The conflicting influences of religiosity on attitude toward torture

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1091-1103

  Malka, Ariel ^a   Soto, Christopher J ^b  

^a YESHIVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Colby College   (United States)

Author keywords

conservatism; ideology; political attitudes; religion; torture

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CONFLICT; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; PHILOSOPHY; POLITICS; TORTURE;

ATTITUDE; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); DATA COLLECTION; HUMANS; POLITICS; RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHIES; TORTURE;

EID: 79959387282     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167211406508     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. ABC News, Washington Post. (2004). ABC News/Washington Post poll # 2004-955: 2004 presidential election/Iraq/abuse of IrAQi prisoners [Computer file]. Roper Center for Public Opinion Research version. Horsham, PA: TNS Intersearch [producer]; Storrs: University of Connecticut, Roper Center [distributor].
2. Abramowitz, A.I., & Saunders, K.L. (2006). Exploring the bases of partisanship in the American electorate: Social identity vs. ideology. Political Research Quarterly, 59, 175-187.
3. Alford, J.R., Funk, C.L., & Hibbing, J.R. (2005). Are political orientations genetically transmitted? American Political Science Review, 99, 153-167.
4. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
5. Allport, G.W. (1959). Religion and prejudice. Crane Review, 2, 1-10.
6. Altemeyer, R.A. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.
7. American National Election Studies (2008). The ANES 2008 Time Series Study [Data set]. Stanford, CA: Stanford University and the University of Michigan [producers].
8. Baldassari, D., & Gelman, A. (2008). Partisans without constraint: Political polarization and trends in American public opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 114, 408-446.
9. Batson, C.D., Schoenrade, P., & Ventis, W.L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
10. Baumgartner, J.C., Francia, P.L., & Morris, J.S. (2008). A clash of civilizations? The influence of religion on public opinion of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Political Research Quarterly, 61, 171-179.
11. Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1995). Religiousness, race, and psychological well-being: Exploring social psychological mediators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 1031-1041.
12. Block, J., & Block, J.H. (2006). Nursery school personality and political orientation two decades later. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 734-749.
13. Brandt, M.J., & Reyna, C. (2010). The role of prejudice and the need for closure in religious fundamentalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 715-725.
14. Burroughs, J.E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2002). Materialism and well-being: A conflicting values perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 348-370.
15. Carlsmith, K.M., & Sood, A.M., (2008). The fine line between interrogation and retribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 191-196.
16. Carmines, E.G., & Stimson, J.A. (1989). Issue evolution: Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
17. Carney, D.R., Jost, J.T., Gosling, S.D., & Potter, J. (2008). The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29, 807-840.
18. Claggett, W.J.M., & Shafer, B.E. (1995). The two majorities: The issue context of modern American politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
19. Cohen, A.B. (2009). Many forms of culture. American Psychologist, 64, 194-204.
20. Cohen, A.B., & Rozin, P. (2001). Religion and the morality of mentality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 697-710.
21. Cohen, G.L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 808-822.
22. Converse, P.E. (1964). Nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and discontent (pp. 206-261). New York, NY: Free Press.
23. Converse, P.E., & Markus, G.B. (1979). Plus ca change: The new CPS election study panel. American Political Science Review, 73, 32-49.
24. Davis, N., & Robinson, R. (1996). Are the rumors of war exaggerated? Religious orthodoxy and moral progressivism in America. American Journal of Sociology, 102, 756-787.
25. Duckitt, J., Bizumic, B., Krauss, S., & Heled, E. (2010). A tripartite approach to right wing authoritarianism: The authoritarianism-conservatism-traditionalism model. Political Psychology, 31, 685-715.
26. Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice. Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 75-93.
27. Ellsworth, P.C., & Ross, L. (1983). Public opinion and capital punishment: A close examination of the views of abolitionists and retentionists. Crime & Delinquency, 116, 116-169.
28. Federico, C.M., & Goren, P. (2009). Motivated social cognition and ideology: Is attention to elite discourse a prerequisite for epistemically motivated political affinities? In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification (pp. 267-291). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
29. Federico, C.M., Hunt, C.V., & Ergun, D. (2009). Political expertise, social worldviews, and ideology: Translating "competitive jungles" and "dangerous worlds" into ideological reality. Social Justice Research, 22, 259-279.
30. Federico, C.M., & Schneider, M.C. (2007). Political expertise and the use of ideology: Moderating effects of evaluative motivation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71, 221-252.
31. Fiorina, M.P., Abrams, S.J., & Pope, J.C. (2006). Culture war? The myth of a polarized America (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Longman.
32. Gallup. (2004). Americans and the death penalty. Retrieved fromhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/14371/Americans-Death-Penalty.aspx.
33. Gallup. (2005). Public believes U.S. government has tortured prisoners. Retrieved fromhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/20170/public-believes-us-government-has-tortured-prisoners.aspx.
34. Gerber, A.S., Huber, G.A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C.M., & Ha, S.E. (2010). Personality and political attitudes: Relationships across issue domains and political contexts. American Political Science Review, 104, 111-133.
35. Gorsuch, R.L., & McFarland, S.G. (1972). Single vs. multiple-item scales for measuring religious commitment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11, 53-64.
36. Green, D., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
37. Gronke, P., Rejali, D., Drenguls, D., Hicks, J., Miller, P., & Nakayama, B. (2010). U.S. public opinion on torture, 2001-2009. PS: Political Science & Politics, 43, 437-444.
38. Guth, J.L., Kellstedt, L.A., Smidt, C.E., & Green, J.C. (2006). Religious influences in the 2004 presidential election. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36, 223-242.
39. Haider-Markel, D.P., & Vieux, A. (2008). Gender and conditional support for torture in the war on terror. Politics & Gender, 4, 5-33.
40. Hill, E.D., Terrell, H.K., Cohen, A.B., & Nagoshi, C.T. (2010). The role of social cognition in the religious fundamentalism-prejudice relationship. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 724-739.
41. Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 593-608.
42. Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L.M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807-826.
43. Hunter, J.D. (1991). Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York, NY: Basic Books.
44. Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (1987). How are foreign policy attitudes structured? A hierarchical model. American Political Science Review, 81, 1099-1120.
45. Jacoby, W. (1991). Ideological identification and issue attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 178-205.
46. Jacoby, W.G. (1995). The structure of ideological thinking in the American electorate. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 314-335.
47. Jelen, T.G. (2009). Religion and American public opinion: Social issues. In C. E. Smidt, L. A. Kellstedt, & J. L. Guth (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of religion and American politics (pp. 217-242). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
48. Jennings, M.K. (1992). Ideological thinking among mass publics and political elites. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 419-441.
49. Johnson, M.K., Rowatt, W.C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 1, 119-126.
50. Jost, J.T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61, 651-670.
51. Jost, J.T. (2007). Coda: After "The end of the end of ideology"- Reply to Glassman and Karno (2007) and Unger (2007). American Psychologist, 62, 1077-1080.
52. Jost, J.T., Federico, C.M., & Napier, J.L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307-337.
53. Jost, J.T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A.W., & Sulloway, F.J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375.
54. Judd, C.M., & Krosnick, J.A. (1989). The structural bases of consistency among political attitudes: The effects of political expertise and attitude importance. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 99-128). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Kay, A.C., Gaucher, D., Napier, J.L., Callan, M.J., & Laurin, K. (2008). God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 18-35.
56. LaBarbera, P.A., & Gurhan, Z. (1997). The role of materialism, religiosity, and demographics in subjective well-being. Psychology & Marketing, 14, 71-97.
57. Lavine, H. (2001). The electoral consequences of ambivalence toward presidential candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 45, 915-929.
58. Layman, G.C. (2001). The great divide: Religious and cultural conflict in American party politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
59. Layman, G.C., & Carmines, E.G. (1997). Cultural conflict in American politics: Religious traditionalism, postmaterialism, and U.S. political behavior. Journal of Politics, 59, 751-777.
60. Layman, G.C., & Carsey, T.M. (2002). Party polarization and party structuring of policy attitudes: A comparison of three NES panel studies. Political Behavior, 24, 199-236.
61. Layman, G.C., Carsey, T.M., & Horowitz, J.M. (2006). Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 83-110.
62. Layman, G.C., & Green, J.C. (2005). Wars and rumours of wars: The contexts of cultural conflict in American political behavior. British Journal of Political Science, 36, 61-89.
63. Liberman, P. (2006). An eye for an eye: Public support for war against evildoers. International Organization, 60, 687-722.
64. Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M.D. (1998). The democratic dilemma. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
65. Mackie, D.M., Worth, L.T., & Asuncion, A.G. (1990). Processing of persuasive in-group messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 812-822.
66. Malka, A., & Lelkes, Y. (2010). More than ideology: Conservative-liberal identity and receptivity to political cues. Social Justice Research, 23, 156-188.
67. Malka, A., Lelkes, Y., Srivastava, S., Cohen, A.B., & Miller, D.T. (in press). The association of religiosity and political conservatism: The role of political engagement. Political Psychology.
68. Malka, A., Soto, C.J., Cohen, A.B., & Miller, D.T. (in press). Religiosity and social welfare: Competing influences of cultural conservatism and prosocial value orientation. Journal of Personality.
69. McCann, J.A. (1997). Electoral choices and core value change: The 1992 presidential campaign. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 564-583.
70. McCullough, M.E., & Worthington, J. (1999). Religion and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality, 67, 1141-1164.
71. Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
72. Mutz, D.C. (1998). Impersonal Influence: How perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
73. Mutz, D.C. (2002). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 46, 838-855.
74. Napier, J.L., & Jost, J.T. (2008). The antidemocratic personality revisited: A cross-national investigation of working class authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 595-617.
75. Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32, 303-330.
76. Orth, U. (2003). Punishment goals of crime victims. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 173-186.
77. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. (2005). Religion and public life: A faith-based partisan divide. Retrieved fromhttp://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Issues/Politics_and_Elections/religion-andpolitics-report.pdf.
78. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. (2009). The religious dimensions of the torture debate. Retrieved fromhttp://pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/The-Religious-Dimensions-of-the-Torture-Debate.aspx.
79. Pew Research Center. (2009). Public remains divided over use of torture. Retrieved fromhttp://people-press.org/reports/pdf/510.pdf.
80. Pichon, I., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1032-1045.
81. Putnam, R.D., & Campbell, D.E. (2010). American grace: How religion divides and unites us. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
82. Rohrbaugh, J., McClelland, G., & Quinn, R. (1980). Measuring the relative importance of utilitarian and egalitarian values: A study of individual differences about fair distribution. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 34-49.
83. Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values: A theory of organization and change. The Jossey-Bass behavioral science series. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
84. Rokeach, M. (1969). Religious values and social compassion. Review of Religious Research, 11, 24-39.
85. Sargent, M.J. (2004). Less thought, more punishment: Need for cognition predicts support for punitive responses to crime. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1485-1493.
86. Saroglou, V., Delpierre, V., & Dernelle, R. (2004). Values and religiosity: A meta-analysis of studies using Schwartz's model. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 721-734.
87. Saroglou, V., Pichon, I., Trompette, L., Verschueren, M., & Dernelle, R. (2005). Prosocial behavior and religion: New evidence based on projective measures and peer ratings. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 323-348.
88. Schwartz, S.H., & Huismans, S. (1995). Value priorities and religiosity in four western religions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 88-107.
89. Seyle, D.C., & Newman, M.L. (2006). A house divided? The psychology of red and blue America. American Psychologist, 61, 571-580.
90. Shapiro, R.Y., & Bloch-Elkon, Y. (2007). Ideological partisanship and American public opinion toward foreign policy. In M. H. Halperin, J. Laurenti, P. Rundlet, & S. P. Boyer (Eds.), Power and superpower: Global leadership and exceptional-ism in the 21st century (pp. 49-68). New York, NY: Century Foundation Press.
91. Shariff, A.F., & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you: Priming god concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.
92. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
93. Smith, T.B., McCullough, M.E., & Poll, J. (2003). Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 614-636.
94. Sniderman, P.M., Brody, R.A., & Tetlock, P.E. (1991). Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
95. Sniderman, P.M., & Bullock, J. (2004). A consistency theory of public opinion and political choice: The hypothesis of menu dependence. In W. E. Saris & P. M. Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion: Attitudes, nonattitudes, measurement error, and change (pp. 337-358). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
96. Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
97. Stenner, K. (2009). Three kinds of "conservatism." Psychological Inquiry, 20, 142-159.
98. Stimson, J.A. (1975). Belief systems: Constraint, complexity, and the 1972 election. American Journal of Political Science, 19, 393-417.
99. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks-Cole.
100. Tetlock, P.E. (1986). A value pluralism model of ideological reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 819-827.
101. Turner, J.C. (1991). Social influence. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
102. Tyler, T., & Boeckman, R. (1997). Three strikes and you are out, but why? The psychology of public support for punishing rule breakers. Law & Society Review, 31, 237-265.
103. Wald, K. (2003). Religion and politics in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
104. Wuthnow, R. (1988). The restructuring of American religion: Society and faith since World War II. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
105. Zaller, J.R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.