Asymptomatic alzheimer's disease: A prodrome or a state of resilience?

Current Alzheimer Research

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 330-335

  Driscoll, I ^a   Troncoso, J ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Ad; Beta amyloid; Mci; Neuronal hypertrophy; Neuropathology; Normal aging

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUE; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE COURSE; EPISODIC MEMORY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHY; MORPHOMETRICS; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURVIVAL RATE; SYMPTOM;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; PLAQUE, AMYLOID;

EID: 79959344913     PISSN: 15672050     EISSN: 18755828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156720511795745348     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Critchley M, Brist MD, Lond FRCP. The neurology of old age. The Lancet 1119-1127 (1931).
2. Clark RF, Goate AM. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 50(11): 1164-1172 (1993).
3. Alzheimer A. Über einen eigenartigen schweren Krankheits prozessder Hirnrinde. Neurologisches Centralblatt 25: 1134 (1906).
4. Alzheimer A. Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin 64: 146-148 (1907).
5. Godbolt AK, Cipolotti L, Watt H, Fox NC, Janssen JC, Rossor MN. The natural history of Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal pre-symptomatic and symptomatic study of a familial cohort. Arch Neurol 61: 1743-1748 (2004).
6. Thal DR, Braak H. Post-mortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Pathologe 26: 201-213 (2005).
7. Torack RM. Adult dementia: history, biopsy, pathology. Neurosur- gery 4: 434-442 (1979).
8. Troncoso JC, Cataldo AM, Nixon RA, Barnett JL, Lee MK, Checler F, et al. Neuropathology of preclinical and clinical late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 43: 673-6 (1998).
9. Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health 88: 1337-1342 (1998).
10. Hebert LE, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Annual incidence of Alzheimer disease in the United States projected to the years 2000 through 2050. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 15: 169-173 (2001).
11. Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Kelly JF, Aggarwal NT, Shah RC, et al. Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 66: 1837-1844 (2006).
12. Price JL, Morris JC. Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 45: 358-368 (1995).
13. Troncoso JC, Martin LJ, Dal Forno G, Kawas CH. Neuropathology in controls and demented subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurobiol Aging 17: 365-371 (1996).
14. Morris JC, Price AL. Pathologic correlates of nondemented aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 17: 101-118 (2001).
15. Singer B, Friedman E, Seeman T, Fava GA, Ryff CD. Protective environments and health status: Cross-talk between human and animal studies. Neurobiol Aging S26: S113-S18 (2005).
16. Shock NW, Greulich RC, Andres R, Arenberg D, Costa PT, Jr., Lakatta EG, et al. Normal human aging: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1984.
17. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stad-lan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34: 939-944 (1984).
18. Trojanowski JQ, Lee WMY. Commentary on "Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Two decades of progress" Alzheimer's disease research: New opportunities for early diagnosis and drug discovery. Alzheimer's Dementia 1: 119-120 (2005).
19. Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D, Sumi SM, Crain BJ, Brownlee LM, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41: 479-486 (1991).
20. Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82: 239-259 (1991).
21. Redlich F. Uber miliare Sklerose der Hirnrinde bei seniler Atro-phie. Jarbucher fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie 17: (1898).
22. Sze CI, Troncoso JC, Kawas C, Mouton P, Price DL, Martin LJ. Loss of the presynaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin in hippocampus correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. J Neu-ropathol Exp Neurol 56(8): 933-944 (1997).
23. Terry RD, Masliah E, Salmon DP, Butters N, DeTeresa R, Hill R, et al. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 30(4): 572-580 (1991).
24. Mann DMA. Neuronal loss in old people: The affects of ageing or disease? Neurobiol Aging 8(6): 550-551 (1987).
25. West MJ, Coleman PD, Flood DG, Troncoso JC. Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 344(8925): 769-772 (1994).
26. West MJ, Kawas CH, Stewart WF, Rudow GL, Troncoso JC. Hip-pocampal neurons in pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 25(9): 1205-1212 (2004).
27. Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, Roth M. Observations on the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 11: 205-242 (1970).
28. Arriagada PV, Marzloff K, Hyman BT. Distribution of Alzheimer-type pathologic changes in nondemented elderly individuals matches the pattern in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 42: 1681-1688 (1992).
29. Khachaturian ZS. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 42(11): 1097-1105 (1985).
30. Crystal H, Dickson D, Fuld P, Masur D, Scott R, Mehler M, et al. Clinico-pathologic studies in dementia: nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 38(11): 1682-1687 (1988).
31. Dickson DW, Crystal HA, Mattiace LA, Masur DM, Blau AD, Davies P, et al. Identification of normal and pathological aging in prospectively studied nondemented elderly humans. Neurobiol Aging 13(1): 179-189 (1992).
32. Hulette CM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Murray MG, Saunders AM, Mash DC, McIntyre LM. Neuropathological and neuropsychological changes in normal aging: evidence for preclinical Alzheimer disease in cognitively normal individuals. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57: 1168-1174 (1998).
33. Katzman R, Terry R, DeTeresa R, Brown T, Davies P, Fuld P, et al. Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia: a subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques. Ann Neurol 23(2): 138-144 (1988).
34. Knopman DS, Parisi JE, Salviati A, Floriach-Robert M, Boeve BF, Ivnik RJ, et al. Neuropathology of cognitively normal elderly. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62: 1087-1095 (2003).
35. Price JL, Davis PB, Morris JC, White DL. The distribution of tangles, plaques and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 12: 295-312 (1991).
36. Schmitt FA, Davis DG, Wekstein DR, Smith CD, Ashford JW, Markesbery WR. Preclinical AD revisited: neuropathology of cognitively normal older adults. Neurology 55: 370-376 (2000).
37. Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, Roth M. Observations on the brains of non-demented old people. J Neurol Sci 7: 331-356 (1968).
38. Price JL, McKeel DW Jr, Buckles VD, Roe CM, Xiong C, Grund-man M, et al. Neuropathology of nondemented aging: presumptive evidence for preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 30(7): 1026-1036 (2009).
39. O'Brien RJ, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Ferrucci L, Crain BJ, Pletnikova O, et al. Neuropathologic studies of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). J Alzheimers Dis 18(3): 665-675 (2009).
40. Hyman BT. The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: clinical-pathological studies. Neurobiol Aging 18: 27-32 (1997).
41. Morris JC. Mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics Suppl: 9-14 (2005).
42. Morris JC, Storandt M, McKeel DW Jr, Rubin EH, Price JL, Grant EA, et al. Cerebral amyloid deposition and diffuse plaques in "normal" aging: evidence for presymptomatic and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 46: 707-719 (1996).
43. Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Yun LS, Chen K, Bandy D, Minoshima S, et al. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homo-zygous for the epsilon 4 allele for apolipoprotein E. N Engl J Med 334: 752-758 (1996).
44. Tagliavini F, Giaccone G, Frangione B, Bugiani O. Preamyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease and nondemented individuals. Neurosci Lett 93: 191-196 (1988).
45. Delaère P, Duyckaerts C, Masters C, Beyreuther K, Piette F, Hauw JJ. Large amounts of neocortical beta A4 deposits without neuritic plaques nor tangles in a psychometrically assessed, non-demented person. Neurosci Lett 116: 87-93 (1990).
46. Delaère P, He Y, Fayet G, Duyckaerts C, Hauw JJ. Beta A4 deposits are constant in the brain of the oldest old: an immunocyto-chemical study of 20 French centenarians. Neurobiol Aging 14: 191- 194 (1993).
47. Mrak RE, Griffin ST, Graham DI. Aging-associated changes in human brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 1269-1275 (1997).
48. Morris JC, Price AL. Pathologic correlates of nondemented aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 17(2): 101-118 (2001).
49. Lue LF, Brachova L, Civin WH, Rogers J. Inflammation, A beta deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle formation as correlates of Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 1083-1088 (1996).
50. Benzing WC, Mufson EJ, Armstrong DM. Immunocytochemical distribution of peptidergic and cholinergic fibers in the human amygdala: their depletion in Alzheimer's disease and morphologic alteration in non-demented elderly with numerous senile plaques. Brain Res 625: 125-138 (1993).
51. Iacono D, O'Brien R, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Pletnikova O, Rudow G, et al. Neuronal hypertrophy in asymptomatic Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67(6): 578-589 (2008).
52. Riudavets MA, Iacono D, Resnick SM, O'Brien R, Zonderman AB, Martin LJ, et al. Resistance to Alzheimer's pathology is associated with nuclear hypertrophy in neurons. Neurobiol Aging 28(10): 1484-1492 (2007).
53. Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Arnold SE. Education modifies the association of amyloid but not tangles with cognitive function. Neurology 65: 953-995 (2005).
54. Davis DG, Schmitt FA, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR. Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively normal subjects. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58: 376-388 (1999).
55. Geddes JW, Tekirian TL, Soultanian NS, Ashford JW, Davis DG, Markesbery WR. Comparison of neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 18: S99-S105 (1997).
56. Green MS, Kaye JA, Ball MJ. The Oregon brain aging study: neu-ropathology accompanying healthy aging in the oldest old. Neurology 54: 105-113 (2000).
57. Haroutunian V, Purohit DP, Perl DP, Marin D, Khan K, Lantz M, et al. Neurofibrillary tangles in nondemented elderly subjects and mild Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 56: 713-718 (1999).
58. Lim A, Tsuang D, Kukull W, Nochlin D, Leverenz J, McCormick W, et al. Clinico-neuropathological correlation of Alzheimer's disease in a community-based case series. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 564-569 (1999).
59. Gold G, Kovari E, Corte G, Herrmann FR, Canuto A, Bussiere T, et al. Clinical validity of a beta-protein deposition staging in brain aging and Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60: 946-952 (2001).
60. Giannakopoulos P, Herrmann FR, Bussiere T, Bouras C, Kovari E, Perl DP, et al. Tangle and neuron numbers, but not amyloid load, predict cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 60: 1495-1500 (2003).
61. Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Wilson RS. Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer disease pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurology 64: 834-842 (2005).
62. Driscoll I, Resnick SM, Troncoso JC, An Y, O'Brien R, Zonderman AB. Impact of Alzheimer's pathology on cognitive trajectories in nondemented elderly. Ann Neurol 60: 688-695 (2006).
63. Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 256(3): 183-194(2004).
64. Riley KP, Snowdon DA, Markesbery WR. Alzheimer's neurofibril-lary pathology and the spectrum of cognitive function: findings from the Nun Study. Ann Neurol 51: 567-577 (2002).
65. Galvin JE, Powlishta KK, Wilkins K, McKeel DW Jr, Xiong C, Grant E, et al. Predictors of preclinical Alzheimer disease and dementia: a clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol 62: 758-765 (2005).
66. Aizenstein HJ, Nebes RD, Saxton JA, Price JC, Mathis CA, Tsope-las ND, et al. Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. Arch Neurol 65(11):1509-1517 (2008).
67. Resnick SM, Sojkova J, Zhou Y, An Y, Ye W, Holt DP, et al. Longitudinal cognitive decline is associated with fibrillar amyloid-beta measured by [11C]PiB. Neurology 74(10): 807-815 (2010).
68. Mintun MA, Larossa GN, Sheline YI, Dence CS, Lee SY, Mach RH, et al. [11C]PIB in a nondemented population: potential antecedent marker of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67(3): 446-452 (2006).
69. Villemagne VL, Pike KE, Darby D, Maruff P, Savage G, Ng S, et al. Abeta deposits in older non-demented individuals with cognitive decline are indicative of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neu-ropsychologia 46(6): 1688-1697 (2008).
70. Ikonomovic MD, Klunk WE, Abrahamson EE, Mathis CA, Price JC, Tsopelas ND, et al. Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 131:1630-1645 (2008).
71. Iacono D, Markesbery WR, Gross M, Pletnikova O, Rudow G, Zandi P, et al. The Nun study: clinically silent AD, neuronal hypertrophy, and linguistic skills in early life. Neurology 73(9): 665-673 (2009).
72. Diamond MC, Lindner B, Raymond A. Extensive cortical depth measurements and neuron size in creases in the cortex of environmentally enriched rats. J Comp Neurol 131(3): 357-364 (1967).
73. Greferath U, Bennie A, Kourakis A, Bartlett PF, Murphy M, Barrett GL. Enlarged cholinergic forebrain neurons and improved spatial learning in p75 knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 12(3): 885-93 (2000).
74. Janson AM, Fuxe K, Goldstein M, Deutch AY. Hypertrophy of dopamine neurons in the primate following ventromedial mesen-cephalic tegmentum lesion. Exp Brain Res 87(1): 232-238 (1991).
75. Rudow GL, O'Brien R, Savonenko AV, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Pletnikova O, et al. Morphometry of the human substantia ni-gra in ageing and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 115(4): 461-70 (2008).
76. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20: S69-S74 (2006).
77. Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, Wang Y, Blomqvist G, Holt DP, et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol 55: 306-319 (2004).
78. Kung HF, Kung MP, Zhuang ZP, Hou C, Lee CW, Plössl K, et al. Iodinated tracers for imaging amyloid plaques in the brain. Mol Imaging Biol 5: 418-426 (2003).
79. Okamura N, Suemoto T, Shiomitsu T, Suzuki M, Shimadzu H, Akatsu H, et al. A novel imaging probe for in vivo detection of neuritic and diffuse amyloid plaques in the brain. J Mol Neurosci 24: 247-255 (2004).
80. Shoghi-Jadid K, Small GW, Agdeppa ED, Kepe V, Ercoli LM, Siddarth P, et al. Localization of neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of living patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10: 24-35 (2002).