Defusing the Objectification of Women by Other Women: The Role of Competence

Sex Roles

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 177-188

  Johnson, Valerie ^a,b   Gurung, Regan A R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN GREEN BAY   (United States)

^b CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clothing; Competence; Intelligence; Objectification

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959792149     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0006-5     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Abbey, A., Cozzarelli, C., McLaughlin, K., & Harnish, R. J. (1987). The effects of clothing and dyad sex composition on perceptions of sexual intent: Do women and men evaluate these cues differently. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 108-126. doi: 10. 1111/j. 15591816. 1987. tb00304. x.
2. Baumgartner, M. S., & Schneider, D. E. (2010). Perceptions of women in management: A thematic analysis of razing the glass ceiling. Journal of Career Development, 37, 559-576. doi: 10. 1177/0894845309352242.
3. Beebe, D. W., Holmbeck, G. N., Schober, A., & Lane, M. (1996). Is body focus restricted to self-evaluation? Body focus and the evaluation of self and others. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20, 415-422. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199612)20:4< 415:: AID-EAT9> 3.0. CO; 2-Q.
4. Bretthauer, B., Zimmerman, T. S., & Banning, J. H. (2007). A feminist analysis of popular music: Power over, objectification of, and violence against women. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 18, 29-51. doi: 10. 1300/J086v18n04_02.
5. Cahoon, D. D., & Edmonds, E. M. (1989). Male-female estimates of opposite-sex first impressions concerning females' clothing styles. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(3), 280-281.
6. Calogero, R. M. (2004). A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 16-21. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2004. 00118. x.
7. Cooper, V. W. (1997). Homophily or the queen bee syndrome: Female evaluation of female leadership. Small Group Research, 28, 483-499. doi: 10. 1177/1046496497284001.
8. Deaux, K., & Taynor, J. (1973). Evaluation of male and female ability: Bias works two ways. Psychological Reports, 32(1), 261-262.
9. Deaux, K., & Emswiller, T. (1974). Explanations of successful performance on sex-linked tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 80-85. doi: dx. doi. org/10. 1037/h0035733.
10. Ellemers, N., van den Heuvel, H., de Gilder, D., Maass, A., & Bonvini, A. (2004). The underrepresentation of women in science: Differential commitment or the queen bee syndrome? British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 315-338. doi: 10. 1348/0144666042037999.
11. Etaugh, C., & Brown, B. (1975). Perceiving the causes and success and failure of male and female performers. Developmental Psychology, 11, 103. doi: 10. 1037/h0076132.
12. Frederick, D. A., Peplau, L. A., & Lever, J. (2006). The swimsuit issue: Correlates of body image in a sample of 52, 677 heterosexual adults. Body Image, 3, 413-419. doi: 10. 1016/j. bodyim. 2006. 08. 002.
13. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 1997. tb00108. x.
14. Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284. doi: 10. 1037/h0090332.
15. Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., & LaFrance, M. (2003). Body objectification and "fat talk": Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles, 48, 377-388. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1023516209973.
16. Glick, P., Larsen, S., Johnson, C., & Branstiter, H. (2005). Evaluations of sexy women in low- and high-status jobs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 389-395. doi: 10. 1111/j. 14716402. 2005. 00238. x.
17. Gurung, R. A. R., & Chrouser, C. J. (2007). Predicting objectification: Do provocative clothing and observer characteristics matter? Sex Roles, 57, 91-99. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-007-9219-z.
18. Hall, L. (2010). "The problem that won't go away": Femininity, motherhood and science. Women's Studies Journal, 24(1), 14-30.
19. Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images on women's self objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58, 649-657. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-007-9379-x.
20. Haslam, N., Bain, P., Douge, L., Lee, M., & Bastian, B. (2005). More human than you: Attributing humanness to self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 937-950. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 89. 6. 937.
21. Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 598-601. doi: 10. 1016/j. jesp. 2009. 02. 008.
22. Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 657-674. doi: 10. 1111/0022-4537. 00234.
23. Heilman, M. E., & Haynes, M. C. (2005). No credit where credit is due: Attributional rationalization of women's success in male-female teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 905-916. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 90. 5. 905.
24. Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G. (2007). Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: The implied communality deficit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 81-92. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 92. 1. 81.
25. Heilman, M. E., Wallen, A. S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M. M. (2004). Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 416-427. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 89. 3. 4.
26. Jones, C. (2009). Femininity, mathematics, and science, 1880-1914. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
27. Lott, B. (1985). The devaluation of women's competence. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 43-60. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1540-4560. 1985. tb01140. x.
28. Mathison, D. L. (1986). Sex differences in the perception of assertiveness among female managers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 599-606. doi: 10. 1080/00224545. 1986. 9713632.
29. Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 420-428. doi: 10. 1037/0022-0167. 52. 3. 420.
30. Pheterson, G. L., Kiesler, S. B., & Goldberg, P. A. (1971). Evaluation of the performance of women as a function of their sex, achievement, and personal history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 114-118. doi: 10. 1037/h0031215.
31. Piacente, B. S., Penner, L. A., Hawkins, H. L., & Cohen, S. L. (1974). Evaluation of the performance of experimenters as a function of their sex and competence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 321-329. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1559-1816. 1974. tb02603. x.
32. Quinn, D. M., Kallen, R. W., Twenge, J. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). The disruptive effect of self-objectification on performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 59-64. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2006. 00262. x.
33. Rudman, L. A. (1998). Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 629-645. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 74. 3. 629.
34. Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762. doi: 10. 1111/0022-4537. 00239.
35. Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Davis, B. (1993). What's happening on music television? A gender role content analysis. Sex Roles, 28, 745-753. doi: 10. 1007/BF00289991.
36. Staines, G., Tavris, C., & Jayaratne, T. E. (1974). The queen bee syndrome. Psychology Today, 7, 55-60.
37. Strelan, P., & Hargreaves, D. (2005). Women who objectify other women: The vicious circle of objectification? Sex Roles, 52, 707-712. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-005-3737-3.
38. Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., & Ferguson, M. J. (2001). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 31-53. doi: 10. 1111/0022-4537. 00200.
39. Watts, R. (2007). Women in science: A social and cultural history. London: Routledge.