Consequences of Revealing Personal Secrets

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 122, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 450-465

  Kelly, Anita E ^a   McKillop, Kevin J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2242422770     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.450     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. Altman, I., & Taylor, D. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
2. Baldwin, M. W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461-484.
3. Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
4. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267.
6. Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.
7. Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1-62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. Berger, R. M. (1982). The unseen minority: Older gays and lesbians. Social Work, 27, 236-242.
9. Berger, R. M., & Kelly, J. J. (1986). Working with homosexuals of the older population. Social Casework, 67, 203-210.
10. Binder, R. (1981). Why women don't report sexual assault. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 42, 437-438.
11. Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1975). Studies in hysteria. New York: Basic Books.
12. Brickman, P., Rabinowitz, V., Karuza, J., Coates, D., Cohn, E., & Kidder, L. (1982). Models of helping and coping. American Psychologist, 37, 368-384.
13. Broadhead, W. E., Kaplan, B. H., James, S. A., Wagner, E. H., Schoenbach, V. J., Grimson, R., Heyden, S., Tibblin, G., & Gehlbach, S. H. (1983). The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117, 521-537.
14. Burgess, A. W., & Holmstrom, L. L. (1974). Rape trauma syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 981-986.
15. Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J., & Beaman, A. L. (1987). Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly based? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 749-758.
16. Coates, D., Wortman, C. B., & Abbey, A. (1979). Reactions to victims. In I. H. Frieze, D. Bar-Tal, & J. S. Carroll (Eds.), New approaches to social problems (pp. 21-52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
17. Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 457-475.
18. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.
19. Corcoran, K. J. (1988). The relationship of interpersonal trust to disclosure when confidentiality is assured. Journal of Psychology, 122, 193-195.
20. Courtois, C. (1992). The memory retrieval process in incest survivor therapy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1, 15-31.
21. Cox, T., & McCay, C. (1982). Psychosocial factors and psychophysiological mechanisms in the aetiology and development of cancers. Social Science and Medicine, 16, 381-396.
22. Coyne, J. C., Kessler, R. C., Tal, M., Turnbull, J., Wortman, C. B., & Greden, J. F. (1987). Living with a depressed person. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 347-352.
23. Cutrona, C. E. (1990). Stress and social support - In search of optimal matching. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 59, 3-14.
24. Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In I. G. Sarason, B. R. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social Support: An interactional view (pp. 319-366). New York: Wiley.
25. Davidowitz, M., & Myrick, R. D. (1984). Responding to the bereaved: An analysis of "helping" statements. Research Record, 1, 35-42.
26. Davies, M. (1970). Blood pressure and personality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 14, 89-104.
27. Derlega, V. J. (1988). Self-disclosure: Inside or outside the mainstream of social psychological research? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 27-34.
28. Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
29. Derogatis, L. R., Abeloff, M. D., & Melisaratos, N. (1979). Psychological coping mechanisms and survival time in metastatic breast cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association, 242, 1504-1508.
30. DiMatteo, M., & Hays, R. (1981). Social support and serious illness. In B. Gottlieb (Ed.), Social networks and social support (pp. 117-148). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
31. Duck, S. W. (1988). Relating to others. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
32. Ebbesen, E. B., Duncan, B., & Konecni, V. J. (1975). Effects of content of verbal aggression on future verbal aggression: A field experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 192-204.
33. Epstein, S. (1985). The implications of cognitive-experiential self-theory for research in social psychology and personality [Special issue]. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 15, 283-310.
34. Evans, N. (1976). Mourning as a family secret. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 15, 502-509.
35. Fishbein, M. J., & Laird, J. D. (1979). Concealment and disclosure: Some effects of information control on the person who controls. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 114-121.
36. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.
37. Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). Changes in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 675-690.
38. Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 715-723.
39. Freedman, J. L., Carlsmith, J. M., & Sears, D. O. (1970). Social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
40. Freud, S. (1958). On the beginning of treatment: Further recommendations on the techniques of psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1913)
41. Friedman, H. S., Hall, J. A., & Harris, M. J. (1985). Type A behavior, non-verbal expressive style and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1299-1315.
42. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
43. Grolnick, L. (1983). Ibsen's truth, family secrets, and family therapy. Family Process, 22, 275-288.
44. Gurtman, M. B. (1986). Depression and the response of others: Reevaluating the reevaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 99-101.
45. Harber, K. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992). Overcoming traumatic memories. In S. A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory (pp. 359-387). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Helmrath, T. A., & Steinitz, E. M. (1978). Death of an infant: Parental grieving and the failure of social support. Journal of Family Practice, 6, 785-790.
47. Henley, N. M. (1973). Power, sex, and nonverbal communication. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 18, 1-26.
48. Hill, C. E. (1992). Research on therapist techniques in brief individual therapy: Implications for practitioners. The Counseling Psychologist, 20, 689-711.
49. Hill, C. E., & Corbett, M. M. (1993). A perspective on the history of process and outcome research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 3-24.
50. Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., Cogar, M. C., & Denman, D. W. (1993). Beneath the surface of long-term therapy: Therapist and client report of their own and each other's covert processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 278-287.
51. Horowitz, M. J. (1975). Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress: A summary. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1457-1463.
52. Horowitz, M. J. (1976). Stress response syndromes. New York: Jason Aronson.
53. Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes (2nd ed.). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
54. Horowitz, M. J., & Wilner, N. (1976). Stress films, emotion, and cognitive response. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1339-1344.
55. House, J. S. (1981). Work, stress, and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
56. Hoyt, M. F. (1978). Secrets in psychotherapy: Theoretical and practical considerations. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 5, 231-241.
57. Hymer, S. (1982). The therapeutic nature of confessions. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 13, 129-143.
58. Ichiyama, M. A., Colbert, D., Laramore, H., Heim, M., Carone, K., & Schmidt, J. (1993). Self-concealment and correlates of adjustment in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 7, 55-68.
59. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
60. Jensen, M. R. (1987). Psychobiological factors predicting the course of breast cancer. Journal of Personality, 55, 317-342.
61. Jones, E. E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. New York: Freeman.
62. Jones, E. E., Rhodewalt, F., Berglas, S., & Skelton, J. A. (1981). Effects of strategic self-presentation on subsequent self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 407-421.
63. Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul. New York: Harvest Books.
64. Karpel, M. A. (1980). Family secrets. Family Process, 19, 295-306.
65. Kelly, A. E., & Achter, J. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40-46.
66. Kelly, A. E., Coenen, M. E., & Johnston, B. L. (1995). Confidants' feedback and traumatic life events. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 161-169.
67. Kelly, A. E., & Kahn, J. H. (1994). Effects of suppression of personal intrusive thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 998-1006.
68. Kelly, A. E., McKillop, K. J., & Neimeyer, G. J. (1991). Effects of counselor as audience on internalization of depressed and nondepressed self-presentations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 126-132.
69. Kelly, A. E., von Weiss, R., & Kenny, C. (1996). Preferred confidants and their feedback. Unpublished manuscript, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.
70. Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Norton.
71. Kennedy, S., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1990). Social support, stress, and the immune system. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 253-266). New York: Wiley.
72. Kessler, R. C., & McLeod, J. D. (1985). Social support and mental health in community samples. In S. Cohen & S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 219-240). New York: Academic Press.
73. Kessler, R. C., Price, R. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1985). Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 531-572.
74. Kissen, D. M. (1966). The significance of personality in lung cancer among men. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 125, 820-826.
75. Kline, W. B. (1986). The risks of client self-disclosure. American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal, 8(2), 94-99.
76. Kobocow, B., McGuire, J. M., & Blau, B. J. (1983). The influence of confidentiality conditions on self-disclosure of early adolescence. Professional Psychology, 4, 435-443.
77. Kozak, M. J., Foa, E. B., & Steketee, G. (1988). Process and outcome of exposure treatment with obsessive-compulsives: Psychophysiological indicators of emotional processing. Behavior Therapy, 19, 157-169.
78. Lambert, M. J., & Bergin, A. E. (1992). Achievements and limitations of psychotherapy research. In D. K. Freedheim (Ed.), History of psychotherapy: A century of change (pp. 360-390). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
79. Lambert, M. J., DeJulio, S. S., & Stein, D. M. (1978). Therapist interpersonal skills: Process, outcome, methodological considerations, and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 467-489.
80. Lane, J. D., & Wegner, D. M. (1995). The cognitive consequences of secrecy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 237-253.
81. Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization, measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 439-455.
82. Lazarus, R. S. (1985). The trivialization of distress. In J. C. Rose & L. J. Solomon (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology. Vol. 8: Prevention in health psychology (pp. 279-298). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
83. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
84. Lazarus, R. S., Speisman, J. C., Mordkof, A. M., & Davison, L. A. (1962). A laboratory study of psychological stress produced by a motion picture film. Psychological Monographs, 76(34, Whole No. 553).
85. Lehman, D. R., Ellard, J. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1986). Social support for the bereaved: Recipients' and providers' perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 438-446.
86. Lehman, D. R., & Hemphill, K. J. (1990). Recipients' perceptions of support attempts and attributions for support attempts that fail. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 563-574.
87. Lehman, D. R., Wortman, C. B., & Williams, A. F. (1987). Long-term effects of losing a spouse or child in a motor vehicle crash. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 218-231.
88. Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
89. Levy, R. I. (1983). Social support and compliance: A selective review and critique of treatment integrity and outcome measurement. Social Science Medicine, 17, 1329-1338.
90. Maddison, D. C., & Walker, W. L. (1967). Factors affecting the outcome of conjugal bereavement. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1057-1067.
91. Margolis, G. J. (1966). Secrecy and identity. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 47, 517-522.
92. Margolis, G. J. (1974). The psychology of keeping secrets. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1, 291-296.
93. McKillop, K. J., Berzonsky, M. D., & Schlenker, B. R. (1992). The impact of self-presentations on self-beliefs: Effects of social identity and self-presentational context. Journal of Personality, 60, 789-808.
94. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
95. Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive-behavior modification: An integrative approach. New York: Plenum Press.
96. Miell, D. E., & Duck, S. W. (1986). Strategies in developing friendship. In V. J. Derlega & B. A. Winstead (Eds.), Friendship and social interaction (pp. 129-144). New York: Springer-Verlag.
97. Mueller, D. P. (1980). Social networks: A promising direction for research on the relationship of the social environment to psychiatric disorder. Social Science Medicine, 14, 147-161.
98. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports and mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
99. Norton, R., Feldman, C., & Tafoya, D. (1974). Risk parameters across types of secrets. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 450-454.
100. Olson, J. M., Barefoot, J. C., & Strickland, L. H. (1976). What the shadow knows: Person perception in a surveillance situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 583-589.
101. Pennebaker, J. W. (1985). Traumatic experience and psychosomatic disease: Exploring the roles of behavioral inhibition, obsession, and confiding. Canadian Psychology, 26, 82-95.
102. Pennebaker, J. W. (1988). Confiding traumatic experiences and health. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 669-682). New York: Wiley.
103. Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 211-244.
104. Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing powers of confiding in others. New York: Morrow.
105. Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Mechanisms of social constraint. In D. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 200-212). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
106. Pennebaker, J. W., Barger, S. D., & Tiebout, J. (1989). Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 577-589.
107. Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281.
108. Pennebaker, J. W., Colder, M., & Sharp, L. K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537.
109. Pennebaker, J. W., & Harber, K. D. (1993). A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 125-145.
110. Pennebaker, J. W., & Hoover, C. W. (1985). Inhibition and cognition: Toward an understanding of trauma and disease. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation (Vol. 4, pp. 107-136). New York: Plenum Press.
111. Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245.
112. Pennebaker, J. W., & O'Heeron, R. C. (1984). Confiding in others and illness rate among spouses of suicide and accidental-death victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 473-476.
113. Peskin, J. (1992). Ruse and representations: On children's ability to conceal information. Developmental Psychology, 28, 84-89.
114. Peters-Golden, H. (1982). Breast cancer: Varied perceptions of social support in the illness experience. Social Science and Medicine, 16, 483-491.
115. Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60.
116. Rando, T. (1993). Treatment of complicated mourning. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
117. Regan, A. M., & Hill, C. E. (1992). Investigation of what clients and counselors do not say in brief therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 240-246.
118. Reichert, E. (1994). Expressive group therapy with adult survivors of sexual abuse. Family Therapy, 21, 99-105.
119. Rhodewalt, F., & Agustsdottir, S. (1986). Effects of self-presentation on the phenomenal self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 47-55.
120. Rime, B., Mesquita, B., Philippot, P., & Boca, S. (1991). Beyond the emotional event: Six studies on the social sharing of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 435-465.
121. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications, and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
122. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103.
123. Russell, D. E. (1986). The secret trauma: Incest in the lives of girls and women. New York: Basic Books.
124. Saffer, J. B., Sansone, P., & Gentry, J. (1979). The awesome burden upon the child who must keep a family secret. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 10, 35-40.
125. Salkovskis, P. M., & Campbell, P. C. (1994). Thought suppression induces intrusion in naturally occurring negative intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 1-8.
126. Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression Management: The self-concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
127. Schlenker, B. R. (1986). Self-identification: Toward an integration of the private and public self. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 21-62). New York: Springer-Verlag.
128. Schlenker, B. R. (1987). Threats to identity: Self-identification and social stress. In C. R. Snyder & C. E. Ford (Eds.), Coping with negative life events: Clinical and social psychological perspectives (pp. 273-321). New York: Plenum Press.
129. Schlenker, B. R., & Trudeau, J. T. (1990). The impact of self-presentation on private self-beliefs: Effects of prior self-beliefs and misattribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 22-32.
130. Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1992). Interpersonal processes involving impression regulation and management. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 133-168.
131. Schwartz, R. S. (1984). Confidentiality and secret-keeping on an inpatient unit. Psychiatry, 47, 279-284.
132. Shortt, J. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992). Talking versus hearing about Holocaust experiences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13, 165-179.
133. Silver, R. L., Boon, C., & Stones, M. H. (1983). Searching for meaning in misfortune: Making sense of incest. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 81-102.
134. Silver, R. L., & Wortman, C. B. (1980). Coping with undesirable life events. In J. Garber & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 279-375). New York: Academic Press.
135. Silver, R. C., Wortman, C. B., & Crofton, C. V. (1990). The role of coping in support provision: The self-presentation dilemma of victims of life crises. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 397-426). New York: Wiley.
136. Spiegel, D. (1992). Effects of psychosocial support on patients with metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 10, 113-120.
137. Spiegel, D., Bloom, J. H., Kraemer, H. C., & Gottheil, E. (1989). Effects of psychosocial treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet, 2, 888-891.
138. Stark, E. (1984). The unspeakable family secret. Psychology Today, 18, 38-46.
139. Steinbeck, J. (1961). The winter of our discontent. New York: Viking Press.
140. Stice, E. (1992). The similarities between cognitive dissonance and guilt: Confession as a relief of dissonance. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 11, 69-77.
141. Stiles, W. B. (1987). "I have to talk to somebody": A fever model of self-disclosure. In V. J. Derlega & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure (pp. 257-282). New York: Plenum Press.
142. Strack, S., & Coyne, J. C. (1983). Social confirmation of dysphoria: Shared and private reactions to depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 798-806.
143. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
144. Swanson, L., & Biaggio, M. K. (1985). Therapeutic perspectives on father-daughter incest. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 667-674.
145. Szajnberg, N. (1988). The developmental continuum from secrecy to privacy in a psychodynamic milieu. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 6, 9-28.
146. Tait, R., & Silver, R. C. (1989). Coming to terms with major negative life events. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 351-381). New York: Guilford Press.
147. Tannenbaum, P. H., & Gaer, E. P. (1965). Mood changes as a function of stress of protagonist and degree of identification in a film viewing situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 612-616.
148. Tausk, V. (1933). On the origin of the "influencing machine" in schizophrenia. Psychoanalysis Quarterly, 2, 519-556.
149. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 181-227). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
150. Thoits, P. (1982). Conceptual, methodological and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 145-159.
151. Trinder, H., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1994). Personally relevant intrusions outside the laboratory: Long-term suppression increases intrusion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 833-842.
152. Truax, C. B., & Carkhuff, R. R. (1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago: Aldine.
153. Truax, C. B., & Mitchell, K. M. (1971). Research on certain therapist interpersonal skills in relation to process and outcome. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 299-344). New York: Wiley.
154. Turner, R. J. (1983). Direct, indirect, and moderating effects of social support on psychological distress and associated conditions. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychological stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 105-155). New York: Academic Press.
155. Vangelisti, A. L. (1994). Family secrets: Forms, functions, and correlates. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 113-135.
156. Wegner, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts. New York: Penguin Books.
157. Wegner, D. M. (1992). You can't always think what you want: Problems in the suppression of unwanted thoughts. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 193-225). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
158. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
159. Wegner, D. M., & Erber, R. (1992). The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 903-912.
160. Wegner, D. M., & Gold, D. B. (1995). Fanning old flames: Emotional and cognitive effects of suppressing thoughts of a past relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 782-792.
161. Wegner, D. M., Lane, J. D., & Dimitri, S. (1994). The allure of secret relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 287-300.
162. Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., III, & White, T. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13.
163. Wegner, D. M., Shortt, J. W., Blake, A. W., & Page, M. S. (1990). The suppression of exciting thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 409-418.
164. Wegner, D. M., & Wenzlaff, R. M. (in press). Mental control. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford Press.
165. Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 369-380.
166. Wendorf, D. J., & Wendorf, R. J. (1985). A systemic view of family therapy ethics. Family Process, 24, 443-460.
167. Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Klein, S. B. (1991). The role of thought suppression in the association of thought and mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 500-508.
168. Wilner, N., & Horowitz, M. J. (1975). Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after a depressing film: A pilot study. Psychological Reports, 37, 135-138.
169. Wilson, T. D., Dunn, D. S., Kraft, D., & Lisle, D. J. (1989). Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
170. Wilson, T. D., & Kraft, D. (1993). Why do I love thee? Effects of repeated introspections about a dating relationship on attitudes toward the relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 409-418.
171. Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D. J., & Schooler, J. (1988). Some undesirable effects of self-reflection. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
172. Woods, K., & McNamara, J. R. (1980). Confidentiality: Its effect on interviewee behavior. Professional Psychology, 11, 714-721.
173. Wortman, C. B. (1984). Social support and the cancer patient: Conceptual and methodological issues. Cancer, 53, 2339-2360.
174. Wortman, C. B., Adesman, P., Herman, E., & Greenberg, R. (1976). Self-disclosure: An attributional perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 184-191.
175. Wortman, C. B., & Lehman, D. R. (1985). Reactions to victims of life crises: Support attempts that fail. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 463-489). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
176. Wortman, C. B., & Silver, R. C. (1987). Coping with irrevocable loss. In G. R. VandenBos & B. K. Bryant (Eds.), Cataclysms, crises, and catastrophies: Psychology in action (pp. 189-235). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
177. Wortman, C. B., & Silver, R. C. (1989). The myths of coping with loss. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 349-357.
178. Wright, T. L., Ingraham, L. J., Chemtob, H. J., & Perez-Arce, P. (1985). Satisfaction and things not said: Clinical tools for group therapists. Small Group Behavior, 16, 565-572.
179. Yalom, I. D. (1985). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York: Basic Books.