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Volumn 79, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 2395-2424

Symposium presidential influence over administrative action scientific integrity: The perils and promise of white house administration

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EID: 79959911824     PISSN: 0015704X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (5)

References (261)
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    • Memorandum on Scientific Integrity from the Administration of Barack H. Obama for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies Mar. 9, 2009, hereinafter Scientific Integrity Memo
    • Memorandum on Scientific Integrity from the Administration of Barack H. Obama for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (Mar. 9, 2009), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/DCPD-200900137/pdf/DCPD-200900137.pdf [hereinafter Scientific Integrity Memo].
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    • Id.
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    • See infra notes 85-87 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 85-87 and accompanying text.
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    • See infra notes 88-92 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 88-92 and accompanying text.
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    • See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text.
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    • See infra notes 105-11 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 105-11 and accompanying text.
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    • Despite Obama's lofty words, scientific integrity rules are lagging
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    • The shadow of state secrets
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    • See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 95-96 and accompanying text.
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    • 67651229712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a detailed and insightful study of the many techniques through which scientific information can be distorted by the government and by private actors alike, see generally
    • For a detailed and insightful study of the many techniques through which scientific information can be distorted by the government and by private actors alike, see generally THOMAS O. MCGARITY & WENDY E. WAGNER, BENDING SCIENCE: HOW SPECIAL INTERESTS CORRUPT PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH (2008).
    • (2008) Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research
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    • State secrets and executive power
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    • Editorial, psst. president Bush is hard at work expanding government secrecy
    • Nov. 1
    • Dorothy Samuels, Editorial, Psst. President Bush Is Hard at Work Expanding Government Secrecy, N. Y. TIMES, Nov. 1, 2004, at A24.
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    • 79959861369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obama at 100 Days - 21st century right-to-know agenda
    • see also, e.g., Apr
    • see also, e.g., Obama at 100 Days - 21st Century Right-to-Know Agenda, OMB WATCH (Apr. 2009), at 2-3, http://www.ombwatch.org/files/obamaat100daysrtk. pdf.
    • (2009) OMB Watch , pp. 2-3
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    • Obama at 100 days, supra note 16, at 7
    • Obama at 100 days, supra note 16, at 7.
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    • Id
    • Id.
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    • Id. at 3
    • Id. at 3.
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    • Id. at 329-31
    • Id. at 329-31;
  • 29
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    • Pub. L. No. 67-13
    • Pub. L. No. 67-13, 42 Stat. 20 (1921).
    • (1921) Stat. , vol.42 , pp. 20
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    • The need for a national budget
    • 140
    • The Need for a National Budget, 62d Cong. 1-8, 140(1912)
    • (1912) 62d Cong. , pp. 1-8
  • 31
    • 79959913628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hereinafter, Message from President William Howard Taft transmitting the Report of Commission on Economy & Efficiency on the subject of the need for a national budget
    • [hereinafter TAFT COMMISSION REPORT] (Message from President William Howard Taft transmitting the Report of Commission on Economy & Efficiency on the subject of the need for a national budget);
    • Taft Commission Report
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    • 79959883865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 26-51
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 26-51.
  • 34
    • 79959885944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id at 7-8, 141-48, 204-06, 217-23
    • Id at 7-8, 141-48, 204-06, 217-23.
  • 35
    • 0347664773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presidential administration
    • 2275
    • Elena Kagan, Presidential Administration, 114 HARV. L. REV. 2245, 2275(2001);
    • (2001) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.114 , pp. 2245
    • Kagan, E.1
  • 36
    • 79959909339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 53-54
    • see also ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 53-54;
  • 39
    • 79959903196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-33
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-33;
  • 40
    • 79959905470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also, supra note 26, 43, 47
    • see also BROWNLOW COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 26, at 2, 43, 47.
    • Brownlow Commission Report , pp. 2
  • 42
    • 79959899372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 103-07, 116-17
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 103-07, 116-17;
  • 43
    • 79959899664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34.
  • 44
    • 79959888435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 104
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 104
  • 45
  • 46
    • 79959866999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 107-09
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 107-09;
  • 47
    • 79959895335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 333
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 333.
  • 48
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    • Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub. L. No. 76-19
    • Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub. L. No. 76-19, 53 Stat. 565 (1939).
    • (1939) Stat. , vol.53 , pp. 565
  • 49
    • 79959898045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 114
    • ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 114.
  • 50
    • 79959896582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 85-87
    • See, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 85-87;
  • 51
    • 79959905777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 332-34;
  • 52
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    • Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275
    • Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275.
  • 53
    • 79959861686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82
    • See, e.g., Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82;
  • 54
    • 34548677753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overseer, or "the decider"? The president in administrative law
    • 701-02, 719-20
    • Peter L. Strauss, Overseer, or "The Decider"? The President in Administrative Law, 75 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 696, 701-02, 719-20 (2007).
    • (2007) Geo. Wash. L. Rev. , vol.75 , pp. 696
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    • See, e.g., MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 338-39
    • See, e.g., MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 338-39;
  • 56
    • 79959874181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-76
    • Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-76.
  • 57
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    • White house review of agency rulemaking: An empirical investigation
    • See, e.g., 824-30
    • See, e.g., Steven Croley, White House Review of Agency Rulemaking: An Empirical Investigation, 70 U. CHI. L. REV. 821, 824-30 (2003);
    • (2003) U. Chi. L. Rev. , vol.70 , pp. 821
    • Croley, S.1
  • 58
    • 79959864314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82
    • Kagan, supra note 26, at 2275-82;
  • 59
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    • OMB interference with agency rulemaking: The wrong way to write a regulation
    • 1061-63
    • Alan B. Morrison, OMB Interference with Agency Rulemaking: The Wrong Way to Write a Regulation, 99 HARV. L. REV. 1059, 1061-63 (1986);
    • (1986) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.99 , pp. 1059
    • Morrison, A.B.1
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    • 79959904773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strauss, supra note 34, at 701-02, 719-20
    • Strauss, supra note 34, at 701-02, 719-20.
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    • Accountability and administrative structure
    • See, 623-29, 632-34
    • See, Heidi Kitrosser, Accountability and Administrative Structure, 45 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 607, 623-29, 632-34 (2009).
    • (2009) Willamette L. Rev. , vol.45 , pp. 607
    • Kitrosser, H.1
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    • Id. at 623-26
    • Id. at 623-26.
  • 63
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    • Id. at 624-26
    • Id. at 624-26
  • 65
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    • Id. at 625
    • Id. at 625
  • 67
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    • For references to the reports' seminal natures, see, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 49-51
    • For references to the reports' seminal natures, see, e.g., ARNOLD, supra note 21, at 49-51
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    • describing significance of, supra note 23
    • (describing significance of TAFT COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 23);
    • Taft Commission Report
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    • id. at 115-17
    • id. at 115-17
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    • describing significance of, supra note 26
    • (describing significance of BROWNLOW COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 26);
    • Brownlow Commission Report
  • 71
    • 79959908123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 331-34 citing historical roles of both reports
    • MCDONALD, supra note 20, at 331-34 (citing historical roles of both reports).
  • 72
    • 79959913628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 23, at 1 message from President Taft
    • TAFT COMMISSION REPORT, supra note 23, at 1 (message from President Taft).
    • Taft Commission Report
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    • Id. at 19-22, 143-44, 147-48, 203-05
    • Id. at 19-22, 143-44, 147-48, 203-05.
  • 74
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    • Id. at 139-42, 219-20
    • Id. at 139-42, 219-20.
  • 75
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    • Id. at 214-23
    • Id. at 214-23.
  • 76
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    • Id. at 221
    • Id. at 221.
  • 78
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    • Id. at 5
    • Id. at 5.
  • 79
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    • Id. at 43
    • Id. at 43.
  • 80
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    • Id. at 19-20
    • Id. at 19-20.
  • 81
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    • Id. at 19, 43-44
    • Id. at 19, 43-44.
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    • Id. at 15, 20-21
    • Id. at 15, 20-21.
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    • Id. at 21
    • Id. at 21.
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    • Id. at 7
    • Id. at 7.
  • 85
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    • "Presidential administration" does not necessarily require the application of unitary executive theory. Indeed, now-Justice Elena Kagan championed "presidential administration" in an article of the same name without embracing unitarianism. See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2251, 2320, 2326. She explained that presidential administration often can be supported through statutory interpretation. Id. at 2326-31
    • "Presidential administration" does not necessarily require the application of unitary executive theory. Indeed, now-Justice Elena Kagan championed "presidential administration" in an article of the same name without embracing unitarianism. See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2251, 2320, 2326. She explained that presidential administration often can be supported through statutory interpretation. Id. at 2326-31.
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    • The structural constitution: Unitary executive, plural judiciary
    • See, e.g., 1158, 1166
    • See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi & Kevin H. Rhodes, The Structural Constitution: Unitary Executive, Plural Judiciary, 105 HARV. L. REV. 1153, 1158, 1166(1992).
    • (1992) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.105 , pp. 1153
    • Calabresi, S.G.1    Rhodes, K.H.2
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    • Id. at 1166
    • Id. at 1166.
  • 88
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    • The accountable executive
    • 1746, using this example to illustrate unitary executive theory
    • Heidi Kitrosser, The Accountable Executive, 93 MINN. L. REV. 1741, 1746(2009) (using this example to illustrate unitary executive theory).
    • (2009) Minn. L. Rev. , vol.93 , pp. 1741
    • Kitrosser, H.1
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    • The president's power to execute the laws
    • See, e.g., 579-82
    • See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi & Saikrishna B. Prakash, The President's Power to Execute the Laws, 104 YALE L. J. 541, 579-82 (1994);
    • (1994) Yale L. J , vol.104 , pp. 541
    • Calabresi, S.G.1    Prakash, S.B.2
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    • Calabresi & Rhodes, supra note 56, at 1164-65
    • Calabresi & Rhodes, supra note 56, at 1164-65.
  • 91
    • 79959867876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 37, at. 607, 618-34 2009 challenging unitarian textual, structural and historical arguments and citing challenges by other scholars
    • Kitrosser, supra note 37, at. 607, 618-34 (2009) (challenging unitarian textual, structural and historical arguments and citing challenges by other scholars).
  • 92
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    • Indeed, I have discussed at length elsewhere connections between the shortcomings of "formal" unitarian arguments and those of "functional" unitarian arguments. Id. at 611-12, 620-21
    • Indeed, I have discussed at length elsewhere connections between the shortcomings of "formal" unitarian arguments and those of "functional" unitarian arguments. Id. at 611-12, 620-21.
  • 93
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    • Some normative arguments for the unitary executive
    • See, e.g., 35-37, 45, 59, 65-66
    • See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi, Some Normative Arguments for the Unitary Executive, 48 ARK. L. REV. 23, 35-37, 45, 59, 65-66 (1995);
    • (1995) Ark. L. Rev. , vol.48 , pp. 23
    • Calabresi, S.G.1
  • 94
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    • Note, hail to the chief administrator, the framers and the president's administrative powers
    • 998-99, 1012-15
    • Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, Note, Hail to the Chief Administrator, The Framers and the President's Administrative Powers, 102 YALE L. J. 991, 998-99, 1012-15 (1993).
    • (1993) Yale L. J , vol.102 , pp. 991
    • Prakash, S.B.1
  • 95
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    • The president and the administration
    • Additionally, at least two scholars support unitary executive theory solely on accountability grounds, while disagreeing with unitarian arguments from text, structure, and history, 2-4, 85-86, 94, 98-99, And Elena Kagan, while not embracing unitary executive theory, touts the relative accountability of presidential administration to support her argument for a presumption favoring presidential administration in statutory interpretation
    • Additionally, at least two scholars support unitary executive theory solely on accountability grounds, while disagreeing with unitarian arguments from text, structure, and history. Lawrence Lessig & Cass R. Sunstein, The President and the Administration, 94 COLUM. L. REV. 1, 2-4, 85-86, 94, 98-99 (1994). And Elena Kagan, while not embracing unitary executive theory, touts the relative accountability of presidential administration to support her argument for a presumption favoring presidential administration in statutory interpretation.
    • (1994) Colum. L. Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 1
    • Lessig, L.1    Sunstein, C.R.2
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    • See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2331-39
    • See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2331-39;
  • 97
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    • see also supra note 55
    • see also supra note 55.
  • 98
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    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1747 and sources cited therein
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1747 (and sources cited therein).
  • 99
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    • Id. at 1747-48 and sources cited therein
    • Id. at 1747-48 (and sources cited therein).
  • 100
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    • See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2337 making this argument as a policy matter and to support her statutory interpretation argument, although Kagan does not embrace unitary executive theory as a constitutional matter
    • See Kagan, supra note 26, at 2337 (making this argument as a policy matter and to support her statutory interpretation argument, although Kagan does not embrace unitary executive theory as a constitutional matter);
  • 101
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    • see also supra note 55
    • see also supra note 55.
  • 102
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    • The most dangerous branch
    • See, 1785
    • See Martin S. Flaherty, The Most Dangerous Branch, 105 YALE L. J. 1725, 1785(1996)
    • (1996) Yale L. J , vol.105 , pp. 1725
    • Flaherty, M.S.1
  • 103
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    • cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1748-49
    • (cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1748-49);
  • 104
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    • Political accountability in a system of checks and balances: The case of presidential review of rulemaking
    • 197-209
    • Peter M. Shane, Political Accountability in a System of Checks and Balances: The Case of Presidential Review of Rulemaking, 48 ARK. L. REV. 161, 197-209 (1995)
    • (1995) Ark. L. Rev. , vol.48 , pp. 161
    • Shane, P.M.1
  • 105
    • 79959878324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749-50
    • (cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749-50);
  • 106
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    • The consent of the governed: Against simple rules for a complex world
    • see also, 992-1007, 1017-20
    • see also Cynthia R. Farina, The Consent of the Governed: Against Simple Rules for a Complex World, 72 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 987, 992-1007, 1017-20 (1997)
    • (1997) Chi.-Kent L. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 987
    • Farina, C.R.1
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    • cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36
    • (cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36);
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    • Structuring a "dense complexity": Accountability and the project of administrative law
    • Mar, 35-38
    • Jerry L. Mashaw, Structuring a "Dense Complexity": Accountability and the Project of Administrative Law, ISSUES IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP (Mar. 2005), at 12-15, 35-38
    • (2005) Issues in Legal Scholarship , pp. 12-15
    • Mashaw, J.L.1
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    • 79959914993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36
    • (cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1749 n. 36).
  • 110
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    • Accountability, liberty, and the constitution
    • See Rebecca L. Brown, Accountability, Liberty, and the Constitution, 98 COLUM. L. REV. 531, 552-59, 564-65 (1998) (Pubitemid 128426569)
    • (1998) Columbia Law Review , vol.98 , Issue.3 , pp. 531
    • Brown, R.L.1
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    • cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
    • (cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750);
  • 112
    • 84928847854 scopus 로고
    • Independent policymaking and presidential power: A constitutional analysis
    • 613-14
    • Peter M. Shane, Independent Policymaking and Presidential Power: A Constitutional Analysis, 57 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 596, 613-14 (1989)
    • (1989) Geo. Wash. L. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 596
    • Shane, P.M.1
  • 113
    • 79959887823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
    • (cited in Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750).
  • 114
    • 79959908455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1750
  • 115
    • 23844520058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The myth of accountability and the anti-administrative impulse
    • citing, 2076-83, 2119-22, 2134-35
    • (citing Edward Rubin, The Myth of Accountability and the Anti-Administrative Impulse, 103 MICH. L. REV. 2073, 2076-83, 2119-22, 2134-35 (2005)).
    • (2005) Mich. L. Rev. , vol.103 , pp. 2073
    • Rubin, E.1
  • 116
    • 79959913836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 607-10, 640, 643-44, 646-47
    • See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 607-10, 640, 643-44, 646-47;
  • 117
    • 79959916326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765-74
    • see also Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765-74.
  • 118
    • 79959876192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1769
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1769.
  • 119
    • 79959903193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 640 & n. 127
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 640 & n. 127;
  • 120
    • 79959862653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773-74
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773-74.
  • 121
    • 79959882938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1772
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1772;
  • 122
    • 79959895022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Memorandum from Peter R. Orszag, Director, Office of Management and Budget OMB, to the Heads of Departments and Agencies, M-09-09 Jan. 27, 2009, informing department and agency heads of the "Executive branch's formal legislative coordination and clearance process" detailed in OMB Circular No. A-19
    • see also Memorandum from Peter R. Orszag, Director, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), to the Heads of Departments and Agencies, M-09-09 (Jan. 27, 2009), http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/memoranda- fy2009/m09-09.pdf (informing department and agency heads of the "Executive branch's formal legislative coordination and clearance process" detailed in OMB Circular No. A-19;
  • 123
    • 79959879207 scopus 로고
    • available at, detailing process by which agencies must submit testimony and reports to the OMB for "coordination and clearance"
    • OMB Circular No. A-19 (1979), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ circulars-a019/) (detailing process by which agencies must submit testimony and reports to the OMB for "coordination and clearance").
    • (1979) OMB Circular No. A-19
  • 124
    • 79959891685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 609, 654-55
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 609, 654-55;
  • 125
    • 79959880745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-64, 1766-69
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-64, 1766-69.
  • 126
    • 79959894141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638-40, 655
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638-40, 655;
  • 127
    • 79959911328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1765.
  • 128
    • 79959881060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638, 654-56
    • See Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 638, 654-56;
  • 129
    • 79959901481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-69
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1763-69.
  • 130
    • 79959882038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1773
  • 134
    • 79959867271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See infra notes 118-21 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 118-21 and accompanying text.
  • 135
    • 79959910567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1
    • Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1;
  • 136
    • 79959916623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Complaint at 1-2, PEER v. OSTP, D. D. C. Oct. 19, 2010 No. 110-cv-01762 available at
    • see also Complaint at 1-2, PEER v. OSTP, (D. D. C. Oct. 19, 2010) (No. 110-cv-01762) available at http://peer.org/docs/dc/10-19-10-OSTP-FOIA-Complaint- Final.pdf.
  • 137
    • 79959877999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ask Dr. H: "Where are we on scientific integrity?"
    • June 18, 8:21 PM
    • John Holdren, Ask Dr. H: "Where Are We on Scientific Integrity?", OSTP BLOG (June 18, 2010, 8:21 PM), http://www.whitehouse.gov/ blog/2010/06/18/ask-dr-h-where-arewe-scientific-integrity.
    • (2010) Ostp Blog
    • Holdren, J.1
  • 138
    • 79959913346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • doc set at PEERvOSTP000146-47, available at, document dated July 9, 2010, reporting agreement between OSTP and OMB "on penultimate language"
    • White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points, 2010 doc set at PEERvOSTP000146-47, available at http://www.peer.org/docs/doc/12-22-10-2010- OSTP-docs.pdf (document dated July 9, 2010, reporting agreement between OSTP and OMB "on penultimate language");
    • (2010) White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points
  • 139
    • 79959917845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at PEERvOSTP000151, 156 documents dated July 19, 2010, referencing upcoming meeting between Holdren and OMB Director Peter Orszag
    • id. at PEERvOSTP000151, 156 (documents dated July 19, 2010, referencing upcoming meeting between Holdren and OMB Director Peter Orszag);
  • 140
    • 79959897448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • doc set at PEERvOSTP000065, 67, available at, document dated June 29, 2009, stating that "OSTP staff are working closely with OMB to revise the proposed recommendations to the President"
    • White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points, 2009 doc set at PEERvOSTP000065, 67, available at http://www.peer.org/docs/doc/12-22-10-2009- OSTP-docs.pdf (document dated June 29, 2009, stating that "OSTP staff are working closely with OMB to revise the proposed recommendations to the President");
    • (2009) White House Office of Sci. and Tech., Talking Points
  • 141
    • 79959881373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at PEERvOSTP000018-20 document dated June 29, 2009, explaining that "OSTP and OMB continue to negotiate a handful of remaining fine points"
    • id. at PEERvOSTP000018-20 (document dated June 29, 2009, explaining that "OSTP and OMB continue to negotiate a handful of remaining fine points");
  • 142
    • 79959901174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at PEERvOSTP000031 document dated July 10, 2009, stating "Latest draft of Holdren response to the memorandum was sent to OMB for review on July 9th"
    • id. at PEERvOSTP000031 (document dated July 10, 2009, stating "Latest draft of Holdren response to the memorandum was sent to OMB for review on July 9th").
  • 143
    • 79959869876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also, Dec. 22, available at, describing thin document disclosure from OSTP and apparent hold-ups in discussions between OSTP and OMB
    • See also News Release, PEER, Science Transparency Policy Swathed in Secrecy (Dec. 22, 2010), available at http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row- id=1438 (describing thin document disclosure from OSTP and apparent hold-ups in discussions between OSTP and OMB);
    • (2010) News Release, Peer, Science Transparency Policy Swathed in Secrecy
  • 144
    • 84900103349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Obama scientific integrity memo is late and vague
    • Jan. 3, updating a posting first dated December 17, 2010, Froomkin writes of the disclosed documents, "the vast majority of the 155 pages were blacked out, but they indicated that the guidance had been derailed by the OMB"
    • Dan Froomkin, New Obama Scientific Integrity Memo is Late and Vague, HUFHNGTON POST, Jan. 3, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/17/new- obama-scientific-inte-n-798483.html (updating a posting first dated December 17, 2010, Froomkin writes of the disclosed documents, "[t]he vast majority of the 155 pages were blacked out, but they indicated that the guidance had been derailed by the [OMB]").
    • (2011) Hufhngton Post
    • Froomkin, D.1
  • 145
    • 79959909335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 72 and accompanying text referencing that power and some of its sources
    • See supra note 72 and accompanying text (referencing that power and some of its sources).
  • 149
    • 79959867873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White house issues long-delayed science guidelines
    • See, e.g., Dec. 18, quoting environmental studies Professor Roger A. Pielke, Jr. to the effect that '"the guidelines are substantively quite thin'" and that because they are merely '"a starting line for agencies to consider these issues, what is surprising is how long it took to get them out'"
    • See, e.g., Kenneth Chang, White House Issues Long-Delayed Science Guidelines, N. Y. TIMES, Dec. 18, 2010, at A13 (quoting environmental studies Professor Roger A. Pielke, Jr. to the effect that '"[t]he guidelines are substantively quite thin'" and that because they are merely '"a starting line for agencies to consider these issues, what is surprising is how long it took to get [them] out'");
    • (2010) N. Y. Times
    • Chang, K.1
  • 150
    • 79959899661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dec. 20, available at, calling document "vague and contradictory" and quoting PEER executive director Jeff Ruch as saying, '"this guidance was almost two years in the making but it reads like it was finalized at the last minute'"
    • News Release, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, New Obama Scientific Integrity Guidance: Timid, Torn, and Tardy (Dec. 20, 2010), available at http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1437 (calling document "vague and contradictory" and quoting PEER executive director Jeff Ruch as saying, '"[t]his guidance was almost two years in the making but it reads like it was finalized at the last minute'").
    • (2010) News Release, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, New Obama Scientific Integrity Guidance: Timid, Torn, and Tardy
  • 151
    • 79959876188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Scientific Integrity Directive, Dec. 17, available at, quoting UCS' Dr. Francesco Grifo as deeming the recommendations a '"promising blueprint'" but noting that '"at the same time, I'm worried that the directive leaves an enormous amount of discretion to the agencies'"
    • Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Scientific Integrity Directive "Articulates a Broad Vision for Defending Science from Political Interference", (Dec. 17, 2010), available at http://www.ucsusa.org/news/ press-release/scientific-integrity-directive-0484.html (quoting UCS' Dr. Francesco Grifo as deeming the recommendations a '"promising blueprint'" but noting that '"[a]t the same time, I'm worried that the directive leaves an enormous amount of discretion to the agencies'");
    • (2010) Articulates a Broad Vision for Defending Science from Political Interference
  • 152
    • 79959914103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also, e.g., Froomkin, supra note 81 noting concerns of scientists and advocates over discretion left to agencies
    • see also, e.g., Froomkin, supra note 81 (noting concerns of scientists and advocates over discretion left to agencies).
  • 153
    • 79959887123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, PEER, supra note 85
    • Press Release, PEER, supra note 85.
  • 154
    • 79959891080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complaint, supra note 79 at 1-2
    • Complaint, supra note 79 at 1-2.
  • 155
    • 79959880744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also id. at 5
    • see also id. at 5.
  • 156
    • 79959896580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id at 1-3, 5-6, 16-23
    • Id at 1-3, 5-6, 16-23;
  • 157
    • 79959867568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Press Release, PEER, Oct. 19, available at
    • see also Press Release, PEER, Lawsuit to Expose Cause of Scientific Integrity Rules Holdup, (Oct. 19, 2010), available at http://www.peer.org/news/ news-id.php?row-id=1414.
    • (2010) Lawsuit to Expose Cause of Scientific Integrity Rules Holdup
  • 158
    • 79959872964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 81 citing to PEER and Dan Froomkin's descriptions of the disclosed documents and to some of the documents themselves
    • See supra note 81 (citing to PEER and Dan Froomkin's descriptions of the disclosed documents and to some of the documents themselves).
  • 159
    • 79959913345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, PEER, supra note 81
    • Press Release, PEER, supra note 81.
  • 160
    • 79959890796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 161
    • 79959877998 scopus 로고
    • James Madison Hallowell et al. eds.
    • THE FEDERALIST No. 51, at 239 (James Madison) (Hallowell et al. eds., 1857).
    • (1857) The Federalist , Issue.51 , pp. 239
  • 162
    • 79959873256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientists welcome administration's words but must wait for action
    • Jan. 22
    • Gardiner Harris & William J. Broad, Scientists Welcome Administration's Words but Must Wait for Action, N. Y. TIMES, Jan. 22, 2009, at A23.
    • (2009) N. Y. Times
    • Harris, G.1    Broad, W.J.2
  • 164
    • 79959874482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 165
    • 79959893521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 72 citing to current clearance directives
    • See supra note 72 (citing to current clearance directives).
  • 166
    • 79959877728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14-16 Nat'l Comm'n on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Working Paper No. 3, 2010
    • The Amount and Fate of the Oil 1-8, 14-16 (Nat'l Comm'n on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Working Paper No. 3, 2010).
    • The Amount and Fate of the Oil , pp. 1-8
  • 167
    • 79959869574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 10
    • Id. at 10.
  • 168
    • 79959874179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OMB denies report it may have suppressed data during BP spill
    • See, e.g., Oct. 6, 3:46 PM
    • 2 WIRE, THE HILL'S ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BLOG (Oct. 6, 2010, 3:46 PM), http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/123041- white-house-denies-it-suppressed-oilflow-data.
    • (2010) 2 Wire, the Hill's Energy & Environmental Blog
    • Gemen, B.1
  • 170
    • 79959904156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 171
    • 79959865187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 146
    • Id. at 146;
  • 172
    • 79959888716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also id. at 167 breaking down the numbers a bit further
    • see also id. at 167 (breaking down the numbers a bit further).
  • 173
    • 79959866358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another post-oil spill incident also reflects the risks to scientific accuracy when statements get filtered through White House offices. On August 4, 2010, Carol Browner, director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy OECCP, told major news outlets that '"the vast majority'... of the oil 'is gone' or 'appears to be gone.'" Id
    • Another post-oil spill incident also reflects the risks to scientific accuracy when statements get filtered through White House offices. On August 4, 2010, Carol Browner, director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy (OECCP), told major news outlets that '"the vast majority'... of the oil 'is gone' or 'appears to be gone.'" Id.
  • 174
    • 79959872414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Previously, however, NOAA had privately expressed disagreement with this assessment in an e-mail to Browner's deputy. Id. at 168
    • Previously, however, NOAA had privately expressed disagreement with this assessment in an e-mail to Browner's deputy. Id. at 168.
  • 175
    • 79959883245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Later on August 4th, Browner, speaking at a press briefing, said that the report that she had cited on the oil's fate had been "subjected to a scientific protocol, which means you peer review, peer review, and peer review." Id. at 168
    • Later on August 4th, Browner, speaking at a press briefing, said that the report that she had cited on the oil's fate had been "subjected to a scientific protocol, which means you peer review, peer review, and peer review." Id. at 168.
  • 176
    • 79959877434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earlier in the same briefing, NOAA's administrator had also deemed the report peer reviewed. Id
    • Earlier in the same briefing, NOAA's administrator had also deemed the report peer reviewed. Id.
  • 177
    • 79959895948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outside scientists quickly criticized the report as premature, "especially because of the uncertain rate of the oil's biodegradation. " Id
    • Outside scientists quickly criticized the report as premature, "especially because of the uncertain rate of [the oil's] biodegradation. " Id.
  • 178
    • 79959879534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It also soon came to light, and NOAA acknowledged, that the report had not yet been peer reviewed at the time of Browner's announcements. Indeed, a final, peer reviewed report was not available until November 23, 2010. Id. at 168-69
    • It also soon came to light, and NOAA acknowledged, that the report had not yet been peer reviewed at the time of Browner's announcements. Indeed, a final, peer reviewed report was not available until November 23, 2010. Id. at 168-69.
  • 179
    • 79959877728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browner's mistake, of course, was remedied quickly through the responses of outside scientists. Yet in less high profile cases, White House mistakes in presenting scientific information may not be caught nearly so readily. Furthermore, Browner's error highlights the political motivations that can push White House officials to place the most positive or otherwise politically desirable public spin on a scientific matter. Such error may be entirely unintentional. Regardless, such a mistake highlights the importance of transparency so that external forces may catch errors, as happened here, as well as internal procedures facilitating review and push-back by government scientists
    • Browner's mistake, of course, was remedied quickly through the responses of outside scientists. Yet in less high profile cases, White House mistakes in presenting scientific information may not be caught nearly so readily. Furthermore, Browner's error highlights the political motivations that can push White House officials to place the most positive (or otherwise politically desirable) public spin on a scientific matter. Such error may be entirely unintentional. Regardless, such a mistake highlights the importance of transparency so that external forces may catch errors, as happened here, as well as internal procedures facilitating review and push-back by government scientists. Indeed, at the same August 4 afternoon press briefing in which Browner appeared, NOAA Director Jane Lubchenco, a marine scientist and environmental ecologist, also appeared and expressed reservations about Browner's optimistic numbers. The Amount and Fate of the Oil, supra note 98, at 21. A system of rigid, top-down clearance for press appearances might well have prevented Lubchenco's statement.
    • The Amount and Fate of the Oil , pp. 21
  • 180
    • 79959862327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The whistleblower protection enhancement act of 2009: Hearing on H. R. 1507 before the H. comm. on oversight and gov. reform
    • statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice
    • The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2009: Hearing on H. R. 1507 Before the H. Comm. on Oversight and Gov. Reform, 111th Cong. 66 (2009) (statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice);
    • (2009) 111th Cong. , pp. 66
  • 181
    • 79959906065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The whistleblower protection enhancement act of 2009, hearing on s.372 before the oversight subcomm. Of the comm. On homeland security
    • Statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice
    • The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2009, Hearing on S.372 Before the Oversight Subcomm. of the Comm. on Homeland Security, 111th Cong. 41, (2009) (Statement of Ragish De, Deputy Assistant Attorney Gen., Office of Legal Policy, Dep't of Justice).
    • (2009) 111th Cong. , pp. 41
  • 182
    • 84902998985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at 39
    • Hearing on S. 372 at 39;
    • Hearing on S , pp. 372
  • 183
  • 185
    • 79959876189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chambers v. Dep't of Interior, 1373-74 Fed. Cir
    • Chambers v. Dep't of Interior, 602 F.3d 1370, 1373-74 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
    • (2010) F.3d , vol.602 , pp. 1370
  • 186
    • 79959876189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief of Respondent at 14-15, Chambers v. Dep't. of Interior, Fed. Cir, No. 2009-3120, 2009 WL 3044489
    • Brief of Respondent at 14-15, Chambers v. Dep't. of Interior, 602 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (No. 2009-3120), 2009 WL 3044489.
    • (2010) F.3d , vol.602 , pp. 1370
  • 187
    • 84956529954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supremely opaque?: Accountability, transparency, and presidential supremacy
    • See, forthcoming, describing the large uptick in prosecutions and criminal investigations for leaking classified information in the Obama Administration
    • See Heidi Kitrosser, Supremely Opaque?: Accountability, Transparency, and Presidential Supremacy, 5 ST. THOMAS J. L. & PUB. POL'Y (forthcoming 2011) (describing the large uptick in prosecutions and criminal investigations for leaking classified information in the Obama Administration);
    • (2011) St. Thomas J. L. & Pub. Pol'y , vol.5
    • Kitrosser, H.1
  • 188
    • 79959913623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ex-C. I. A. officer named in disclosure indictment
    • see also, Jan. 7, describing new leak indictment issued in early January 2011, and noting that the indictment "is the fifth case during the Obama administration in which a current or former government official has been charged in connection with a leak investigation"
    • see also Charlie Savage, Ex-C. I. A. Officer Named in Disclosure Indictment, N. Y. Times, Jan. 7, 2011, at A15 (describing new leak indictment issued in early January 2011, and noting that the indictment "is the fifth case during the Obama administration in which a current or former government official has been charged in connection with a leak investigation").
    • (2011) N. Y. Times
    • Savage, C.1
  • 189
    • 79959902057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obama steps up prosecution of leaks to the news media
    • See, e.g., June 12
    • See, e.g., Scott Shane, Obama Steps up Prosecution of Leaks to the News Media, N. Y. TIMES, June 12, 2010, at A1;
    • (2010) N. Y. Times
    • Shane, S.1
  • 190
    • 79959908744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Former N. S. A. official is charged in leaks case
    • Apr. 15
    • Scott Shane, Former N. S. A. Official is Charged in Leaks Case, N. Y. TIMES, Apr. 15, 2010, at A18.
    • (2010) N. Y. Times
    • Shane, S.1
  • 191
    • 79959889035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Rood & Chuchmach, supra note 16
    • See Rood & Chuchmach, supra note 16.
  • 192
    • 79959873880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes 17-19 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 17-19 and accompanying text.
  • 193
    • 79959895021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top Obama official reaffirms commitment to cap and trade
    • See, e.g., Jan. 22
    • See, e.g., Brian Beary, Top Obama Official Reaffirms Commitment to Cap and Trade, EUROPOLITIC ENV'T, Jan. 22, 2009;
    • (2009) Europolitic Env't
    • Beary, B.1
  • 194
    • 79959886527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA: Obama vowed to increase agency funding, protect scientific integrity
    • Nov. 7
    • Katherine Boyle, EPA: Obama Vowed To Increase Agency Funding, Protect Scientific Integrity, GREENWIRE, Nov. 7, 2008;
    • (2008) Greenwire
    • Boyle, K.1
  • 195
    • 79959878878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23
    • Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23;
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    • Senate confirms energy, interior, USDA secretaries, but delays on EPA, CEQ heads
    • Jan. 21
    • Alex Kaplun, Senate Confirms Energy, Interior, USDA Secretaries, But Delays on EPA, CEQ Heads, ENV'T & ENERGY DAILY, Jan. 21, 2009;
    • (2009) Env't & Energy Daily
    • Kaplun, A.1
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    • Science Debate 2008 at question no. 12 and corresponding answers
    • Science Debate 2008 at question no. 12 and corresponding answers, SCIENCE DEBATE, http://www.sciencedebate.org/debate08.html.
    • Science Debate
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    • 79959914683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State of the first amendment 2008
    • available at
    • State of the First Amendment 2008, FIRST AMENDMENT CENTER at 5, available at http://www.firetamendmentcenter.org/pdf/SOFA2008survey.pdf;
    • First Amendment Center , pp. 5
  • 200
    • 79959862021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First Amendment Center and the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Mar. 7
    • First Amendment Center and the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Government Secrecy Poll, Mar. 7, 2005, at 1-2;
    • (2005) Government Secrecy Poll , pp. 1-2
  • 201
    • 79959882037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bush administration's secrecy policy: A call to action to protect democratic values
    • Oct. 24
    • The Bush Administration's Secrecy Policy: A Call to Action to Protect Democratic Values, OMBWatch Part III: Research: What the American Public Believes (Oct. 24, 2002), http://www.ombwatch.org/node/639.
    • (2002) Ombwatch Part III: Research: What the American Public Believes
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    • National security and the article 11 shell game
    • See, e.g., 496-97
    • See, e.g., Heidi Kitrosser, National Security and the Article 11 Shell Game, 26 CONST. COMMENT. 483, 496-97 (2010);
    • (2010) Const. Comment , vol.26 , pp. 483
    • Kitrosser, H.1
  • 203
    • 79959900270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Veto battle 30 years ago set freedom of information norms
    • Electronic Briefing Book No. 142 Nov. 23
    • Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms, NAT'L SECURITY ARCHIVE, Electronic Briefing Book No. 142 (Nov. 23, 2004), http://www.gwu.edu/ ~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB142/index.htm.
    • (2004) Nat'l Security Archive
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    • 0003673312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This notion calls to mind political scientist Stephen Skowronek's concept of a "reconstruction" president. Such a "president heralds from the opposition to the previously established regime, and pre-established commitments of ideology and interest have, in the course of events, become vulnerable to direct repudiation as failed or irrelevant responses to the problems of the day."
    • This notion calls to mind political scientist Stephen Skowronek's concept of a "reconstruction" president. Such a "president heralds from the opposition to the previously established regime, and pre-established commitments of ideology and interest have, in the course of events, become vulnerable to direct repudiation as failed or irrelevant responses to the problems of the day." STEPHEN SKOWRONEK, THE POLITICS PRESIDENTS MAKE 36 (1997).
    • (1997) The Politics Presidents Make , pp. 36
    • Stephen, S.1
  • 205
    • 79959879533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skowronek calls the "politics of reconstruction" the "most promising of all situations for the exercise of political leadership" by presidents. Id. at 37
    • Skowronek calls the "politics of reconstruction" the "most promising of all situations for the exercise of political leadership" by presidents. Id. at 37.
  • 206
    • 79959902603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of course, Skowronek also observes that modern reconstruction presidents may have more trouble distinguishing themselves from their predecessors than they did in the past, due to the thickening of the institutional apparatus that surrounds the presidency. Id. at 55-57. Skowronek's analysis provides a helpful lens for considering both the reconstruction rhetoric of candidate and President Obama regarding scientific integrity, as well as the uneven and at times counterproductive nature of his administration's actions and claims with respect to scientific integrity
    • Of course, Skowronek also observes that modern reconstruction presidents may have more trouble distinguishing themselves from their predecessors than they did in the past, due to the thickening of the institutional apparatus that surrounds the presidency. Id. at 55-57. Skowronek's analysis provides a helpful lens for considering both the reconstruction rhetoric of candidate and President Obama regarding scientific integrity, as well as the uneven and at times counterproductive nature of his administration's actions and claims with respect to scientific integrity.
  • 207
    • 79959907559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23
    • Harris & Broad, supra note 94, at A23.
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    • Id
    • Id.
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    • Id
    • Id.
  • 210
    • 79959879531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secrecy report card, 2010
    • Secrecy Report Card, 2010, OPENTHEGOVERNMENT. ORG, http://www. openthegovernment.org/otg/SecrecyRC-2010.pdf, at 3.
    • Openthegovernment. Org. , pp. 3
  • 211
    • 79959898965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Press Release, PEER, July 12, discussing Department of Commerce, Office of Management and Organization, Public Communications Policy, DAO 219-1, effective Apr. 30, 2008, at §§ 6-7, 11, http://www.osec.doc.gov/omo/dmp/daos/dao219-1.html
    • See, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Lift Gag Order Muzzling NOAA Scientists, (July 12, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1372 (discussing Department of Commerce, Office of Management and Organization, Public Communications Policy, DAO 219-1, effective Apr. 30, 2008, at §§ 6-7, 11, http://www.osec.doc.gov/omo/dmp/daos/dao219-1.html);
    • (2010) Lift Gag Order Muzzling Noaa Scientists
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    • 79959886841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Apr. 21, describing similar directive within US Forest Service
    • see also, e.g., Press Release, PEER, Forest Cops Chafe Under Tight Media Muzzle (Apr. 21, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1335 (describing similar directive within US Forest Service);
    • (2010) Forest Cops Chafe Under Tight Media Muzzle
  • 214
    • 79959892860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Science Group Praises New Department of Interior Scientific Integrity Policy as a Great First Step; Calls for Department to Furnish Details and Deadlines Sept. 29, 2010
    • Press Release, Union of Concerned Scientists, Science Group Praises New Department of Interior Scientific Integrity Policy as a Great First Step; Calls for Department to Furnish Details and Deadlines (Sept. 29, 2010), http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press-release/science-group-praises-new-0457.html;
  • 215
    • 79959901767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Secretary of Interior, Order No. 3305, Ensuring Scientific Integrity Within the Department of the Interior Sept. 29, 2010, hereinafter Order No. 3305
    • see also Secretary of Interior, Order No. 3305, Ensuring Scientific Integrity Within the Department of the Interior (Sept. 29, 2010), http://elips.doi.gov/app-so/act-getfiles.cfm?order-number=3305 [hereinafter Order No. 3305];
  • 216
    • 79959915907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, PEER, Interior Makes Big Stride on Scientific Integrity Sept. 29, 2010
    • Press Release, PEER, Interior Makes Big Stride on Scientific Integrity (Sept. 29, 2010), http://www.peer.org/news/news-id.php?row-id=1409.
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    • See Order No. 3305, supra note 123, at § 2
    • See Order No. 3305, supra note 123, at § 2.
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    • 79959902602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally Office of the Inspector Gen., U. S. Dep't of the Interior, Report No. WR-EV-MOA-0014-2009 Apr, available at
    • See generally Office of the Inspector Gen., U. S. Dep't of the Interior, Evaluation Report: Interior Lacks a Scientific Integrity Policy, Report No. WR-EV-MOA-0014-2009 (Apr. 2010), available at http://www.doioig.gov/images/ stories/reports/pdf/ScientificIntegrityPolicy.pdf.
    • (2010) Evaluation Report: Interior Lacks a Scientific Integrity Policy
  • 220
    • 79959903833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release, White House, Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling May 22, 2010
    • Press Release, White House, Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (May 22, 2010), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/ weekly-addresspresident-obama-establishes-bipartisan-national-commission-bp- deepwa.
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    • 79959899967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., describing President Ford's appointment of a commission headed by Vice President Rockefeller as a means to "preempt a congressional inquiry" into recent scandals. In an amusing example of the Rockefeller Commission's attempt to head off embarrassing disclosures, a book recounts the following: After CIA Director Colby's second or third appearance before the commission investigators, Rockefeller drew Colby aside and said, 'Bill, do you really have to present all this material to us? We realize there are secrets that you fellows need to keep, and so nobody here is going to take it amiss if you feel there are some questions you can't answer quite as fully as you seem to feel you have to.'
    • See, e.g., KATHRYN S. OLMSTED, CHALLENGING THE SECRET GOVERNMENT 49 (1996) (describing President Ford's appointment of a commission headed by Vice President Rockefeller as a means to "preempt a congressional inquiry" into recent scandals). In an amusing example of the Rockefeller Commission's attempt to head off embarrassing disclosures, a book recounts the following: After [CIA Director] Colby's second or third appearance before the commission investigators, Rockefeller drew Colby aside and said, 'Bill, do you really have to present all this material to us? We realize there are secrets that you fellows need to keep, and so nobody here is going to take it amiss if you feel there are some questions you can't answer quite as fully as you seem to feel you have to.'
    • (1996) Challenging the Secret Government , pp. 49
    • Kathryn, S.O.1
  • 223
    • 79959861685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 618-34
    • Kitrosser, supra note 37, at 618-34.
  • 224
    • 79959911891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 613
    • Id. at 613;
  • 225
    • 79959872039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1746-47
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1746-47.
  • 226
    • 79959917224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1760
    • Kitrosser, supra note 58, at 1760.
  • 227
    • 79959889342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1768-69
    • Id. at 1768-69.
  • 228
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    • Id. at 1743-44
    • Id. at 1743-44.
  • 229
    • 79959867874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1755-56
    • Id. at 1755-56
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    • 78649386277 scopus 로고
    • reaching this conclusion, and explaining that the U. S. Supreme Court embraced essentially the same approach in Morrison v. Olson
    • (reaching this conclusion, and explaining that the U. S. Supreme Court embraced essentially the same approach in Morrison v. Olson, 487 U. S. 654 (1988)).
    • (1988) U. S. , vol.487 , pp. 654
  • 231
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    • See supra notes 88-92 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 88-92 and accompanying text.
  • 232
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    • See supra notes 95-96 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 95-96 and accompanying text.
  • 233
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    • See supra notes 97-104 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 97-104 and accompanying text.
  • 234
    • 79959877111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 105 and accompanying text
    • See supra note 105 and accompanying text.
  • 235
    • 33750070312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside the administrative state: A critical look at the practice of presidential control
    • 49
    • Lisa Schultz Bressman & Michael B. Vandenbergh, Inside the Administrative State: A Critical Look at the Practice of Presidential Control, 105 MICH. L. REV. 47, 49(2006).
    • (2006) Mich. L. Rev. , vol.105 , pp. 47
    • Bressman, L.S.1    Vandenbergh, M.B.2
  • 236
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    • Obama's "czars" for domestic policy and the law of the white house staff
    • As this discussion reflects, unitarians often treat the President and the White House staff as interchangeable. On this view, power that belongs to the President as head of the unitary executive branch may be exercised by White House officers to whom the President delegates power. Yet the notion that the President may freely delegate his "unitary" power has not gone unchallenged. In his contribution to this Symposium issue, Professor Saiger argues that a unitarian reading of the Constitution does not encompass a presidential freedom to "deputize agents on his staff to wield executive power on his behalf just as he could wield it himself."
    • As this discussion reflects, unitarians often treat the President and the White House staff as interchangeable. On this view, power that belongs to the President as head of the unitary executive branch may be exercised by White House officers to whom the President delegates power. Yet the notion that the President may freely delegate his "unitary" power has not gone unchallenged. In his contribution to this Symposium issue, Professor Saiger argues that a unitarian reading of the Constitution does not encompass a presidential freedom to "deputize agents on his staff to wield executive power on his behalf just as he could wield it himself." Aaron Saiger, Obama's "Czars" for Domestic Policy and the Law of the White House Staff 79 FORDHAM L. REV. 2577 (2011).
    • (2011) Fordham L. Rev. , vol.79 , pp. 2577
    • Saiger, A.1
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    • Fragmented features of the constitution's unitary executive
    • Similarly, Saikrishna Prakash has argued that the Constitution is unitarian but that it does not license the President to "delegate his own power to others.", 716
    • Similarly, Saikrishna Prakash has argued that the Constitution is unitarian but that it does not license the President to "delegate his own power to others." Saikrishna B. Prakash, Fragmented Features of the Constitution's Unitary Executive, 45 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 701, 716(2009).
    • (2009) Willamette L. Rev. , vol.45 , pp. 701
    • Prakash, S.B.1
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    • See MCGARITY & WAGNER, supra note 14, at 34-38
    • See MCGARITY & WAGNER, supra note 14, at 34-38.
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    • 45349091675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classified information leaks and free speech
    • See, e.g., 916-18
    • See, e.g., Heidi Kitrosser, Classified Information Leaks and Free Speech, 2008 U. ILL. L. REV. 881, 916-18.
    • (2008) U. Ill. L. Rev. , pp. 881
    • Kitrosser, H.1
  • 240
    • 79959878322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The architecture of accountability: A case study of the warrantless surveillance program
    • See, e.g., 362-64, 376-89
    • See, e.g., Kathleen Clark, The Architecture of Accountability: A Case Study of the Warrantless Surveillance Program, 2010 BYU L. REV. 357, 362-64, 376-89;
    • (2010) BYU L. Rev. , pp. 357
    • Clark, K.1
  • 241
    • 70349426706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The freedom of information act and the ecology of transparency
    • 1016-21, 1033, 1045-46, 1056-59
    • Seth F. Kreimer, The Freedom of Information Act and the Ecology of Transparency, 10 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 1011, 1016-21, 1033, 1045-46, 1056-59 (2008);
    • (2008) U. Pa. J. Const. L , vol.10 , pp. 1011
    • Kreimer, S.F.1
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    • 79959874178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interdependent relationship between internal and external separation of powers
    • 425-26, 439-52
    • Gillian E. Metzger, The Interdependent Relationship Between Internal and External Separation of Powers, 59 EMORY L. J. 423, 425-26, 439-52 (2009).
    • (2009) Emory L. J , vol.59 , pp. 423
    • Metzger, G.E.1
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    • 79959882036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Clark, supra note 143, at 385-86
    • See, e.g., Clark, supra note 143, at 385-86.
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    • 79959911892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 385-87
    • Id. at 385-87.
  • 245
    • 79959874483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes 105-06 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 105-06 and accompanying text.
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    • 34548677753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overseer, or "the decider"? The president in administrative law
    • See, e.g., 721-24, citing signing statements by President Clinton and President George W. Bush objecting to minimum qualification requirements for Presidential appointees
    • See, e.g., Peter L. Strauss, Overseer, or "The Decider"? The President in Administrative Law, 75 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 696, 721-24 (2007) (citing signing statements by President Clinton and President George W. Bush objecting to minimum qualification requirements for Presidential appointees).
    • (2007) Geo. Wash. L. Rev. , vol.75 , pp. 696
    • Strauss, P.L.1
  • 247
    • 79959912196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1
    • See Scientific Integrity Memo, supra note 1.
  • 248
    • 79959908452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretary of energy
    • See Dr
    • See Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary of Energy, DEP'T OF ENERGY, http://www.energy.gov/organization/dr-steven-chu.htm.
    • Dep't of Energy
    • Chu, S.1
  • 249
    • 34548782188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reprocessing vermont yankee
    • See, e.g., 881-900, describing and criticizing some of the procedural requirements that courts have inferred from the APA
    • See, e.g., Jack M. Beermann & Gary Lawson, Reprocessing Vermont Yankee, 75 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 856, 881-900 (2007) (describing and criticizing some of the procedural requirements that courts have inferred from the APA).
    • (2007) Geo. Wash. L. Rev. , vol.75 , pp. 856
    • Beermann, J.M.1    Lawson, G.2
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    • 84877888046 scopus 로고
    • Franklin v. Massachusetts, 796, 800-01
    • Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 U. S. 788, 796, 800-01 (1992).
    • (1992) U. S. , vol.505 , pp. 788
  • 251
    • 79959862020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the Obama White House echoing a similar incident in the Bush administration claimed a constitutional right, as well a statutory exemption, to withhold information from a group that invoked FOIA to request "records of visits by coal executives in order to analyze whether these executives influenced the administration's energy policy." While the administration ultimately relented and agreed to disclose the records, the incident is a reminder of the practical significance of constitutional and statutory arguments as a means for administrations to avoid disclosing information, and the continuity of such arguments across administrations and parties. See Union of Concerned Scientists
    • For example, the Obama White House (echoing a similar incident in the Bush administration) claimed a constitutional right, as well a statutory exemption, to withhold information from a group that invoked FOIA to request "records of visits by coal executives in order to analyze whether these executives influenced the administration's energy policy." While the administration ultimately relented and agreed to disclose the records, the incident is a reminder of the practical significance of constitutional and statutory arguments as a means for administrations to avoid disclosing information, and the continuity of such arguments across administrations and parties. See Union of Concerned Scientists, White House Visitor Logs and Lack of Transparency in the Obama Administration, http://www.ucsusa.org/scientific- integrity/abuses-of-science/white-house-visitor-logsand.html.
    • White House Visitor Logs and Lack of Transparency in the Obama Administration
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    • 79959891975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra note 117
    • See supra note 117.
  • 253
    • 79959897143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 110
    • See, e.g., Kitrosser, supra note 110;
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    • It came from beneath the twilight zone: Wiretapping and article II imperialism
    • 1405-06
    • Heidi Kitrosser, It Came From Beneath the Twilight Zone: Wiretapping and Article II Imperialism, 88 TEX. L. REV. 1401, 1405-06 (2010).
    • (2010) Tex. L. Rev. , vol.88 , pp. 1401
    • Kitrosser, H.1
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    • 79959881059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 110
    • Kitrosser, supra note 110;
  • 256
    • 79959909969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kitrosser, supra note 154, at 1430-33
    • Kitrosser, supra note 154, at 1430-33.
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    • Separation of parties, not powers
    • See, 2316, 2332-34, 2339
    • See Daryl J. Levinson & Richard H. Pildes, Separation of Parties, Not Powers, 119 HARV. L. REV. 2311, 2316, 2332-34, 2339(2006).
    • (2006) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.119 , pp. 2311
    • Levinson, D.J.1    Pildes, R.H.2
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    • 79959884162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2344
    • Id. at 2344.
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    • See supra note 115 and accompanying text
    • See supra note 115 and accompanying text.
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    • The conservative insurgency and presidential power: A developmental perspective of the unitary executive
    • See, e.g., 2073-77, 2092-2100
    • See, e.g., Stephen Skowronek, The Conservative Insurgency and Presidential Power: A Developmental Perspective of the Unitary Executive, 122 HARV. L. REV. 2070, 2073-77, 2092-2100 (2009);
    • (2009) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 2070
    • Skowronek, S.1
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    • The conservative embrace of presidential power
    • 499-503
    • Julian E. Zelizer, The Conservative Embrace of Presidential Power, 88 B. U. L. REV. 499, 499-503 (2008).
    • (2008) B. U. L. Rev. , vol.88 , pp. 499
    • Zelizer, J.E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.