A century of progress in molecular mass spectrometry

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 4, Issue , 2011, Pages 1-22

  McLafferty, Fred W ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

electron capture dissociation; metastable ion; neutralization reionization MS; odd electron ion; top down proteomics

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON-CAPTURE DISSOCIATION; METASTABLE ION; NEUTRALIZATION REIONIZATION; ODD-ELECTRON ION; TOPDOWN;

DISSOCIATION; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROCARBONS; IODINE; IONIZATION OF GASES; IONS; ISOTOPES; MILITARY OPERATIONS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULES; NUCLEAR WEAPONS;

MASS SPECTROMETRY;

ISOTOPE;

ARTICLE; HISTORY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; ISOTOPES; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT;

EID: 79959500325     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-114018     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Thomson GP. 1965. J. J. Thomson and the Cavendish Laboratory in His Day. Garden City, NY:Doubleday. 186 pp.
2. Davis EA, Falconer IJ. 1997. J. J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron. London: Taylor & Francis. 243 pp.
3. Thomas JM. 2006. J. J. Thomson: winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, 1906. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45:6797-800 (Pubitemid 44654464)
4. Thomson JJ. 1913. Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical Analysis. London: Longmans Green. 277 pp.
5. Aston FW. 1922. Isotopes. London: Edward Arnold. 252 pp.
6. Thomson JJ. 1907. The Corpuscular Theory of Matter. London: Constable. 239 pp.
7. Linder EG. 1932. Mass-spectrograph study of the ionization and dissociation by electron impact of benzene and carbon disulfide. Phys. Rev. 41:149-53
8. Washburn HW, Wiley HF, Rock SM. 1943. The mass spectrometer as an analytical tool. Ind. Eng. Chem. 15:541-47
9. Thomson JJ. 1939. Electronic waves. Philos. Mag. 27:1-32
10. Friedel RA, Sharkey AJ. 1952. Correlation of the mass spectra of alcohols through C11. Presented at Pittsburgh Conf. Anal. Chem. Appl. Spectrosc., Pittsburgh, March 5-7
11. Rock SM. 1951. Qualitative analysis from mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 23:261-68
12. Beynon JH. 1954. Qualitative analysis of organic compounds by mass spectrometry. Nature 174:735-37
13. Beynon JH. 1960. Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to Organic Chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 640 pp.
14. Asselineau J, Ryhage R, Stenhagen E. 1957. Mass spectrometric studies of long chain methyl esters. Determination of the molecular weight and structure of mycocerosic acid. Acta Chem. Scand. 11:196-98
15. Collin J. 1952. Mass spectra of aliphatic amines. Bull. Soc. Sci. Lìege 21:446-56
16. Reed RI. 1958. Electron impact and molecular dissociation. I. Some steroids and triterpenoids. J. Chem. Soc. 1958:3342-46
17. Hanus V. 1959. Isomerization to tropylium ion induced by electron ionization and its significance. Nature 184:1796-98
18. Friedman L, Long FA. 1953. Mass spectra and appearance potentials of ketene monomer and dimer: relation to structure of dimer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75:2837-40
19. Biemann K, Gapp F, Seibl J. 1959. Application of mass spectrometry to structure problems: amino acid sequence in peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81:2274-75
20. Biemann K. 1962. Mass Spectrometry: Organic Chemical Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. 370 pp.
21. Rosenstock HM, Wallenstein MB, Wahrhaftig AL, Eyring H. 1952. Absolute rate theory for isolated systems and the mass spectra of polyatomic molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38:667-78
22. Tal'roze VL, Lyubimova AK. 1952. Secondary processes in the ion source of the mass spectrograph. J. Mass Spectrom. 33:502-4
23. Rylander PN, Meyerson S, Grubb HM. 1957. Organic ions in the gas phase. II. The tropylium ion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79:842-46
24. Doering Wv E, Knox LH. 1954. The cycloheptatrienylium (tropylium) ion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76:3203-6
25. Happ GP, Stewart DW. 1952. Rearrangement peaks in the mass spectra of certain aliphatic acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74:4404-8
26. Nicholson AJC. 1954. The photochemical decomposition of the aliphaticmethyl ketones. Trans. Faraday Soc. 50:1067-73
27. McLafferty FW. 1956. Mass spectrometric analysis. Broad applicability to chemical research. Anal. Chem. 28:306-16
28. McLafferty FW. 1959. Mass spectrometric analysis: molecular rearrangements. Anal. Chem. 31:82-87
29. Spiteller G, Spitteller-Friedmann M. 1964. Rearrangements of aliphatic compounds in the mass spectrometer. Monatshefte Chem. 95:257-64
30. Budzikiewicz H, Djerassi C, Williams DH. 1964. Structural Elucidation of Natural Products by Mass Spectrometry. Vol. II: Alkaloids. San Francisco: Holden-Day. 306 pp.
31. Shannon JS. 1964. New ion charge symbolism inmass spectrometry. Proc. R. Aust. Chem. Inst. 31:323-28
32. McLafferty FW, Gohlke RS. 1959. Mass spectrometric analysis. Spectral data file utilizingmachine filing and manual searching. Anal. Chem. 31:1160-63
33. Gohlke RS. 1963. Uncertified Dow Mass Spectral Data. Midland, MI: Dow Chem. Co. 539 pp.
34. McLafferty FW. 1963. Mass Spectral Correlations. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc. 117 pp.
35. McLafferty FW. 1966. Interpretation of Mass Spectra. New York: Benjamin. 229 pp.
36. Wiley WC. 1956. Bendix time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Science 124:817-20
37. Gohlke RS. 1959. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas-liquid partition chromatography. Anal. Chem. 31:535-41
38. Gohlke RS, McLafferty FW. 1993. Early gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 4:367-71
39. Ryhage R. 1964. Use of a mass spectrometer as a detector and analyzer for effluents emerging from high temperature gas liquid chromatography columns. Anal. Chem. 36:759-64
40. Baldwin MA, McLafferty FW. 1973. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface. I. The direct introduction of liquid solutions into a chemical ionizationmass spectrometer. Org. Mass Spectrom. 7:1111-12
41. Fenn JB, Mann M, Meng CK, Wong SF, Whitehouse CM. 1989. Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science 246:64-71 (Pubitemid 19252085)
42. McLafferty FW, ed. 1983. Tandem Mass Spectrometry. New York:Wiley. 506 pp.
43. Abrahamsson S, Stenhagen E, McLafferty FW. 1969. Atlas of Mass Spectral Data. New York: Wiley. 2, 354 pp.
44. Venkataraghavan R, McLafferty FW, Van Lear GE. 1969. Computer-aided interpretation of mass spectra. Org. Mass Spectrom. 2:1-15
45. McLafferty FW, Stauffer DB. 1989. Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data. New York:Wiley. 7, 872 pp.
46. McLafferty FW. 2009. Registry of Mass Spectral Data and Registry Combined with NIST. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 9th ed.
47. McLafferty FW, Turecek F. 1993. Computer identification of unknown mass spectra. In Interpretation of Mass Spectra, pp. 283-91. Mill Valley, CA: Univ. Sci. Books. 4th ed.
48. McLafferty FW, Hertel RH, Villwock RD. 1974. Probability based matching of mass spectra. Rapid identification of specific compounds in mixtures. Org. Mass Spectrom. 9:690-93
49. Pesyna GM, Venkataraghavan R, Dayringer HE, McLafferty FW. 1976. A probability based matching system using a large collection of reference mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 48:1362-68
50. McLafferty FW, Zhang MY, Stauffer DB, Loh SY. 1998. Comparison of algorithms and databases for matching unknown mass spectra. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 9:92-95 (Pubitemid 128370095)
51. McLafferty FW, Stauffer DA, Loh SY, Wesdemiotis C. 1999. Unknown identification using reference mass spectra. Quality evaluation of databases. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10:1229-40 (Pubitemid 34506448)
52. Budzikiewicz H, Djerassi C, Williams DH. 1967. Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds. San Francisco: Holden-Day. 690 pp.
53. Kwok KS, Venkataraghavan R, McLafferty FW. 1973. Computer-aided interpretation of mass spectra. III. A self-training interpretive and retrieval system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95:4185-94
54. Haraki KS, Venkataraghavan R, McLafferty FW. 1981. Prediction of substructures of unknown mass spectra by the self-training interpretive and retrieval system. Anal. Chem. 53:386-92
55. McLafferty FW, ed. 1963. Mass Spectrometry of Organic Ions. New York: Academic. 730 pp.
56. Budzikiewicz H, Djerassi C, Williams DH. 1964. Structural Elucidation of Natural Products by Mass Spectrometry. Vol. I: Alkaloids. San Francisco: Holden-Day. 233 pp.
57. Djerassi C, Brewer HW, Budzikiewicz H, Orazi OO, Corral RA. 1962. Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems. Spegazzinine and spegazzinidine. Experientia 18:113-15
58. Roller H, Dahm KH, Sweeley CC, Trost BM. 1967. Structure of the juvenile hormone. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 6:179-80
59. Barber M, Jolles P, Vilkas E, Lederer E. 1965. Determination of amino acid sequences in oligopeptides by mass spectrometry. I. The structure of fortuitine, an acylnonapeptide methyl ester. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18:469-73
60. McLafferty FW, Wachs T, Lifshitz C, Innorta G, Irving P. 1970. Substituent effects in unimolecular ion decompositions. XV. Mechanistic interpretations and the quasi-equilibrium theory. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92:6867-80
61. Yates BF, Bouma WJ, Radom L. 1986. Distonic radical cations. Guidelines for the assessment of their stability. Tetrahedron 42:6225-34
62. Gross ML, McLafferty FW. 1971. Identification of C3H6 + structural isomers by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93:1267-68
63. Venkataraghavan R, Klimowski RJ, McLafferty FW. 1970. On-line computers in research: highresolution mass spectrometry. Acc. Chem. Res. 3:158-65
64. Hipple JA. 1947. Peak contour and half-life of metastable ions appearing in mass spectra. Phys. Rev. 71:594-99
65. Shannon TW, McLafferty FW. 1966. Identification of gaseous organic ions by the use of "metastable peaks. " J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88:5021-22
66. McLafferty FW, Bryce TA. 1967. Metastable ion characteristics: characterization of isomeric molecules. Chem. Commun. 1967:1215-17
67. Gross ML, McLafferty FW. 1968. Substituent effects in unimolecular ion decompositions. Formation of C6H5CO+ ions with varying internal energies. Chem. Commun. 1968:254-55
68. McLafferty FW, Fairweather RB. 1968. Metastable ion characteristics. VIII. Characterization of ion decomposition mechanisms by metastable ion abundances. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90:5915-17
69. McLafferty FW, Pike WT. 1967. Metastable ion characteristics. III. Structures of C3H6O+ ions in the mass spectra of aliphatic ketones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89:5953-54
70. Dickman J, Mac Leod JK, Djerassi C, Baldeschwieler JD. 1969. Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems. CLXIX. Determination of the structures of the ions produced in the single and double McLafferty rearrangements by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91:2069-84
71. McLafferty FW, Schuddemage HDR. 1969. Minimization of rearrangement reactions in mass spectra by use of collisional activation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91:1866-68
72. Haddon WF, McLafferty FW. 1968. Metastable ion characteristics. VII. Collision induced metastables. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90:4745-46
73. Haddon WF, McLafferty FW. 1969. Metastable ion characteristics. Measurements with a modified time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 41:31-36
74. McLafferty FW, Bente PF III, Kornfeld R, Tsai S-C, Howe I. 1973. Collisional activation spectra of organic ions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95:2120-29
75. McLafferty FW, Kornfeld R, Haddon WF, Levsen K, Sakai I, et al. 1973. Application of collisional activation spectra to the elucidation of organic ion structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95:3886-92
76. Cheng MT, Kruppa GH, McLafferty FW, Cooper DA. Structural information from tandem mass spectrometry for china white and related fentanyl derivatives. Anal. Chem. 54:2204-7
77. Kruger TL, Litton JF, Kondrat RW, Cooks RG. 1976. Mixture analysis by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 48:2113-19
78. Kondrat RW, Cooks RG. 1978. Direct analysis ofmixtures by mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 50:81-92A
79. McLafferty FW, Bockhoff FM. 1978. A separation/identification system for complex mixtures utilizing mass separation and mass spectral characterization. Anal. Chem. 50:69-76
80. McLafferty FW. 1980. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS): a promising new analytical technique for specific component determination in complex mixtures. Acc. Chem. Res. 13:33-39
81. Yost RA, Enke CG. 1979. Triple quadrupolemass spectrometry for direct mixture analysis and structure elucidation. Anal. Chem. 51:1251-62A
82. Yost RA, Enke CG, McGilvery DC, Smith D, Morrison JD. 1979. High efficiency collision-induced dissociation in an RF-only quadrupole. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 30:127-36
83. McLafferty FW, Venkataraghavan R, Irving P. 1970. Determination of amino acid sequences in peptide mixtures by mass spectrometry. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 39:274-78
84. Wipf H-K, Irving P, McCamish M, Venkataraghavan R, McLafferty FW. Mass spectrometric studies of peptides. V. Determination of amino acid sequences in peptide mixtures by mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95:3369-75
85. McLafferty FW, Todd PJ, McGilvery DC, Baldwin MA. 1980. High-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of increased sensitivity and mass range. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102:3360-63
86. Amster IJ, Baldwin MA, Cheng MT, Proctor CJ, McLafferty FW. 1983. Tandem mass spectrometry of higher molecular weight compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:1654-55
87. Cheng MT, Barbalas MP, Pegues RF, McLafferty FW. 1983. Tandem mass spectrometry: structural and stereochemical information from steroids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:1510-13
88. Amster IJ, McLafferty FW. 1985. Tandem mass spectrometry with fast atom bombardment ionization of cobalamins. Anal. Chem. 57:1208-10
89. Gellene GI, Porter RF. 1983. Neutralized ion-beam spectroscopy. Acc. Chem. Res. 16:200-7
90. Danis PO, Wesdemiotis C, McLafferty FW. 1983. Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry (NRMS). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:7454-56
91. Burgers PC, Holmes JL, Mommers AA, Terlouw JK. 1983. Neutral products of ion fragmentations: hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) identified by collisionally induced dissociative ionization. Chem. Phys. Lett. 102:1-3
92. Feng R, Wesdemiotis C, Baldwin MA, McLafferty FW. 1988. An improved tandem double-focusing mass spectrometer for neutralization-reionization and collisional activation studies. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 86:95-107
93. McLafferty FW. 1990. Studies of unusual simple molecules by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. Science 247:925-29 (Pubitemid 20081652)
94. Holmes JL. 1989. The neutralization of organic cations. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 8:513-39
95. Schwarz H. 1989. Generation of elusive neutrals and dications by neutralization. Charge stripping of monocations in beam experiments. Pure Appl. Chem. 61:685-92
96. Zhang M-Y, Wesdemiotis C, Marchetti M, Danis PO, Ray JC Jr, et al. 1989. Characterization of four C4H4 molecules and cations by neutralization- reionization mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:8341-46
97. Drinkwater DE, McLafferty FW. 1993. Reduced isotope scrambling in neutralization-reionization mass spectra. Org. Mass Spectrom. 28:378-81
98. Comisarow MB, Marshall AG. 1974. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 25:282-83
99. Cody RB Jr, Amster IJ, McLafferty FW. 1985. Peptidemixture sequencing by tandem Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6367-70
100. Amster IJ, McLafferty FW, Castro ME, Russell DH, Cody RB Jr, Ghaderi S. 1986. Detection of mass 16241 ions by Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 58:483-85
101. McLafferty FW, Amster IJ. 1986. Tandem Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 72:85-91
102. Loo JA, Williams ER, Amster IJ, Furlong JJP, Wang BH, et al. 1987. 252Cf plasma desorption with Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 59:1880-82
103. Amster IJ, Loo JA, Furlong JJP, McLafferty FW. 1987. Cesium ion desorption ionization with Fouriertransform mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 59:313-17
104. Hunt DF, Shabanowitz J, Yates JR III, Zhu N-Z, Russell DH, Castro ME. 1987. Tandem quadrupole Fourier-transform mass spectrometry of oligopeptides and small proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:620-23
105. Henry KD, Williams ER, Wang B-H, McLafferty FW, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. 1989. Fouriertransform mass spectrometry of large molecules by electrospray ionization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9075-78 (Pubitemid 20010367)
106. Mann M, Kelleher NL. 2008. Precision proteomics: the case for high resolution and high mass accuracy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:18132-38
107. Kelleher NL, Lin HY, Valaskovic GA, Aaserud DJ, Fridriksson EK, McLafferty FW. 1999. Top down versus bottom up protein characterization by tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121:806-12
108. Pesavento JJ, Bullock CR, Le Duc RD, Mizzen CA, Kelleher NL. 2008. Combinatorial modification of human histone H4 quantitated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with top down mass spectrometry. J. Biol. Chem. 283:14927-37
109. McLafferty FW. 1994. High-resolution tandem FT mass spectrometry above 10 k Da. Acc. Chem. Res. 27:379-86
110. Valaskovic GA, Kelleher NL, McLafferty FW. 1996. Attomole protein characterization by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. Science 273:1199-202 (Pubitemid 26293203)
111. Belov ME, Goshkov ME, Udseth HR, Anderson GA, Smith RD. 2000. Zeptomole-sensitivity electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of proteins. Anal. Chem. 72:2271-79 (Pubitemid 30322291)
112. Little DP, Speir JP, Senko MW, O'Connor PB, McLafferty FW. 1994. Infrared multiphoton dissociation of large multiply charged ions for biomolecule sequencing. Anal. Chem. 66:2809-15
113. Guan Z, Kelleher NL, O'Connor PB, Aaserud DJ, Little DP, McLafferty FW. 1996. 193 nm photodissociation of larger multiply-charged biomolecules. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 157/158:357-64 (Pubitemid 126740077)
114. Williams ER, Henry KD, McLafferty FW, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. 1990. Surface-induced dissociation of large peptide ions in Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1:413-16
115. McLafferty FW, Amster IJ, Furlong JJP, Loo JA, Wang BH, Williams ER. 1987. Tandem Fouriertransform mass spectrometry of large molecules. In Tandem Fourier-Transform Mass Spectrometry, ed. MV Buchanan, pp. 116-26. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
116. Zubarev RA, Kelleher NL, McLafferty FW. 1998. Electron capture dissociation of multiply charged protein cations. A nonergodic process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:3265-66
117. Sze SK, Ge Y, Oh HB, McLafferty FW. 2003. Plasma electron capture dissociation for the characterization of large proteins by top down mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75:1599-603 (Pubitemid 36512597)
118. Sze SK, Ge Y, Oh HB, McLafferty FW. 2002. Top down mass spectrometry of a 29 k Da protein for characterization of any posttranslational modification to within one residue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:1774-49
119. Mirgorodskaya E, Roepstorff P, Zubarev R. 1999. Localization of O-glycosylation sites in peptides by electron capture dissociation in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 71:4431-36
120. Shi SD-H, Hemling ME, Carr SA, Horn DM, Lindh I, McLafferty FW. 2001. Phosphopeptide/ phosphoproteinmapping by electron capture dissociationmass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 73:19-22
121. Syka JE, Coon JJ, Schroeder MJ, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. 2004. Peptide and protein sequence analysis by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:9528-33 (Pubitemid 38869270)
122. Hofstadler SA, Sannes-Lowery KA. 2006. Applications of ESI-MS in drug discovery: interrogation of noncovalent complexes. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5:585-95 (Pubitemid 43971193)
123. Benesch JL, Aquilina JA, Ruotolo BT, Sobott F, Robinson CV. 2006. Tandem mass spectrometry reveals the quaternary structure of macromolecular assemblies. Chem. Biol. 13:597-609
124. Suckau D, Shi Y, Beu SC, Senko MW, Quinn JP, et al. 1993. Coexisting stable conformations of gaseous protein ions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:790-93 (Pubitemid 23053895)
125. Bohrer BC, Merenbloom SI, Koeniger SL, Hilderbrand AE, Clemmer DE. 2008. Biomolecule analysis by ion mobility spectrometry. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1:293-327
126. Breuker K, Oh HB, Horn DM, Cerda BA, McLafferty FW. 2002. Detailed unfolding and folding of gaseous ubiquitin ions characterized by electron capture dissociation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:6407-20 (Pubitemid 34580585)
127. Oh HB, Breuker K, Sze SK, Ge Y, Carpenter BK, McLafferty FW. 2002. Secondary and tertiary structures of gaseous protein ions characterized by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry and photofragment spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:15863-68 (Pubitemid 35462713)
128. Breuker K, McLafferty FW. 2008. Stepwise evolution of protein native structure with electrospray into the gas phase, 10-12-102 s. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:18145-52
129. Han X, Jin M, Breuker K, McLafferty FW. 2006. Extending top-down mass spectrometry to proteins with masses >200 k Da. Science 314:109-12 (Pubitemid 44547751)
130. McLafferty FW. 1984. Trends in analytical instrumentation. Science 226:251-53