-
1
-
-
79959872710
-
-
Memorandum on Scientific Integrity from the Administration of Barack H. Obama for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies Mar. 9, 2009, hereinafter Scientific Integrity Memo
-
Memorandum on Scientific Integrity from the Administration of Barack H. Obama for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (Mar. 9, 2009), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/DCPD-200900137/pdf/DCPD-200900137.pdf [hereinafter Scientific Integrity Memo].
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3
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79959897146
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Id.
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Id.
-
-
-
-
5
-
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79959914994
-
-
See infra notes 85-87 and accompanying text
-
See infra notes 85-87 and accompanying text.
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-
-
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6
-
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79959913351
-
-
See infra notes 88-92 and accompanying text
-
See infra notes 88-92 and accompanying text.
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-
-
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7
-
-
79959899665
-
-
See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text
-
See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text.
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-
-
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8
-
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79959916927
-
-
See infra notes 105-11 and accompanying text
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See infra notes 105-11 and accompanying text.
-
-
-
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9
-
-
79959875531
-
Despite Obama's lofty words, scientific integrity rules are lagging
-
July 9, quoting Jeff Ruch
-
Dan Froomkin, Despite Obama's Lofty Words, Scientific Integrity Rules Are Lagging, HUFFINGTON POST (July 9, 2010), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/ 09/despite-obamas-lofty-word-n-641082.html (quoting Jeff Ruch).
-
(2010)
Huffington Post
-
-
Froomkin, D.1
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10
-
-
79959911629
-
Helen lovejoy
-
See, identifying the character Helen Lovejoy as the regular speaker of this catchphrase
-
See Helen Lovejoy, SIMPSONS WIKI, http://simpsons.wikia.com/wiki/Helen- Lovejoy (identifying the character Helen Lovejoy as the regular speaker of this catchphrase).
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Simpsons Wiki
-
-
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12
-
-
79959865476
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Government openness is tested by salahi case
-
See, Dec. 4
-
See Michael D. Shear, Government Openness is Tested by Salahi Case, WASH. POST, Dec. 4, 2009, at C7.
-
(2009)
Wash. Post
-
-
Shear, M.D.1
-
13
-
-
79751498178
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The shadow of state secrets
-
See, e.g., 97-99, 150-55
-
See, e.g., Laura K. Donohue, The Shadow of State Secrets, 159 U. PA. L. REV. 77, 97-99, 150-55 (2010).
-
(2010)
U. Pa. L. Rev.
, vol.159
, pp. 77
-
-
Donohue, L.K.1
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14
-
-
79959898968
-
-
See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text
-
See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
67651229712
-
-
For a detailed and insightful study of the many techniques through which scientific information can be distorted by the government and by private actors alike, see generally
-
For a detailed and insightful study of the many techniques through which scientific information can be distorted by the government and by private actors alike, see generally THOMAS O. MCGARITY & WENDY E. WAGNER, BENDING SCIENCE: HOW SPECIAL INTERESTS CORRUPT PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH (2008).
-
(2008)
Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research
-
-
Thomas, O.M.1
Wendy, E.W.2
-
19
-
-
17644388080
-
State secrets and executive power
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108
-
William G. Weaver & Robert M. Pallitto, State Secrets and Executive Power, 120 POL. SCI. Q. 85, 108(2005);
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(2005)
Pol. Sci. Q
, vol.120
, pp. 85
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Weaver, W.G.1
Pallitto, R.M.2
-
20
-
-
29244439077
-
Editorial, psst. president Bush is hard at work expanding government secrecy
-
Nov. 1
-
Dorothy Samuels, Editorial, Psst. President Bush Is Hard at Work Expanding Government Secrecy, N. Y. TIMES, Nov. 1, 2004, at A24.
-
(2004)
N. Y. Times
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Samuels, D.1
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22
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-
79959861369
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Obama at 100 Days - 21st century right-to-know agenda
-
see also, e.g., Apr
-
see also, e.g., Obama at 100 Days - 21st Century Right-to-Know Agenda, OMB WATCH (Apr. 2009), at 2-3, http://www.ombwatch.org/files/obamaat100daysrtk. pdf.
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(2009)
OMB Watch
, pp. 2-3
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23
-
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79959895024
-
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Obama at 100 days, supra note 16, at 7
-
Obama at 100 days, supra note 16, at 7.
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24
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79959891082
-
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Id
-
Id.
-
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25
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79959891394
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Id. at 3
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Id. at 3.
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27
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79959861689
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Id. at 329-31
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Id. at 329-31;
-
-
-
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29
-
-
84883269210
-
-
Pub. L. No. 67-13
-
Pub. L. No. 67-13, 42 Stat. 20 (1921).
-
(1921)
Stat.
, vol.42
, pp. 20
-
-
-
30
-
-
79959912831
-
The need for a national budget
-
140
-
The Need for a National Budget, 62d Cong. 1-8, 140(1912)
-
(1912)
62d Cong.
, pp. 1-8
-
-
-
31
-
-
79959913628
-
-
hereinafter, Message from President William Howard Taft transmitting the Report of Commission on Economy & Efficiency on the subject of the need for a national budget
-
[hereinafter TAFT COMMISSION REPORT] (Message from President William Howard Taft transmitting the Report of Commission on Economy & Efficiency on the subject of the need for a national budget);
-
Taft Commission Report
-
-
-
32
-
-
79959883865
-
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 26-51
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 26-51.
-
-
-
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34
-
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79959885944
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Id at 7-8, 141-48, 204-06, 217-23
-
Id at 7-8, 141-48, 204-06, 217-23.
-
-
-
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35
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-
0347664773
-
Presidential administration
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2275
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Elena Kagan, Presidential Administration, 114 HARV. L. REV. 2245, 2275(2001);
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(2001)
Harv. L. Rev.
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-
Kagan, E.1
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36
-
-
79959909339
-
-
see also ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 53-54
-
see also ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 53-54;
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
79959903196
-
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-33
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-33;
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
79959905470
-
-
see also, supra note 26, 43, 47
-
see also BROWNLOW COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 26, at 2, 43, 47.
-
Brownlow Commission Report
, pp. 2
-
-
-
42
-
-
79959899372
-
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 103-07, 116-17
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 103-07, 116-17;
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
79959899664
-
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34.
-
-
-
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44
-
-
79959888435
-
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 104
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 104
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
79959905470
-
-
citing, supra note 26
-
(citing BROWNLOW COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 26, at 6-7).
-
Brownlow Commission Report
, pp. 6-7
-
-
-
46
-
-
79959866999
-
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 107-09
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 107-09;
-
-
-
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47
-
-
79959895335
-
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 333
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 333.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
79959861063
-
-
Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub. L. No. 76-19
-
Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub. L. No. 76-19, 53 Stat. 565 (1939).
-
(1939)
Stat.
, vol.53
, pp. 565
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-
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49
-
-
79959898045
-
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 114
-
ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 114.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
79959896582
-
-
See, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 85-87
-
See, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 85-87;
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
79959905777
-
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34;
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
79959901768
-
-
Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275
-
Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
79959861686
-
-
See, e.g., Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82
-
See, e.g., Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82;
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
34548677753
-
Overseer, or "the decider"? The president in administrative law
-
701-02, 719-20
-
Peter L. Strauss, Overseer, or "The Decider"? The President in Administrative Law, 75 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 696, 701-02, 719-20 (2007).
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Geo. Wash. L. Rev.
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Strauss, P.L.1
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55
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79959871743
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See, e.g., MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 338-39
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See, e.g., MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 338-39;
-
-
-
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56
-
-
79959874181
-
-
Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-76
-
Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-76.
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-
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57
-
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0041328726
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White house review of agency rulemaking: An empirical investigation
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See, e.g., 824-30
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See, e.g., Steven Croley, White House Review of Agency Rulemaking: An Empirical Investigation, 70 U. CHI. L. REV. 821, 824-30 (2003);
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(2003)
U. Chi. L. Rev.
, vol.70
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Croley, S.1
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58
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79959864314
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Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82
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Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82;
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-
-
-
59
-
-
79952036213
-
OMB interference with agency rulemaking: The wrong way to write a regulation
-
1061-63
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Alan B. Morrison, OMB Interference with Agency Rulemaking: The Wrong Way to Write a Regulation, 99 HARV. L. REV. 1059, 1061-63 (1986);
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(1986)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.99
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Morrison, A.B.1
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60
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79959904773
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Strauss, supra note 34, at 701-02, 719-20
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Strauss, supra note 34, at 701-02, 719-20.
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61
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78049271049
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Accountability and administrative structure
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See, 623-29, 632-34
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See, Heidi Kitrosser, Accountability and Administrative Structure, 45 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 607, 623-29, 632-34 (2009).
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(2009)
Willamette L. Rev.
, vol.45
, pp. 607
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Kitrosser, H.1
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62
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79959907562
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Id. at 623-26
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Id. at 623-26.
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-
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63
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79959911331
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Id. at 624-26
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Id. at 624-26
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-
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65
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-
79959868511
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-
Id. at 625
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Id. at 625
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-
-
-
67
-
-
79959873881
-
-
For references to the reports' seminal natures, see, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 49-51
-
For references to the reports' seminal natures, see, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 49-51
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
79959913628
-
-
describing significance of, supra note 23
-
(describing significance of TAFT COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 23);
-
Taft Commission Report
-
-
-
69
-
-
79959863132
-
-
id. at 115-17
-
id. at 115-17
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
79959905470
-
-
describing significance of, supra note 26
-
(describing significance of BROWNLOW COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 26);
-
Brownlow Commission Report
-
-
-
71
-
-
79959908123
-
-
MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 331-34 citing historical roles of both reports
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MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 331-34 (citing historical roles of both reports).
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
79959913628
-
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supra note 23, at 1 message from President Taft
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TAFT COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 23, at 1 (message from President Taft).
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Taft Commission Report
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73
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79959874486
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Id. at 19-22, 143-44, 147-48, 203-05
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Id. at 19-22, 143-44, 147-48, 203-05.
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74
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79959872417
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Id. at 139-42, 219-20
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Id. at 139-42, 219-20.
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75
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79959869877
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Id. at 214-23
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Id. at 214-23.
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76
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79959870177
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Id. at 221
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Id. at 221.
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78
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79959897145
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Id. at 5
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Id. at 5.
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79
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79959907838
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Id. at 43
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Id. at 43.
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80
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79959913349
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Id. at 19-20
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Id. at 19-20.
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81
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79959864313
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Id. at 19, 43-44
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Id. at 19, 43-44.
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82
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79959911628
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Id. at 15, 20-21
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Id. at 15, 20-21.
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83
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79959880139
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Id. at 21
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Id. at 21.
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84
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79959888138
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Id. at 7
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Id. at 7.
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-
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85
-
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79959909970
-
-
"Presidential administration" does not necessarily require the application of unitary executive theory. Indeed, now-Justice Elena Kagan championed "presidential administration" in an article of the same name without embracing unitarianism. See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2251, 2320, 2326. She explained that presidential administration often can be supported through statutory interpretation. Id. at 2326-31
-
"Presidential administration" does not necessarily require the application of unitary executive theory. Indeed, now-Justice Elena Kagan championed "presidential administration" in an article of the same name without embracing unitarianism. See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2251, 2320, 2326. She explained that presidential administration often can be supported through statutory interpretation. Id. at 2326-31.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
0041513831
-
The structural constitution: Unitary executive, plural judiciary
-
See, e.g., 1158, 1166
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See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi & Kevin H. Rhodes, The Structural Constitution: Unitary Executive, Plural Judiciary, 105 HARV. L. REV. 1153, 1158, 1166(1992).
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(1992)
Harv. L. Rev.
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-
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Calabresi, S.G.1
Rhodes, K.H.2
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87
-
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79959906964
-
-
Id. at 1166
-
Id. at 1166.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
68349100073
-
The accountable executive
-
1746, using this example to illustrate unitary executive theory
-
Heidi Kitrosser, The Accountable Executive, 93 MINN. L. REV. 1741, 1746(2009) (using this example to illustrate unitary executive theory).
-
(2009)
Minn. L. Rev.
, vol.93
, pp. 1741
-
-
Kitrosser, H.1
-
89
-
-
0041513829
-
The president's power to execute the laws
-
See, e.g., 579-82
-
See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi & Saikrishna B. Prakash, The President's Power to Execute the Laws, 104 YALE L. J. 541, 579-82 (1994);
-
(1994)
Yale L. J
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-
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Calabresi, S.G.1
Prakash, S.B.2
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90
-
-
79959895952
-
-
Calabresi & Rhodes, supra note 56, at 1164-65
-
Calabresi & Rhodes, supra note 56, at 1164-65.
-
-
-
-
91
-
-
79959867876
-
-
Kitrosser, supra note 37, at. 607, 618-34 2009 challenging unitarian textual, structural and historical arguments and citing challenges by other scholars
-
Kitrosser, supra note 37, at. 607, 618-34 (2009) (challenging unitarian textual, structural and historical arguments and citing challenges by other scholars).
-
-
-
-
92
-
-
79959898044
-
-
Indeed, I have discussed at length elsewhere connections between the shortcomings of "formal" unitarian arguments and those of "functional" unitarian arguments. Id. at 611-12, 620-21
-
Indeed, I have discussed at length elsewhere connections between the shortcomings of "formal" unitarian arguments and those of "functional" unitarian arguments. Id. at 611-12, 620-21.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
0042028060
-
Some normative arguments for the unitary executive
-
See, e.g., 35-37, 45, 59, 65-66
-
See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi, Some Normative Arguments for the Unitary Executive, 48 ARK. L. REV. 23, 35-37, 45, 59, 65-66 (1995);
-
(1995)
Ark. L. Rev.
, vol.48
, pp. 23
-
-
Calabresi, S.G.1
-
94
-
-
85050707301
-
Note, hail to the chief administrator, the framers and the president's administrative powers
-
998-99, 1012-15
-
Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, Note, Hail to the Chief Administrator, The Framers and the President's Administrative Powers, 102 YALE L. J. 991, 998-99, 1012-15 (1993).
-
(1993)
Yale L. J
, vol.102
, pp. 991
-
-
Prakash, S.B.1
-
95
-
-
0011527688
-
The president and the administration
-
Additionally, at least two scholars support unitary executive theory solely on accountability grounds, while disagreeing with unitarian arguments from text, structure, and history, 2-4, 85-86, 94, 98-99, And Elena Kagan, while not embracing unitary executive theory, touts the relative accountability of presidential administration to support her argument for a presumption favoring presidential administration in statutory interpretation
-
Additionally, at least two scholars support unitary executive theory solely on accountability grounds, while disagreeing with unitarian arguments from text, structure, and history. Lawrence Lessig & Cass R. Sunstein, The President and the Administration, 94 COLUM. L. REV. 1, 2-4, 85-86, 94, 98-99 (1994). And Elena Kagan, while not embracing unitary executive theory, touts the relative accountability of presidential administration to support her argument for a presumption favoring presidential administration in statutory interpretation.
-
(1994)
Colum. L. Rev.
, vol.94
, pp. 1
-
-
Lessig, L.1
Sunstein, C.R.2
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96
-
-
79959907264
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See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2331-39
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See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2331-39;
-
-
-
-
97
-
-
79959874484
-
-
see also supra note 55
-
see also supra note 55.
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
79959871430
-
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1747 and sources cited therein
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1747 (and sources cited therein).
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
79959872041
-
-
Id. at 1747-48 and sources cited therein
-
Id. at 1747-48 (and sources cited therein).
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
79959872706
-
-
See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2337 making this argument as a policy matter and to support her statutory interpretation argument, although Kagan does not embrace unitary executive theory as a constitutional matter
-
See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2337 (making this argument as a policy matter and to support her statutory interpretation argument, although Kagan does not embrace unitary executive theory as a constitutional matter);
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
79959910569
-
-
see also supra note 55
-
see also supra note 55.
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
0041557883
-
The most dangerous branch
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See, 1785
-
See Martin S. Flaherty, The Most Dangerous Branch, 105 YALE L. J. 1725, 1785(1996)
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(1996)
Yale L. J
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, pp. 1725
-
-
Flaherty, M.S.1
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103
-
-
79959883864
-
-
cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1748-49
-
(cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1748-49);
-
-
-
-
104
-
-
1842760927
-
Political accountability in a system of checks and balances: The case of presidential review of rulemaking
-
197-209
-
Peter M. Shane, Political Accountability in a System of Checks and Balances: The Case of Presidential Review of Rulemaking, 48 ARK. L. REV. 161, 197-209 (1995)
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(1995)
Ark. L. Rev.
, vol.48
, pp. 161
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-
Shane, P.M.1
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105
-
-
79959878324
-
-
cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749-50
-
(cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749-50);
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
27844587525
-
The consent of the governed: Against simple rules for a complex world
-
see also, 992-1007, 1017-20
-
see also Cynthia R. Farina, The Consent of the Governed: Against Simple Rules for a Complex World, 72 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 987, 992-1007, 1017-20 (1997)
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(1997)
Chi.-Kent L. Rev.
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, pp. 987
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Farina, C.R.1
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107
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79959906067
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cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36
-
(cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36);
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108
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85088735259
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Structuring a "dense complexity": Accountability and the project of administrative law
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Mar, 35-38
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Jerry L. Mashaw, Structuring a "Dense Complexity": Accountability and the Project of Administrative Law, ISSUES IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP (Mar. 2005), at 12-15, 35-38
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(2005)
Issues in Legal Scholarship
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Mashaw, J.L.1
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109
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cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36
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(cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36).
-
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-
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110
-
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0348195773
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Accountability, liberty, and the constitution
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See Rebecca L. Brown, Accountability, Liberty, and the Constitution, 98 COLUM. L. REV. 531, 552-59, 564-65 (1998) (Pubitemid 128426569)
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(1998)
Columbia Law Review
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Brown, R.L.1
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111
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79959911029
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cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
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(cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750);
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-
-
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112
-
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84928847854
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Independent policymaking and presidential power: A constitutional analysis
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613-14
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Peter M. Shane, Independent Policymaking and Presidential Power: A Constitutional Analysis, 57 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 596, 613-14 (1989)
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(1989)
Geo. Wash. L. Rev.
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Shane, P.M.1
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113
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cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
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(cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750).
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114
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79959908455
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
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115
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23844520058
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The myth of accountability and the anti-administrative impulse
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citing, 2076-83, 2119-22, 2134-35
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(citing Edward Rubin, The Myth of Accountability and the Anti-Administrative Impulse, 103 MICH. L. REV. 2073, 2076-83, 2119-22, 2134-35 (2005)).
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Rubin, E.1
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116
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79959913836
-
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See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 607-10, 640, 643-44, 646-47
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See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 607-10, 640, 643-44, 646-47;
-
-
-
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117
-
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79959916326
-
-
see also Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765-74
-
see also Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765-74.
-
-
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118
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79959876192
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1769
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1769.
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-
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119
-
-
79959903193
-
-
See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 640 & n. 127
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See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 640 & n. 127;
-
-
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120
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79959862653
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773-74
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773-74.
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-
-
-
121
-
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79959882938
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-
See Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1772
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See Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1772;
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-
-
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122
-
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79959895022
-
-
see also Memorandum from Peter R. Orszag, Director, Office of Management and Budget OMB, to the Heads of Departments and Agencies, M-09-09 Jan. 27, 2009, informing department and agency heads of the "Executive branch's formal legislative coordination and clearance process" detailed in OMB Circular No. A-19
-
see also Memorandum from Peter R. Orszag, Director, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), to the Heads of Departments and Agencies, M-09-09 (Jan. 27, 2009), http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/memoranda- fy2009/m09-09.pdf (informing department and agency heads of the "Executive branch's formal legislative coordination and clearance process" detailed in OMB Circular No. A-19;
-
-
-
-
123
-
-
79959879207
-
-
available at, detailing process by which agencies must submit testimony and reports to the OMB for "coordination and clearance"
-
OMB Circular No. A-19 (1979), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ circulars-a019/) (detailing process by which agencies must submit testimony and reports to the OMB for "coordination and clearance").
-
(1979)
OMB Circular No. A-19
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-
-
124
-
-
79959891685
-
-
See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 609, 654-55
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See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 609, 654-55;
-
-
-
-
125
-
-
79959880745
-
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-64, 1766-69
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-64, 1766-69.
-
-
-
-
126
-
-
79959894141
-
-
See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638-40, 655
-
See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638-40, 655;
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
79959911328
-
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765.
-
-
-
-
128
-
-
79959881060
-
-
See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638, 654-56
-
See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638, 654-56;
-
-
-
-
129
-
-
79959901481
-
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-69
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-69.
-
-
-
-
130
-
-
79959882038
-
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773
-
Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773
-
-
-
-
131
-
-
79959913624
-
-
citing, 34, 36, 49-50, 56, 67-68, 81, 93-94, 116-17, 119, 123-28, 136, 140-41
-
(citing MARK BOWEN, CENSORING SCIENCE: INSIDE THE POLITICAL ATTACK ON DR. JAMES HANSEN AND THE TRUTH OF GLOBAL WARMING 15-17, 34, 36, 49-50, 56, 67-68, 81, 93-94, 116-17, 119, 123-28, 136, 140-41 (2009)).
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(2009)
Censoring Science: Inside the Political Attack on Dr. James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming
, pp. 15-17
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Mark, B.1
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134
-
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79959867271
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See infra notes 118-21 and accompanying text
-
See infra notes 118-21 and accompanying text.
-
-
-
-
135
-
-
79959910567
-
-
Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1
-
Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1;
-
-
-
-
136
-
-
79959916623
-
-
see also Complaint at 1-2, PEER v. OSTP, D. D. C. Oct. 19, 2010 No. 110-cv-01762 available at
-
see also Complaint at 1-2, PEER v. OSTP, (D. D. C. Oct. 19, 2010) (No. 110-cv-01762) available at http://peer.org/docs/dc/10-19-10-OSTP-FOIA-Complaint- Final.pdf.
-
-
-
-
137
-
-
79959877999
-
Ask Dr. H: "Where are we on scientific integrity?"
-
June 18, 8:21 PM
-
John Holdren, Ask Dr. H: "Where Are We on Scientific Integrity?", OSTP BLOG (June 18, 2010, 8:21 PM), http://www.whitehouse.gov/ blog/2010/06/18/ask-dr-h-where-arewe-scientific-integrity.
-
(2010)
Ostp Blog
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-
Holdren, J.1
-
138
-
-
79959913346
-
-
doc set at PEERvOSTP000146-47, available at, document dated July 9, 2010, reporting agreement between OSTP and OMB "on penultimate language"
-
White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points, 2010 doc set at PEERvOSTP000146-47, available at http://www.peer.org/docs/doc/12-22-10-2010- OSTP-docs.pdf (document dated July 9, 2010, reporting agreement between OSTP and OMB "on penultimate language");
-
(2010)
White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points
-
-
-
139
-
-
79959917845
-
-
id. at PEERvOSTP000151, 156 documents dated July 19, 2010, referencing upcoming meeting between Holdren and OMB Director Peter Orszag
-
id. at PEERvOSTP000151, 156 (documents dated July 19, 2010, referencing upcoming meeting between Holdren and OMB Director Peter Orszag);
-
-
-
-
140
-
-
79959897448
-
-
doc set at PEERvOSTP000065, 67, available at, document dated June 29, 2009, stating that "OSTP staff are working closely with OMB to revise the proposed recommendations to the President"
-
White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points, 2009 doc set at PEERvOSTP000065, 67, available at http://www.peer.org/docs/doc/12-22-10-2009- OSTP-docs.pdf (document dated June 29, 2009, stating that "OSTP staff are working closely with OMB to revise the proposed recommendations to the President");
-
(2009)
White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points
-
-
-
141
-
-
79959881373
-
-
id. at PEERvOSTP000018-20 document dated June 29, 2009, explaining that "OSTP and OMB continue to negotiate a handful of remaining fine points"
-
id. at PEERvOSTP000018-20 (document dated June 29, 2009, explaining that "OSTP and OMB continue to negotiate a handful of remaining fine points");
-
-
-
-
142
-
-
79959901174
-
-
id. at PEERvOSTP000031 document dated July 10, 2009, stating "Latest draft of Holdren response to the memorandum was sent to OMB for review on July 9th"
-
id. at PEERvOSTP000031 (document dated July 10, 2009, stating "Latest draft of Holdren response to the memorandum was sent to OMB for review on July 9th").
-
-
-
-
143
-
-
79959869876
-
-
See also, Dec. 22, available at, describing thin document disclosure from OSTP and apparent hold-ups in discussions between OSTP and OMB
-
See also News Release, PEER, Science Transparency Policy Swathed in Secrecy (Dec. 22, 2010), available at http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row- id=1438 (describing thin document disclosure from OSTP and apparent hold-ups in discussions between OSTP and OMB);
-
(2010)
News Release, Peer, Science Transparency Policy Swathed in Secrecy
-
-
-
144
-
-
84900103349
-
New Obama scientific integrity memo is late and vague
-
Jan. 3, updating a posting first dated December 17, 2010, Froomkin writes of the disclosed documents, "the vast majority of the 155 pages were blacked out, but they indicated that the guidance had been derailed by the OMB"
-
Dan Froomkin, New Obama Scientific Integrity Memo is Late and Vague, HUFHNGTON POST, Jan. 3, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/17/new- obama-scientific-inte-n-798483.html (updating a posting first dated December 17, 2010, Froomkin writes of the disclosed documents, "[t]he vast majority of the 155 pages were blacked out, but they indicated that the guidance had been derailed by the [OMB]").
-
(2011)
Hufhngton Post
-
-
Froomkin, D.1
-
145
-
-
79959909335
-
-
See supra note 72 and accompanying text referencing that power and some of its sources
-
See supra note 72 and accompanying text (referencing that power and some of its sources).
-
-
-
-
149
-
-
79959867873
-
White house issues long-delayed science guidelines
-
See, e.g., Dec. 18, quoting environmental studies Professor Roger A. Pielke, Jr. to the effect that '"the guidelines are substantively quite thin'" and that because they are merely '"a starting line for agencies to consider these issues, what is surprising is how long it took to get them out'"
-
See, e.g., Kenneth Chang, White House Issues Long-Delayed Science Guidelines, N. Y. TIMES, Dec. 18, 2010, at A13 (quoting environmental studies Professor Roger A. Pielke, Jr. to the effect that '"[t]he guidelines are substantively quite thin'" and that because they are merely '"a starting line for agencies to consider these issues, what is surprising is how long it took to get [them] out'");
-
(2010)
N. Y. Times
-
-
Chang, K.1
-
150
-
-
79959899661
-
-
Dec. 20, available at, calling document "vague and contradictory" and quoting PEER executive director Jeff Ruch as saying, '"this guidance was almost two years in the making but it reads like it was finalized at the last minute'"
-
News Release, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, New Obama Scientific Integrity Guidance: Timid, Torn, and Tardy (Dec. 20, 2010), available at http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1437 (calling document "vague and contradictory" and quoting PEER executive director Jeff Ruch as saying, '"[t]his guidance was almost two years in the making but it reads like it was finalized at the last minute'").
-
(2010)
News Release, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, New Obama Scientific Integrity Guidance: Timid, Torn, and Tardy
-
-
-
151
-
-
79959876188
-
-
Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Scientific Integrity Directive, Dec. 17, available at, quoting UCS' Dr. Francesco Grifo as deeming the recommendations a '"promising blueprint'" but noting that '"at the same time, I'm worried that the directive leaves an enormous amount of discretion to the agencies'"
-
Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Scientific Integrity Directive "Articulates a Broad Vision for Defending Science from Political Interference", (Dec. 17, 2010), available at http://www.ucsusa.org/news/ press-release/scientific-integrity-directive-0484.html (quoting UCS' Dr. Francesco Grifo as deeming the recommendations a '"promising blueprint'" but noting that '"[a]t the same time, I'm worried that the directive leaves an enormous amount of discretion to the agencies'");
-
(2010)
Articulates a Broad Vision for Defending Science from Political Interference
-
-
-
152
-
-
79959914103
-
-
see also, e.g., Froomkin, supra note 81 noting concerns of scientists and advocates over discretion left to agencies
-
see also, e.g., Froomkin, supra note 81 (noting concerns of scientists and advocates over discretion left to agencies).
-
-
-
-
153
-
-
79959887123
-
-
Press Release, PEER, supra note 85
-
Press Release, PEER, supra note 85.
-
-
-
-
154
-
-
79959891080
-
-
Complaint, supra note 79 at 1-2
-
Complaint, supra note 79 at 1-2.
-
-
-
-
155
-
-
79959880744
-
-
see also id. at 5
-
see also id. at 5.
-
-
-
-
156
-
-
79959896580
-
-
Id at 1-3, 5-6, 16-23
-
Id at 1-3, 5-6, 16-23;
-
-
-
-
157
-
-
79959867568
-
-
see also Press Release, PEER, Oct. 19, available at
-
see also Press Release, PEER, Lawsuit to Expose Cause of Scientific Integrity Rules Holdup, (Oct. 19, 2010), available at http://www.peer.org/news/ news-id.php?row-id=1414.
-
(2010)
Lawsuit to Expose Cause of Scientific Integrity Rules Holdup
-
-
-
158
-
-
79959872964
-
-
See supra note 81 citing to PEER and Dan Froomkin's descriptions of the disclosed documents and to some of the documents themselves
-
See supra note 81 (citing to PEER and Dan Froomkin's descriptions of the disclosed documents and to some of the documents themselves).
-
-
-
-
159
-
-
79959913345
-
-
Press Release, PEER, supra note 81
-
Press Release, PEER, supra note 81.
-
-
-
-
160
-
-
79959890796
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
161
-
-
79959877998
-
-
James Madison Hallowell et al. eds.
-
THE FEDERALIST No. 51, at 239 (James Madison) (Hallowell et al. eds., 1857).
-
(1857)
The Federalist
, Issue.51
, pp. 239
-
-
-
162
-
-
79959873256
-
Scientists welcome administration's words but must wait for action
-
Jan. 22
-
Gardiner Harris & William J. Broad, Scientists Welcome Administration's Words but Must Wait for Action, N. Y. TIMES, Jan. 22, 2009, at A23.
-
(2009)
N. Y. Times
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-
Harris, G.1
Broad, W.J.2
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164
-
-
79959874482
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
165
-
-
79959893521
-
-
See supra note 72 citing to current clearance directives
-
See supra note 72 (citing to current clearance directives).
-
-
-
-
166
-
-
79959877728
-
-
14-16 Nat'l Comm'n on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Working Paper No. 3, 2010
-
The Amount and Fate of the Oil 1-8, 14-16 (Nat'l Comm'n on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Working Paper No. 3, 2010).
-
The Amount and Fate of the Oil
, pp. 1-8
-
-
-
167
-
-
79959869574
-
-
Id. at 10
-
Id. at 10.
-
-
-
-
168
-
-
79959874179
-
OMB denies report it may have suppressed data during BP spill
-
See, e.g., Oct. 6, 3:46 PM
-
2 WIRE, THE HILL'S ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BLOG (Oct. 6, 2010, 3:46 PM), http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/123041- white-house-denies-it-suppressed-oilflow-data.
-
(2010)
2 Wire, the Hill's Energy & Environmental Blog
-
-
Gemen, B.1
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170
-
-
79959904156
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
171
-
-
79959865187
-
-
Id. at 146
-
Id. at 146;
-
-
-
-
172
-
-
79959888716
-
-
see also id. at 167 breaking down the numbers a bit further
-
see also id. at 167 (breaking down the numbers a bit further).
-
-
-
-
173
-
-
79959866358
-
-
Another post-oil spill incident also reflects the risks to scientific accuracy when statements get filtered through White House offices. On August 4, 2010, Carol Browner, director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy OECCP, told major news outlets that '"the vast majority'... of the oil 'is gone' or 'appears to be gone.'" Id
-
Another post-oil spill incident also reflects the risks to scientific accuracy when statements get filtered through White House offices. On August 4, 2010, Carol Browner, director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy (OECCP), told major news outlets that '"the vast majority'... of the oil 'is gone' or 'appears to be gone.'" Id.
-
-
-
-
174
-
-
79959872414
-
-
Previously, however, NOAA had privately expressed disagreement with this assessment in an e-mail to Browner's deputy. Id. at 168
-
Previously, however, NOAA had privately expressed disagreement with this assessment in an e-mail to Browner's deputy. Id. at 168.
-
-
-
-
175
-
-
79959883245
-
-
Later on August 4th, Browner, speaking at a press briefing, said that the report that she had cited on the oil's fate had been "subjected to a scientific protocol, which means you peer review, peer review, and peer review." Id. at 168
-
Later on August 4th, Browner, speaking at a press briefing, said that the report that she had cited on the oil's fate had been "subjected to a scientific protocol, which means you peer review, peer review, and peer review." Id. at 168.
-
-
-
-
176
-
-
79959877434
-
-
Earlier in the same briefing, NOAA's administrator had also deemed the report peer reviewed. Id
-
Earlier in the same briefing, NOAA's administrator had also deemed the report peer reviewed. Id.
-
-
-
-
177
-
-
79959895948
-
-
Outside scientists quickly criticized the report as premature, "especially because of the uncertain rate of the oil's biodegradation. " Id
-
Outside scientists quickly criticized the report as premature, "especially because of the uncertain rate of [the oil's] biodegradation. " Id.
-
-
-
-
178
-
-
79959879534
-
-
It also soon came to light, and NOAA acknowledged, that the report had not yet been peer reviewed at the time of Browner's announcements. Indeed, a final, peer reviewed report was not available until November 23, 2010. Id. at 168-69
-
It also soon came to light, and NOAA acknowledged, that the report had not yet been peer reviewed at the time of Browner's announcements. Indeed, a final, peer reviewed report was not available until November 23, 2010. Id. at 168-69.
-
-
-
-
179
-
-
79959877728
-
-
Browner's mistake, of course, was remedied quickly through the responses of outside scientists. Yet in less high profile cases, White House mistakes in presenting scientific information may not be caught nearly so readily. Furthermore, Browner's error highlights the political motivations that can push White House officials to place the most positive or otherwise politically desirable public spin on a scientific matter. Such error may be entirely unintentional. Regardless, such a mistake highlights the importance of transparency so that external forces may catch errors, as happened here, as well as internal procedures facilitating review and push-back by government scientists
-
Browner's mistake, of course, was remedied quickly through the responses of outside scientists. Yet in less high profile cases, White House mistakes in presenting scientific information may not be caught nearly so readily. Furthermore, Browner's error highlights the political motivations that can push White House officials to place the most positive (or otherwise politically desirable) public spin on a scientific matter. Such error may be entirely unintentional. Regardless, such a mistake highlights the importance of transparency so that external forces may catch errors, as happened here, as well as internal procedures facilitating review and push-back by government scientists. Indeed, at the same August 4 afternoon press briefing in which Browner appeared, NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco, a marine scientist and environmental ecologist, also appeared and expressed reservations about Browner's optimistic numbers. The Amount and Fate of the Oil, supra note 98, at 21. A system of rigid, top-down clearance for press appearances might well have prevented Lubchenco's statement.
-
The Amount and Fate of the Oil
, pp. 21
-
-
-
180
-
-
79959862327
-
The whistleblower protection enhancement act of 2009: Hearing on H. R. 1507 before the H. comm. on oversight and gov. reform
-
statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice
-
The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2009: Hearing on H. R. 1507 Before the H. Comm. on Oversight and Gov. Reform, 111th Cong. 66 (2009) (statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice);
-
(2009)
111th Cong.
, pp. 66
-
-
-
181
-
-
79959906065
-
The whistleblower protection enhancement act of 2009, hearing on s.372 before the oversight subcomm. Of the comm. On homeland security
-
Statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice
-
The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2009, Hearing on S.372 Before the Oversight Subcomm. of the Comm. on Homeland Security, 111th Cong. 41, (2009) (Statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice).
-
(2009)
111th Cong.
, pp. 41
-
-
-
182
-
-
84902998985
-
-
at 39
-
Hearing on S. 372 at 39;
-
Hearing on S
, pp. 372
-
-
-
185
-
-
79959876189
-
-
Chambers v. Dep't of Interior, 1373-74 Fed. Cir
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Chambers v. Dep't of Interior, 602 F.3d 1370, 1373-74 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
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(2010)
F.3d
, vol.602
, pp. 1370
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-
-
186
-
-
79959876189
-
-
Brief of Respondent at 14-15, Chambers v. Dep't. of Interior, Fed. Cir, No. 2009-3120, 2009 WL 3044489
-
Brief of Respondent at 14-15, Chambers v. Dep't. of Interior, 602 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (No. 2009-3120), 2009 WL 3044489.
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(2010)
F.3d
, vol.602
, pp. 1370
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-
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187
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84956529954
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Supremely opaque?: Accountability, transparency, and presidential supremacy
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See, forthcoming, describing the large uptick in prosecutions and criminal investigations for leaking classified information in the Obama Administration
-
See Heidi Kitrosser, Supremely Opaque?: Accountability, Transparency, and Presidential Supremacy, 5 ST. THOMAS J. L. & PUB. POL'Y (forthcoming 2011) (describing the large uptick in prosecutions and criminal investigations for leaking classified information in the Obama Administration);
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St. Thomas J. L. & Pub. Pol'y
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Kitrosser, H.1
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188
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Ex-C. I. A. officer named in disclosure indictment
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see also, Jan. 7, describing new leak indictment issued in early January 2011, and noting that the indictment "is the fifth case during the Obama administration in which a current or former government official has been charged in connection with a leak investigation"
-
see also Charlie Savage, Ex-C. I. A. Officer Named in Disclosure Indictment, N. Y. Times, Jan. 7, 2011, at A15 (describing new leak indictment issued in early January 2011, and noting that the indictment "is the fifth case during the Obama administration in which a current or former government official has been charged in connection with a leak investigation").
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N. Y. Times
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Obama steps up prosecution of leaks to the news media
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Former N. S. A. official is charged in leaks case
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Apr. 15
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Scott Shane, Former N. S. A. Official is Charged in Leaks Case, N. Y. TIMES, Apr. 15, 2010, at A18.
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See Rood & Chuchmach, supra note 16
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See Rood & Chuchmach, supra note 16.
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192
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79959873880
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See supra notes 17-19 and accompanying text
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See supra notes 17-19 and accompanying text.
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193
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Top Obama official reaffirms commitment to cap and trade
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See, e.g., Jan. 22
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See, e.g., Brian Beary, Top Obama Official Reaffirms Commitment to Cap and Trade, EUROPOLITIC ENV'T, Jan. 22, 2009;
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Europolitic Env't
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Beary, B.1
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194
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79959886527
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EPA: Obama vowed to increase agency funding, protect scientific integrity
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Nov. 7
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Katherine Boyle, EPA: Obama Vowed To Increase Agency Funding, Protect Scientific Integrity, GREENWIRE, Nov. 7, 2008;
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Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23
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Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23;
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196
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79959917225
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Senate confirms energy, interior, USDA secretaries, but delays on EPA, CEQ heads
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Jan. 21
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Alex Kaplun, Senate Confirms Energy, Interior, USDA Secretaries, But Delays on EPA, CEQ Heads, ENV'T & ENERGY DAILY, Jan. 21, 2009;
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Env't & Energy Daily
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Kaplun, A.1
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Science Debate 2008 at question no. 12 and corresponding answers
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Science Debate 2008 at question no. 12 and corresponding answers, SCIENCE DEBATE, http://www.sciencedebate.org/debate08.html.
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Science Debate
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199
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State of the first amendment 2008
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available at
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State of the First Amendment 2008, FIRST AMENDMENT CENTER at 5, available at http://www.firetamendmentcenter.org/pdf/SOFA2008survey.pdf;
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First Amendment Center
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200
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First Amendment Center and the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Mar. 7
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First Amendment Center and the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Government Secrecy Poll, Mar. 7, 2005, at 1-2;
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Government Secrecy Poll
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201
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79959882037
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The Bush administration's secrecy policy: A call to action to protect democratic values
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Oct. 24
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The Bush Administration's Secrecy Policy: A Call to Action to Protect Democratic Values, OMBWatch Part III: Research: What the American Public Believes (Oct. 24, 2002), http://www.ombwatch.org/node/639.
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Ombwatch Part III: Research: What the American Public Believes
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202
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National security and the article 11 shell game
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See, e.g., 496-97
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See, e.g., Heidi Kitrosser, National Security and the Article 11 Shell Game, 26 CONST. COMMENT. 483, 496-97 (2010);
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Const. Comment
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Kitrosser, H.1
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Electronic Briefing Book No. 142 Nov. 23
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Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms, NAT'L SECURITY ARCHIVE, Electronic Briefing Book No. 142 (Nov. 23, 2004), http://www.gwu.edu/ ~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB142/index.htm.
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Nat'l Security Archive
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204
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This notion calls to mind political scientist Stephen Skowronek's concept of a "reconstruction" president. Such a "president heralds from the opposition to the previously established regime, and pre-established commitments of ideology and interest have, in the course of events, become vulnerable to direct repudiation as failed or irrelevant responses to the problems of the day."
-
This notion calls to mind political scientist Stephen Skowronek's concept of a "reconstruction" president. Such a "president heralds from the opposition to the previously established regime, and pre-established commitments of ideology and interest have, in the course of events, become vulnerable to direct repudiation as failed or irrelevant responses to the problems of the day." STEPHEN SKOWRONEK, THE POLITICS PRESIDENTS MAKE 36 (1997).
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Stephen, S.1
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205
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79959879533
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Skowronek calls the "politics of reconstruction" the "most promising of all situations for the exercise of political leadership" by presidents. Id. at 37
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Skowronek calls the "politics of reconstruction" the "most promising of all situations for the exercise of political leadership" by presidents. Id. at 37.
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206
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Of course, Skowronek also observes that modern reconstruction presidents may have more trouble distinguishing themselves from their predecessors than they did in the past, due to the thickening of the institutional apparatus that surrounds the presidency. Id. at 55-57. Skowronek's analysis provides a helpful lens for considering both the reconstruction rhetoric of candidate and President Obama regarding scientific integrity, as well as the uneven and at times counterproductive nature of his administration's actions and claims with respect to scientific integrity
-
Of course, Skowronek also observes that modern reconstruction presidents may have more trouble distinguishing themselves from their predecessors than they did in the past, due to the thickening of the institutional apparatus that surrounds the presidency. Id. at 55-57. Skowronek's analysis provides a helpful lens for considering both the reconstruction rhetoric of candidate and President Obama regarding scientific integrity, as well as the uneven and at times counterproductive nature of his administration's actions and claims with respect to scientific integrity.
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Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23
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Secrecy report card, 2010
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Secrecy Report Card, 2010, OPENTHEGOVERNMENT. ORG, http://www. openthegovernment.org/otg/SecrecyRC-2010.pdf, at 3.
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Openthegovernment. Org.
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See, e.g., Press Release, PEER, July 12, discussing Department of Commerce, Office of Management and Organization, Public Communications Policy, DAO 219-1, effective Apr. 30, 2008, at §§ 6-7, 11, http://www.osec.doc.gov/omo/dmp/daos/dao219-1.html
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See, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Lift Gag Order Muzzling NOAA Scientists, (July 12, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1372 (discussing Department of Commerce, Office of Management and Organization, Public Communications Policy, DAO 219-1, effective Apr. 30, 2008, at §§ 6-7, 11, http://www.osec.doc.gov/omo/dmp/daos/dao219-1.html);
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(2010)
Lift Gag Order Muzzling Noaa Scientists
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212
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79959886841
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see also, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Apr. 21, describing similar directive within US Forest Service
-
see also, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Forest Cops Chafe Under Tight Media Muzzle (Apr. 21, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1335 (describing similar directive within US Forest Service);
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(2010)
Forest Cops Chafe Under Tight Media Muzzle
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214
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79959892860
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Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Science Group Praises New Department of Interior Scientific Integrity Policy as a Great First Step; Calls for Department to Furnish Details and Deadlines Sept. 29, 2010
-
Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Science Group Praises New Department of Interior Scientific Integrity Policy as a Great First Step; Calls for Department to Furnish Details and Deadlines (Sept. 29, 2010), http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press-release/science-group-praises-new-0457.html;
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215
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see also Secretary of Interior, Order No. 3305, Ensuring Scientific Integrity Within the Department of the Interior Sept. 29, 2010, hereinafter Order No. 3305
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see also Secretary of Interior, Order No. 3305, Ensuring Scientific Integrity Within the Department of the Interior (Sept. 29, 2010), http://elips.doi.gov/app-so/act-getfiles.cfm?order-number=3305 [hereinafter Order No. 3305];
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216
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79959915907
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Press Release, PEER, Interior Makes Big Stride on Scientific Integrity Sept. 29, 2010
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Press Release, PEER, Interior Makes Big Stride on Scientific Integrity (Sept. 29, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1409.
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See Order No. 3305, supra note 123, at § 2
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See Order No. 3305, supra note 123, at § 2.
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218
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79959874481
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See, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Aug. 31
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See, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Interior Posts Only Half of a Scientific Integrity Policy (Aug. 31, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id= 1396.
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Interior Posts Only Half of a Scientific Integrity Policy
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219
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See generally Office of the Inspector Gen., U. S. Dep't of the Interior, Report No. WR-EV-MOA-0014-2009 Apr, available at
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Evaluation Report: Interior Lacks a Scientific Integrity Policy
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220
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Press Release, White House, Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling May 22, 2010
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Press Release, White House, Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (May 22, 2010), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/ weekly-addresspresident-obama-establishes-bipartisan-national-commission-bp- deepwa.
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221
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See, e.g., describing President Ford's appointment of a commission headed by Vice President Rockefeller as a means to "preempt a congressional inquiry" into recent scandals. In an amusing example of the Rockefeller Commission's attempt to head off embarrassing disclosures, a book recounts the following: After CIA Director Colby's second or third appearance before the commission investigators, Rockefeller drew Colby aside and said, 'Bill, do you really have to present all this material to us? We realize there are secrets that you fellows need to keep, and so nobody here is going to take it amiss if you feel there are some questions you can't answer quite as fully as you seem to feel you have to.'
-
See, e.g., KATHRYN S. OLMSTED, CHALLENGING THE SECRET GOVERNMENT 49 (1996) (describing President Ford's appointment of a commission headed by Vice President Rockefeller as a means to "preempt a congressional inquiry" into recent scandals). In an amusing example of the Rockefeller Commission's attempt to head off embarrassing disclosures, a book recounts the following: After [CIA Director] Colby's second or third appearance before the commission investigators, Rockefeller drew Colby aside and said, 'Bill, do you really have to present all this material to us? We realize there are secrets that you fellows need to keep, and so nobody here is going to take it amiss if you feel there are some questions you can't answer quite as fully as you seem to feel you have to.'
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Kathryn, S.O.1
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Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 618-34
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Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 618-34.
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224
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Id. at 613
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Id. at 613;
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1746-47
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1746-47.
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Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1760
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Id. at 1768-69
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Id. at 1768-69.
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Id. at 1743-44
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Id. at 1743-44.
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Id. at 1755-56
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Id. at 1755-56
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230
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reaching this conclusion, and explaining that the U. S. Supreme Court embraced essentially the same approach in Morrison v. Olson
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(reaching this conclusion, and explaining that the U. S. Supreme Court embraced essentially the same approach in Morrison v. Olson, 487 U. S. 654 (1988)).
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U. S.
, vol.487
, pp. 654
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See supra notes 88-92 and accompanying text
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See supra notes 88-92 and accompanying text.
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See supra notes 95-96 and accompanying text
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See supra notes 95-96 and accompanying text.
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See supra note 105 and accompanying text.
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Inside the administrative state: A critical look at the practice of presidential control
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49
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Lisa Schultz Bressman & Michael B. Vandenbergh, Inside the Administrative State: A Critical Look at the Practice of Presidential Control, 105 MICH. L. REV. 47, 49(2006).
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Obama's "czars" for domestic policy and the law of the white house staff
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As this discussion reflects, unitarians often treat the President and the White House staff as interchangeable. On this view, power that belongs to the President as head of the unitary executive branch may be exercised by White House officers to whom the President delegates power. Yet the notion that the President may freely delegate his "unitary" power has not gone unchallenged. In his contribution to this Symposium issue, Professor Saiger argues that a unitarian reading of the Constitution does not encompass a presidential freedom to "deputize agents on his staff to wield executive power on his behalf just as he could wield it himself."
-
As this discussion reflects, unitarians often treat the President and the White House staff as interchangeable. On this view, power that belongs to the President as head of the unitary executive branch may be exercised by White House officers to whom the President delegates power. Yet the notion that the President may freely delegate his "unitary" power has not gone unchallenged. In his contribution to this Symposium issue, Professor Saiger argues that a unitarian reading of the Constitution does not encompass a presidential freedom to "deputize agents on his staff to wield executive power on his behalf just as he could wield it himself." Aaron Saiger, Obama's "Czars" for Domestic Policy and the Law of the White House Staff 79 FORDHAM L. REV. 2577 (2011).
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Similarly, Saikrishna Prakash has argued that the Constitution is unitarian but that it does not license the President to "delegate his own power to others.", 716
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Similarly, Saikrishna Prakash has argued that the Constitution is unitarian but that it does not license the President to "delegate his own power to others." Saikrishna B. Prakash, Fragmented Features of the Constitution's Unitary Executive, 45 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 701, 716(2009).
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See MCGARITY & WAGNER, supra note 14, at 34-38
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See, e.g., Heidi Kitrosser, Classified Information Leaks and Free Speech, 2008 U. ILL. L. REV. 881, 916-18.
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1016-21, 1033, 1045-46, 1056-59
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Seth F. Kreimer, The Freedom of Information Act and the Ecology of Transparency, 10 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 1011, 1016-21, 1033, 1045-46, 1056-59 (2008);
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425-26, 439-52
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See, e.g., Clark, supra note 143, at 385-86
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Id. at 385-87.
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245
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See supra notes 105-06 and accompanying text
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See supra notes 105-06 and accompanying text.
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Overseer, or "the decider"? The president in administrative law
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See, e.g., 721-24, citing signing statements by President Clinton and President George W. Bush objecting to minimum qualification requirements for Presidential appointees
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See, e.g., Peter L. Strauss, Overseer, or "The Decider"? The President in Administrative Law, 75 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 696, 721-24 (2007) (citing signing statements by President Clinton and President George W. Bush objecting to minimum qualification requirements for Presidential appointees).
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See Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1
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See Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1.
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Secretary of energy
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See Dr
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See Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary of Energy, DEP'T OF ENERGY, http://www.energy.gov/organization/dr-steven-chu.htm.
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Dep't of Energy
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Chu, S.1
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See, e.g., 881-900, describing and criticizing some of the procedural requirements that courts have inferred from the APA
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See, e.g., Jack M. Beermann & Gary Lawson, Reprocessing Vermont Yankee, 75 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 856, 881-900 (2007) (describing and criticizing some of the procedural requirements that courts have inferred from the APA).
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For example, the Obama White House echoing a similar incident in the Bush administration claimed a constitutional right, as well a statutory exemption, to withhold information from a group that invoked FOIA to request "records of visits by coal executives in order to analyze whether these executives influenced the administration's energy policy." While the administration ultimately relented and agreed to disclose the records, the incident is a reminder of the practical significance of constitutional and statutory arguments as a means for administrations to avoid disclosing information, and the continuity of such arguments across administrations and parties. See Union of Concerned Scientists
-
For example, the Obama White House (echoing a similar incident in the Bush administration) claimed a constitutional right, as well a statutory exemption, to withhold information from a group that invoked FOIA to request "records of visits by coal executives in order to analyze whether these executives influenced the administration's energy policy." While the administration ultimately relented and agreed to disclose the records, the incident is a reminder of the practical significance of constitutional and statutory arguments as a means for administrations to avoid disclosing information, and the continuity of such arguments across administrations and parties. See Union of Concerned Scientists, White House Visitor Logs and Lack of Transparency in the Obama Administration, http://www.ucsusa.org/scientific- integrity/abuses-of-science/white-house-visitor-logsand.html.
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White House Visitor Logs and Lack of Transparency in the Obama Administration
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See supra note 117
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See supra note 117.
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253
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See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 110
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See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 110;
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Heidi Kitrosser, It Came From Beneath the Twilight Zone: Wiretapping and Article II Imperialism, 88 TEX. L. REV. 1401, 1405-06 (2010).
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Separation of parties, not powers
-
See, 2316, 2332-34, 2339
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See Daryl J. Levinson & Richard H. Pildes, Separation of Parties, Not Powers, 119 HARV. L. REV. 2311, 2316, 2332-34, 2339(2006).
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Levinson, D.J.1
Pildes, R.H.2
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258
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79959884162
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Id. at 2344
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Id. at 2344.
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259
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79959879532
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See supra note 115 and accompanying text
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See supra note 115 and accompanying text.
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-
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260
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67650553140
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The conservative insurgency and presidential power: A developmental perspective of the unitary executive
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See, e.g., 2073-77, 2092-2100
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See, e.g., Stephen Skowronek, The Conservative Insurgency and Presidential Power: A Developmental Perspective of the Unitary Executive, 122 HARV. L. REV. 2070, 2073-77, 2092-2100 (2009);
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Harv. L. Rev.
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, pp. 2070
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Skowronek, S.1
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261
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44849101803
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The conservative embrace of presidential power
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499-503
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Julian E. Zelizer, The Conservative Embrace of Presidential Power, 88 B. U. L. REV. 499, 499-503 (2008).
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(2008)
B. U. L. Rev.
, vol.88
, pp. 499
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Zelizer, J.E.1
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