39388357)
43. Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992). When depression breeds contempt: Reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 165-173.
44. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978. (Pubitemid 37417555)
45. Josephs, R. A., Larrick, R. P., Steele, C. M., & Nisbett, R. E. (1992). Protecting the self from the negative consequences of risky decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 26-37.
46. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal selfesteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
47. Kernis, M. H. (2005). Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73, 1-37.
48. Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989). Stability and level of selfesteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1013-1023.
49. Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., & Heppner, W. L. (2008). Secure versus fragile high selfesteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: Converging findings across three different markers. Journal of Personality, 76, 477-512.
50. Knowles, R., Tai, S., Jones, S. H., Highfield, J., Morriss, R., & Bentall, R. P. (2007). Stability of self-esteem in bipolar disorder: Comparisons among remitted bipolar patients, remitted unipolar patients and healthy controls. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 490-495. (Pubitemid 47202511)
51. Kuǧu, N., Akyü z, G., Doǧan, O., Ersan, E., & Izgiç, F. (2006). The prevalence of eating disorders among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 129-135. (Pubitemid 43379405)
52. Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The self-esteem system as a sociometer. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123-144). New York: Plenum.
53. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518-530.
54. McKay, M., & Fanning, P. (1992). Self-esteem. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger. Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 638-662.
55. Mruk, C. (2006). Self-esteem: Research, theory, and practice (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
56. Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2000). Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 478-498.
57. Myers, E. M., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2008). No shades of gray: Splitting and self-esteem instability. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 139-145.
58. Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global selfesteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23-50.
59. Newns, K., Bell, L., & Thomas, S. (2003). The impact of a selfesteem group for people with eating disorders: An uncontrolled study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10, 64-68. (Pubitemid 40309264)
60. O'Brien, E. J., Bartoletti, M., & Leitzel, J. D. (2006). Self-esteem, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 306-315). New York: Psychology Press.
61. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Meier, L. L. (2009). Disentangling the effects of low selfesteem and stressful events on depression: Findings from three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 307-321.
62. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 695-708.
63. Roberts, J. E. (2006). Self-esteem from a clinical perspective. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Selfesteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 298-305). New York: Psychology Press.
64. Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global selfesteem: Construct validation of a singleitem measure and the Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151-161.
65. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of science (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
66. Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A., & Schütz, A. (2007). High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. European Journal of Personality, 21, 319-339.
67. Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
68. Spencer, S. J., Jordan, C. H., Logel, C. E. R., & Zanna, M. P. (2005). Nagging doubts and a glimmer of hope: The role of implicit selfesteem in self-image maintenance. In A. Tesser, J. V. Wood, & D. A. Stapel (Eds.), On building, defending and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (pp. 153-170). New York: Psychology Press.
69. Tennen, H., Herzberger, S., & Nelson, H. F. (1987). Depressive attributional style: The role of self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 55, 631-660.
70. Thewissen, V., Myin-Germeys, I., Bentall, R., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., & van Os, J. (2007). Instability in self-esteem and paranoia in a general population sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 1-5. (Pubitemid 46647052)
71. Van der Gucht, E., Morriss, R., Lancaster, G., Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (2009). Psychological processes in bipolar affective disorder: Negative cognitive style and reward processing. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 146-151.
72. Vitousek, K., Watson, S., & Wilson, G. T. (1998). Enhancing motivation for change in treatment-resistant eating disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 391-420. (Pubitemid 28299790)
73. Wu, K. D., Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2006). Relations between obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality: Beyond axis Iaxis II comorbidity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 695-717. (Pubitemid 44067389)
74. Young, J. E., Weinberger, A. D., & Beck,A.T. (2001). Cognitive therapy for depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-bystep treatment manual (3rd ed., pp. 264-308). New York: Guilford Press.
75. Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119-143. (Pubitemid 43642681)
76. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 668-687. (Pubitemid 44024138)
77. Zeigler-Hill, V., Chadha, S., & Osterman, L. (2008a). Psychological defense and selfesteem instability: Is defense style associated with unstable self-esteem? Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 348-364.
78. Zeigler-Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Pickard, J. D. (2008b). Narcissistic subtypes and contingent self-esteem: Do all narcissists base their self-esteem on the same domains? Journal of Personality, 76, 753-774.
79. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Jordan, C. H. (2010). Two faces of self-esteem: Implicit and explicit forms of self-esteem. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 392-407). New York: Guilford Press.
80. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Jordan, C. H. (in press). Behind the mask: Narcissism and implicit self-esteem. In W. K. Campbell & J. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
81. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Showers, C. J. (2007). Self-structure and selfesteem stability: The hidden vulnerability of compartmentalization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 143-159.
82. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Terry, C. (2007). Perfectionism and explicit selfesteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 6, 137-153.