Immunotoxins and other conjugates containing saporin-s6 for cancer therapy

Toxins

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 697-720

  Polito, Letizia ^a   Bortolotti, Massimo ^a   Pedrazzi, Manuela ^a   Bolognesi, Andrea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anti cancer therapy; Immunoconjugates; Immunotherapy; Immunotoxins; Plant toxins; Saporin s6

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC SAPORIN S6 CONTAINING CONJUGATE; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR SAPORIN S6 CONJUGATE; CHIMERIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 25A11 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4 SINGLE CHAIN FRAGMENT VARIABLE ANTIBODY 83 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR SAPORIN S6 CONJUGATE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2 SAPORIN S6 CONJUGATE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR SAPORIN S6 CONJUGATE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN F(AB')2 FRAGMENT BISPECIFIC ANTIBODY SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 48 127 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 7A10C9 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 7E4B11 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY B7 24 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY BER H2 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY BU12 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY EP2 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY HB2 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY HJ591 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IB4 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ML30 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY OKT1 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY OKT11 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY OM124 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY RITUXIMAB SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY UCHT1 SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; RITUXIMAB; SAPORIN S6 CONTAINING IMMUNOTOXIN; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY SAPORIN S6 IMMUNOTOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ADENOCARCINOMA; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ASTROCYTOMA; B CELL LEUKEMIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER CARCINOMA; BLADDER TUMOR; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CELL SURFACE; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG SPECIFICITY; DRUG TARGETING; FEVER; HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; IC 50; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; MELANOMA; MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; MYALGIA; NEUROBLASTOMA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PHOTOCHEMICAL INTERNALIZATION; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SOLID TUMOR; T CELL LEUKEMIA; TERATOCARCINOMA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR CELL; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; WEAKNESS;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG SCREENING ASSAYS, ANTITUMOR; HUMANS; IMMUNOCONJUGATES; IMMUNOTOXINS; NEOPLASMS; RIBOSOME INACTIVATING PROTEINS, TYPE 1; SAPONARIA; SEEDS;

ANIMALIA; SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS;

EID: 79959654218     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060697     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Stirpe, F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins. Toxicon 2004, 44, 371-383.
2. Fracasso, G.; Bellisola, G.; Castelletti, D.; Tridente, G.; Colombatti, M. Immunotoxins and other conjugates: Preparation and general characteristics. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2004, 4, 545-562.
3. Ribosome-inactivating protein saporin-6. Available online: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20656 (accessed on 21 June 2011).
4. Fermani, S.; Falini, G.; Ripamonti, A.; Polito, L.; Stirpe, F.; Bolognesi, A. The 1.4 anstroms structure of dianthin 30 indicates a role of surface potential at the active site of type 1 ribosome inactivating proteins. J. Struct. Biol. 2005, 149, 204-212.
5. Fermani, S.; Tosi, G.; Farini, V.; Polito, L.; Falini, G.; Ripamonti, A.; Barbieri, L.; Chambery, A.; Bolognesi, A. Structure/function studies on two type 1 ribosome inactivating proteins: Bouganin and lychnin. J. Struct. Biol. 2009, 168, 278-287.
6. Bolognesi, A.; Tazzari, P.L.; Tassi, C.; Gromo, G.; Gobbi, M.; Stirpe, F. A comparison of anti-lymphocyte immunotoxins containing different ribosoma-inactivating proteins and antibodies. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1992, 89, 341-346.
7. Flavell, D.J. Saporin immunotoxins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1998, 234, 57-61.
8. Tazzari, P.L.; Bolognesi, A.; de Totero, D.; Lemoli, R.M.; Fortuna, A.; Conte, R.; Crumpton, M.J.; Stirpe, F. Immunotoxins containing saporin linked to different CD2 monoclonal antibodies: In vitro evaluation. Br. J. Haematol. 1994, 86, 97-105.
9. Lemoli, R.M.; Tazzari, P.L.; Fortuna, A.; Bolognesi, A.; Gulati, S.C.; Stirpe, F.; Tura, S. Positive selection of hematopoietic CD34+ stem cells provides "indirect purging" of CD34- lymphoid cells and the purging efficiency is increased by anti-CD2 and anti-CD30 immunotoxins. Bone Marrow Transpl. 1994, 13, 465-471.
10. Siena, S.; Lappi, D.A.; Bregni, M.; Formosa, A.; Villa, S.; Soria, M.; Bonadonna, G.; Gianni, A.M. Synthesis and characterization of an antihuman T-lymphocyte saporin immunotoxin (OKT1-SAP) with in vivo stability into nonhuman primates. Blood 1988, 72, 756-765.
11. Siena, S.; Bregni, M.; Formosa, A.; Brando, B.; Marenco, P.; Lappi, D.A.; Bonadonna, G.; Gianni, A.M. Immunotoxin-mediated inhibition of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell proliferation in humans. Cancer Res. 1989, 49, 3328-3332.
12. Bolognesi, A.; Tazzari, P.L.; Tassi, C.; Gromo, G.; Gobbi, M.; Stirpe, F. Anti-lymphocyte immunotoxins prepared with ribosome-inactivating proteins and different antibodies. J. Chemother. 1990, 3, 337-340.
13. Flavell, D.J.; Cooper, S.; Morland, B.; Flavell, S.U. Characteristics and performance of a bispecific F (ab'gamma)2 antibody for delivering saporin to a CD7+ human acute T-cell leukaemia cell line. Br. J. Cancer 1991, 64, 274-280.
14. Flavell, D.J.; Cooper, S.; Morland, B.; French, R.; Flavell, S.U. Effectiveness of combinations of bispecific antibodies for delivering saporin to human acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines via CD7 and CD38 as cellular target molecules. Br. J. Cancer 1992, 65, 545-551.
15. Morland, B.J.; Barley, J.; Boehm, D.; Flavell, S.U.; Ghaleb, N.; Kohler, J.A.; Okayama, K.; Wilkins, B.; Flavell, D.J. Effectiveness of HB2 (anti-CD7)-saporin immunotoxin in an in vivo model of human T-cell leukaemia developed in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Br. J. Cancer 1994, 69, 279-285.
16. Morland, B.J.; Boehm, D.; Flavell, S.U.; Kohler, J.A.; Flavell, D.J. Immunotoxin studies in a model of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed in severe combined immune-deficient mice. Cell Biophys. 1994, 24-25, 315-329.
17. Flavell, D.J.; Flavell, S.U.; Boehm, D.; Emery, L.; Noss, A.; Ling, N.R.; Richardson, P.R.; Hardie, D.; Wright, D.H. Preclinical studies with the anti-CD19-saporin immunotoxin BU12-SAPORIN for the treatment of human-B-cell tumours. Br. J. Cancer 1995, 72, 1373-1379.
18. Flavell, D.J.; Boehm, D.A.; Emery, L.; Noss, A.; Ramsay, A.; Flavell, S.U. Therapy of human B-cell lymphoma bearing SCID mice is more effective with anti-CD19- and anti-CD38-saporin immunotoxins used in combination than with either immunotoxin used alone. Int. J. Cancer 1995, 62, 337-344.
19. Flavell, D.J.; Warnes, S.L.; Bryson, C.J.; Field, S.A.; Noss, A.L.; Packham, G.; Flavell, S.U. The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab augments the immunospecific therapeutic effectiveness of an anti-CD19 immunotoxin directed against human B-cell lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. 2006, 134, 157-170.
20. Polito, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Tazzari, P.L.; Farini, V.; Lubelli, C.; Zinzani, P.L.; Ricci, F.; Stirpe, F. The conjugate Rituximab/SAP-S6 completely inhibits clonogenic growth of CD20-expressing cells and produces a synergistic toxic effect with Fludarabine. Leukemia 2004, 18, 1215-1222.
21. Bonardi, M.A.; French, R.R.; Amlot, P.; Modena, D.; Glennie, M.J. Delivery of saporin to human B-cell lymphoma using bispecific antibody: Targeting via CD22 but not CD19, CD37, or immunoglobulin results in efficient killing. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 3015-3021.
22. Bolognesi, A.; Tazzari, P.L.; Olivieri, F.; Polito, L.; Lemoli, R.; Terenzi, A.; Pasqualucci, L.; Falini, B.; Stirpe, F. Evaluation of immunotoxins containing single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins and an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody (OM124): In vitro and in vivo studies. Br. J. Haematol. 1998, 101, 179-188.
23. Battelli, M.G.; Buonamici, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Stirpe, F. In vivo and in vitro uptake of an anti-CD30/saporin immunotoxin by rat liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells. Hepatology 1994, 20, 940-947.
24. Pasqualucci, L.; Wasik, M.; Teicher, B.A.; Flenghi, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Polito, L.; Stirpe, F.; Falini, B.; Kadin, M.E. Antitumor activity of anti-CD30 immunotoxin (Ber-H2/saporin) in vitro and in severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice xenografted with human CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 1995, 85, 2139-2146.
25. Tazzari, P.L.; de Totero, D.; Bolognesi, A.; Testoni, N.; Pileri, S.; Roncella, S.; Reato, G.; Stein, H.; Gobbi, M.; Stirpe, F. An Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphoblastoid cell line (D430B) that grows in SCID-mice with the morphologic features of a CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and is sensitive to anti-CD30 immunotoxins. Haematologica 1999, 84, 988-995.
26. Bolognesi, A.; Polito, L.; Farini, V.; Bortolotti, M.; Tazzari, P.L.; Ratta, M.; Ravaioli, A.; Horenstein, A.L.; Stirpe, F.; Battelli, M.G. et al. CD38 as a target of IB4 mAb carrying SAP-S6: Design of an IT for ex vivo depletion of hematological CD38+ neoplasia. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 2005, 19, 145-152.
27. Vooijs, W.C.; Otten, H.G.; van Vliet, M.; van Dijk, A.J.; de Weger, R.A.; de Boer, M.; Bohlen, H.; Bolognesi, A.; Polito, L.; de Gast, G.C. B7-1 (CD80) as target for immunotoxin therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Br. J. Cancer 1997, 76, 1163-1169.
28. Bolognesi, A.; Polito, L.; Tazzari, P.L.; Lemoli, R.M.; Lubelli, C.; Fogli, M.; Boon, L.; de Boer, M.; Stirpe, F. In vitro anti-tumour activity of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 immunotoxins containing type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins. Br. J. Haematol. 2000, 110, 351-361.
29. Tazzari, P.L.; Polito, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Pistillo, M.P.; Capanni, P.; Palmisano, G.L.; Lemoli, R.M.; Curti, A.; Biancone, L.; Camussi, G. et al. Immunotoxins containing recombinant anti-CTLA-4 single-chain fragment variable antibodies and saporin: In vitro results and in vivo effects in an acute rejection model. J. Immunol. 2001, 167, 4222-4229.
30. Pistillo, M.P.; Tazzari, P.L.; Palmisano, G.L.; Pierri, I.; Bolognesi, A.; Ferlito, F.; Capanni, P.; Polito, L.; Ratta, M.; Pileri, S.; et al. CTLA-4 is not restricted to the lymphoid cell lineage and can function as a target molecule for apoptosis induction of leukemic cells. Blood 2003, 101, 202-209.
31. Polito, L.; Bortolotti, M.; Farini, V.; Pedrazzi, M.; Tazzari, P.L.; Bolognesi, A. ATG-saporin-S6 immunotoxin: A new potent and selective drug to eliminate activated lymphocytes and lymphoma cells. Br. J. Haematol. 2009, 147, 710-718.
32. Bonardi, M.A.; Bell, A.; French, R.R.; Gromo, G.; Hamblin, T.; Modena, D.; Tutt, A.L.; Glennie, M.J. Initial experience in treating human lymphoma with a combination of bispecific antibody and SAP. Int. J. Cancer Suppl. 1992, 7, 73-77.
33. French, R.R.; Hamblin, T.J.; Bell, A.J.; Tutt, A.L.; Glennie, M.J. Treatment of B-cell lymphomas with combination of bispecific antibodies and SAP. Lancet 1995, 346, 223-224.
34. French, R.R.; Bell, A.J.; Hamblin, T.J.; Tutt, A.L.; Glennie, M.J. Response of B-cell lymphoma to a combination of bispecific antibodies and SAP. Leuk. Res. 1996, 20, 607-617.
35. Falini, B.; Bolognesi, A.; Flenghi, L.; Tazzari, P.L.; Broe, M.K.; Stein, H.; Dürkop, H.; Aversa, F.; Corneli, P.; Pizzolo, G.; et al. Response of refractory Hodgkin's disease to monoclonal anti-CD30 IT. Lancet 1992, 339, 1195-1196.
36. Pasqualucci, L.; Flenghi, L.; Terenzi, A.; Bolognesi, A.; Stirpe, F.; Bigerna, B.; Falini, B. IT therapy of hematological malignancies. Haematologica 1995, 80, 546-556.
37. Siena, S.; Bregni, M.; Formosa, A.; Martineau, D.; Lappi, D.A.; Bonadonna, G.; Gianni, A.M. Evaluation of antihuman T lymphocyte saporin immunotoxins potentially useful in human transplantation. Transplantation 1988, 46, 747-753.
38. Flavell, D.J.; Cooper, S.; Okayama, K.; Emery, L.; Flavell, S.U. Comparison of the performance of anti-CD7 and anti-CD38 bispecific antibodies and immunotoxins for the delivery of saporin to a human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Hematol. Oncol. 1995, 13, 185-200.
39. Flavell, D.J.; Warnes, S.; Noss, A.; Flavell, S.U. Host-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity contributes to the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of an anti-CD7-saporin immunotoxin in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 5787-5794.
40. Flavell, D.J.; Warnes, S.L.; Noss, A.L.; Flavell, S.U. Anti-CD7 antibody and immunotoxin treatment of human CD7(+)T-cell leukaemia is significantly less effective in NOD/LtSz-scid mice than in CB.17 scid mice. Br. J. Cancer 2000, 83, 1755-1761.
41. Flavell, D.J.; Boehm, D.A.; Okayama, K.; Kohler, J.A.; Flavell, S.U. Therapy of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in severe combined immunodeficient mice with two different anti-CD7-saporin immunotoxins containing hindered or non-hindered disulphide cross-linkers. Int. J. Cancer 1994, 58, 407-414.
42. Flavell, D.J.; Boehm, D.A.; Noss, A.; Flavell, S.U. Comparison of the potency and therapeutic efficacy of the anti-CD7 immunotoxin HB2-saporin constructed with one or two saporin moieties per immunotoxin molecule. Br. J. Cancer 1997, 75, 1035-1043.
43. Bregni, M.; Siena, S.; Formosa, A.; Lappi, D.A.; Martineau, D.; Malavasi, D.; Dorken, B.; Bonadonna, G.; Gianni, A.M. B-cell restricted saporin immunotoxins: Activity against B-cell lines and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1989, 73, 753-762.
44. McLaughlin, P.; Grillo-López, A.J.; Link, B.K.; Levy, R.; Czuczman, M.S.; Williams, M.E.; Heyman, M.R.; Bence-Bruckler, I.; White, C.A.; Cabanillas, F. et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: Half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998, 16, 2825-2833.
45. Bortolotti, M.; Polito, L.; Farini, V.; Bolognesi, A. Epratuzumab/SAP-S6: An anti-CD22 IT for selective depletion of B-cells neoplasms. Haematologica 2010, 95, S86.
46. Tazzari, P.L.; Bolognesi, A.; de Totero, D.; Falini, B.; Lemoli, R.M.; Soria, M.R.; Pileri, S.; Gobbi, M.; Stein, H.; Flenghi, L. et al. Ber-H2 (anti-CD30)-saporin immunotoxin: A new tool for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and CD30+ lymphoma: In vitro evaluation. Br. J. Haematol. 1992, 81, 203-211.
47. Flavell, D.J.; Boehm, D.A.; Emery, L.; Noss, A.; Ramsay, A.; Flavell, S.U. Therapy of human B-cell lymphoma bearing SCID mice is more effective with anti-CD19- and anti-CD38-saporin immunotoxins used in combination than with either immunotoxin used alone. Int. J. Cancer 1995, 62, 337-344.
48. Pistillo, M.P.; Tazzari, P.L.; Stirpe, F.; Bolognesi, A.; Polito, L.; Capanni, P.; Pioli, C.; Gatta, L.; Ubaldi, V.; Doria, G. et al. Anti-CTLA-4 human scFv antibodies prevent T-cell activation in transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 2001, 33, 285-287.
49. Flavell, D.J.; Boehm, D.A.; Noss, A.; Warnes, S.L.; Flavell, S.U. Therapy of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a combination of anti-CD7 and anti-CD38-SAPORIN immunotoxins is significantly better than therapy with each individual immunotoxin. Br. J. Cancer 2001, 84, 571-578.
50. Flavell, D.J.; Noss, A.; Pulford, K.A.; Ling, N.; Flavell, S.U. Systemic therapy with 3BIT, a triple combination cocktail of anti-CD19, -CD22, and -CD38-saporin immunotoxins, is curative of human B-cell lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 4824-4829.
51. Selbo, P.K.; Weyergang, A.; Høgset, A.; Norum, O.J.; Berstad, M.B.; Vikdal, M.; Berg, K. Photochemical internalization provides time- and space-controlled endolysosomal escape of therapeutic molecole. J. Control. Release 2010, 148, 2-12.
52. Heisler, I.; Sutherland, M.; Bachran, C.; Hebestreit, P.; Schnitger, A.; Melzig, M.F.; Fuchs, H. Combined application of saponin and chimeric toxins drastically enhances the targeted cytotoxicity on tumor cells. J. Control. Release 2005, 106, 123-137.
53. Fuchs, H.; Bachran, C.; Li, T.; Heisler, I.; Dürkop, H.; Sutherland, M. A cleavable molecular adapter reduces side effects and concomitantly enhances efficacy in tumor treatment by targeted toxins in mice. J. Control. Release 2007, 117, 342-350.
54. Bachran, C.; Dürkop, H.; Sutherland, M.; Bachran, D.; Müller, C.; Weng, A.; Melzig, M.F.; Fuchs, H. Inhibition of tumor growth by targeted toxins in mice is dramatically improved by saponinum album in a synergistic way. J. Immunother. 2009, 32, 713-725.
55. Hoffmann, C.; Bachran, C.; Stanke, J.; Elezkurtaj, S.; Kaufmann, A.M.; Fuchs, H.; Loddenkemper, C.; Schneider, A.; Cichon, G. Creation and characterization of axenograft model for human cervical cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2010, 118, 76-80. Erratum in: Gynecol. Oncol. 2010, 119, 604.
56. Beitz, J.G.; Davol, P.; Clark, J.W.; Kato, J.; Medina, M.; Frackelton, A.R., Jr.; Lappi, D.A.; Baird, A.; Calabresi, P. Antitumor activity of basic fibroblast growth factor-saporin mitotoxin in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 1992, 52, 227-230.
57. Tetzke, T.A.; Caton, M.C.; Maher, P.A.; Parandoosh, Z. Effect of fibroblast growth factor saporin mitotoxins on human bladder cell lines. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 1997, 15, 620-629.
58. Davol, P.; Frackelton, A.R., Jr. The mitotoxin, basic fibroblast growth factor-saporin, effectively targets human prostatic carcinoma in an animal model. J. Urol. 1996, 156, 1174-1179.
59. Siva, A.C.; Wild, M.A.; Kirkland, R.E.; Nolan, M.J.; Lin, B.; Maruyama, T.; Yantiri-Wernimont, F.; Frederickson, S.; Bowdish, K.S.; Xin, H. Targeting CUB domain-containing protein 1 with a monoclonal antibody inhibits metastasis in a prostate cancer model. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 3759-3766.
60. Kuroda, K.; Liu, H.; Kim, S.; Guo, M.; Navarro, V.; Bander, N.H. SAP toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen has potent anticancer activity. Prostate 2010, 70, 1286-1294.
61. Tecce, R.; Nicotra, M.R.; Fraioli, R.; Cuomo, M.; Trizio, D.; Natali, P.G. Saporin 6 conjugated to monoclonal antibody selectively kills human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res. 1991, 1, 115-123.
62. Piselli, P.; Vendetti, S.; Poccia, F.; Cicconi, R.; Mattei, M.; Bolognesi, A.; Stirpe, F.; Colizzi, V. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of heat shock protein specific immunotoxins on human tumor cells. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 1995, 9, 55-62.
63. Battelli, M.G.; Polito, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Lafleur, L.; Fradet, Y.; Stirpe, F. Toxicity of ribosome-inactivating proteins-containing immunotoxins to a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Int. J. Cancer 1996, 65, 485-490.
64. Piazza, T.; Cha, E.; Bongarzone, I.; Canevari, S.; Bolognesi, A.; Polito, L.; Bargellesi, A.; Sassi, F.; Ferrini, S.; Fabbi, M. Internalization and recycling of ALCAM/CD166 detected by a fully human single-chain recombinant antibody. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118, 1515-1525.
65. Foehr, E.D.; Lorente, G.; Kuo, J.; Ram, R.; Nikolich, K.; Urfer, R. Targeting of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta with a monoclonal antibody delays tumor growth in a glioblastoma model. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 2271-2278.
66. Waksal, H.W. Role of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor in treating cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1999, 18, 427-436.
67. Ricci, C.; Polito, L.; Nanni, P.; Landuzzi, L.; Astolfi, A.; Nicoletti, G.; Rossi, I.; de Giovanni, C.; Bolognesi, A.; Lollini, P.L. HER/erbB receptors as therapeutic targets of immunotoxins in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. J. Immunother. 2002, 25, 314-323.
68. Heisler, I.; Keller, J.; Tauber, R.; Sutherland, M.; Fuchs, H. A cleavable adapter to reduce nonspecific cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxins. Int. J. Cancer 2003, 103, 277-282.
69. Weyergang, A.; Selbo, P.K.; Berg, K. Photochemically stimulated drug delivery increases the cytotoxicity and specificity of EGF-SAP. J. Control. Release 2006, 111, 165-173.
70. Yip, W.L.; Weyergang, A.; Berg, K.; Tønnesen, H.H.; Selbo, P.K. Targeted delivery and enhanced cytotoxicity of cetuximab-SAP by photochemical internalization in EGFR-positive cancer cells. Mol. Pharm. 2007, 4, 241-251.
71. Ying, W.; Martineau, D.; Beitz, J.; Lappi, D.A.; Baird, A. Anti-B16-F10 melanoma activity of a basic fibroblast growth factor-saporin mitotoxin. Cancer 1994, 74, 848-853.
72. Gosselaar, P.H.; van-Dijk, A.J.; de-Gast, G.C.; Polito, L.; Bolognesi, A.; Vooijs, W.C.; Verheul, A.F.; Krouwer, H.G.; Marx, J.J. Transferrin toxin but not transferrin receptor immunotoxin is influenced by free transferrin and iron saturation. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 32, 61-69.
73. Bergamaschi, G.; Cazzola, M.; Dezza, L.; Savino, E.; Consonni, L.; Lappi, D. Killing of K562 cells with conjugates between human transferrin and a ribosome-inactivating protein (SO-6). Br. J. Haematol. 1988, 68, 379-384.
74. Daniels, T.R.; Ng, P.P.; Delgado, T.; Lynch, M.R.; Schiller, G.; Helguera, G.; Penichet, M.L. Conjugation of an anti transferrin receptor IgG3-avidin fusion protein with biotinylated SAP results in significant enhancement of its cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2007, 6, 2995-3008.
75. Cimini, A.; Mei, S.; Benedetti, E.; Laurenti, G.; Koutris, I.; Cinque, B.; Cifone, M.G.; Galzio, R.; Pitari, G.; Leandro, L.D. et al. Distinct cellular responses induced by saporin and a trasferrin-saporin conjugate in two different human glioblastoma cell lines. J. Cell. Physiol. 2011, in press.
76. Fransson, J.; Borrebaeck, C.A. The nuclear DNA repair protein Ku70/80 is a tumor-associated antigen displaying rapid receptor mediated endocytosis. Int. J. Cancer 2006, 119, 2492-2496.
77. Zhao, X.Y.; Liu, H.L.; Liu, B.; Willuda, J.; Siemeister, G.; Mahmoudi, M.; Dinter, H. Tomoregulin internalization confers selective cytotoxicity of ITs on prostate cancer cells. Transl. Oncol. 2008, 1, 102-109.
78. Dinota, A.; Tazzari, P.L.; Michieli, M.; Visani, G.; Gobbi, M.; Bontadini, A.; Tassi, C.; Fanin, R.; Damiani, D.; Grandi, M. et al. In vitro bone marrow purging of multidrug-resistant cells with a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against Mr 170,000 glycoprotein and Saporin-conjugated anti-mouse antibody. Cancer Res. 1990, 50, 4291-4294.
79. Poccia, F.; Piselli, P.; Di Cesare, S.; Bach, S.; Colizzi, V.; Mattei, M.; Bolognesi, A.; Stirpe, F. Recognition and killing of tumour cells expressing heat shock protein 65 kD with immunotoxins containing saporin. Br. J. Cancer 1992, 66, 427-432.
80. Duxbury, M.S.; Ito, H.; Ashley, S.W.; Whang, E.E. CEACAM6 as a novel target for indirect type 1 immunotoxin-based therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 317, 837-843.
81. Yeung, Y.A.; Finney, A.H.; Koyrakh, I.A.; Lebowitz, M.S.; Ghanbari, H.A.; Wands, J.R.; Wittrup, K.D. Isolation and characterization of human antibodies targeting human aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase. Hum. Antibodies 2007, 16, 163-176.
82. Rouleau, C.; Curiel, M.; Weber, W.; Smale, R.; Kurtzberg, L.; Mascarello, J.; Berger, C.; Wallar, G.; Bagley, R.; Honma, N. et al. Endosialin protein expression and therapeutic target potential in human solid tumors: Sarcoma versus carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 7223-7236.
83. Quadros, E.V.; Nakayama, Y.; Sequeira, J.M. Targeted delivery of saporin toxin by monoclonal antibody to the transcobalamin receptor, TCblR/CD320. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010, 9, 3033-3040.
84. Yang, M.Y.; Chaudhary, A.; Seaman, S.; Dunty, J.; Stevens, J.; Elzarrad, M.K.; Frankel, A.E.; Croix, B., St. The cell surface structure of tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1813, 39-49.
85. Polito, L.; Bortolotti, M.; Farini, V.; Barbieri, L.; Battelli, M.G.; Bolognesi, A. Saporin induces multiple death pathways in lymphoma cells with different intensity and timing as compared to ricin. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2009, 41, 1055-1061.