What shapes the news around the world? how journalists in eighteen countries perceive influences on their work

International Journal of Press/Politics

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 404-426

  Hanitzsch, Thomas ^a   Mellado, Claudia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

comparative research; journalists; perceived influences; survey

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959284413     PISSN: 19401612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1940161211407334     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Altmeppen, Klaus-Dieter. 2008. "The Structure of News Production: The Organizational Approach to Journalism Research."In Global Journalism Research: Theories, Methods, Findings, Future, ed. Martin Löffelholz and David Weaver. New York: Blackwell.
2. Bagdikian, Ben H. 1983. The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press.
3. Becker, Lee B., Tudor Vlad, and Nancy Nusser. 2007. "Evaluation of Press Freedom Indicators."International Communication Gazette 69(1): 5-28.
4. Bennett, W. Lance. 2004. "Global Media and Politics: Transnational Communication Regimes and Civic Cultures."Annual Review of Political Science 7: 125-148.
5. Benson, Rodney, and Daniel Hallin. 2007. "How States, Markets and Globalization Shape the News. The French and US National Press, 1965-97."European Journal of Communication 22(1): 27-48.
6. Berkowitz, Dan, Yehiel Limor, and Jane Singer. 2004. "A Cross-Cultural Look at Serving the Public Interest: American and Israeli Journalists Consider Ethical Scenarios."Journalism 5(2): 159-81.
7. Blumler, Jay G., and Michael Gurevitch. 1995. The Crisis of Public Communication. London: Routledge.
8. Boyle, Gregory J. 1991. "Does Item Homogeneity Indicate Internal Consistency of Item redundancy in Psychometric Scales?"Personality and Individual Differences 12(3): 291-94.
9. Breed, Warren. 1955. "Social Control in the News Room."Social Forces 33(4): 326-35.
10. Cook, Timothy E. 1996. Governing With the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11. Curran, James, and Myung-Jin Park, eds. 2003. De-Westernizing Media Studies. New York: Routledge.
12. Czepek, Andrea M. H., and Eva Nowak, eds. 2009. Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe: Concepts and Conditions. Bristol, UK: Intellect.
13. De Haan, Jakob, Susanna Lundström, and Jan-Egbert Sturm. 2006. "Market-Oriented Institutions and Policies and Economic Growth: A Critical Survey."Journal of Economic Surveys 20(2):157-91.
14. Donohue, George A., Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor. 1985. "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership."Journalism Quarterly 62(3): 489-99, 507.
15. Donsbach, Wolfgang. 2000. "Journalist."In Fischer Lexikon Publizistik Massenkommunikation, ed. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Winfried Schulz, and Jürgen Wilke. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.
16. Duval, Julien. 2005. "Economic Journalism in France."In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, ed. Rodney Benson and Erik Neveu. Cambridge: Polity Press.
17. Esser, Frank. 1998. "Editorial Structures and Work in British and German Newsroom."European Journal of Communication 13(3): 375-405.
18. Ettema, James E., D. Charley Whitney, and Daniel B. Wackman. 1987. "Professional Mass Communicators."In Handbook of Communication Science, ed. Charley R. Berger and Steven H. Chaffee. Beverley Hills, CA: SAGE.
19. Flegel, Ruth, and Steven H. Chaffee. 1971. "Influences of Editors, Readers, and Personal Influences on Reporters."Journalism Quarterly 48(4): 645-51.
20. Gans, Herbert J. 2003. Democracy and the News. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. George, Lisa. 2007. "What's Fit to Print: The Effect of Ownership Concentration on Product Variety in Daily Newspaper Markets."Information Economics and Policy 19(3/4): 285-303.
22. Golding, Peter. 1977. "Media Professionalism in the Third World: The Transfer of an Ideology."In Mass Communication and Society, ed. James Curran, Michael Gurevitch, and Jane Woollacott. London: Arnold.
23. Gwartney, James D., and Robert Lawson. 2008. Economic Freedom of the World: 2008 Annual Report. With Seth Norton. Vancouver, BC: Economic Freedom Network.
24. Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Hallin, Daniel C., and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos. 2002. "Political Clientelism and the Media: Southern Europe and Latin America in Comparative Perspective."Media, Culture & Society 24(2): 175-95.
26. Hanitzsch, Thomas. 2005. "Journalists in Indonesia: Educated but Timid Watchdogs."Journalism Studies 6(4): 493-508.
27. Hanitzsch, Thomas, Maria Anikina, Rosa Berganza, Incilay Cangoz, Mihai Coman, Basyouni Hamada, Folker Hanusch,et al.2010. "Modeling Perceived Influences on Journalism: Evidence from a Cross-National Survey of Journalists."Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 87(1): 7-24.
28. Harrison, Jackie. 2000. Terrestrial TV News in Britain: The Culture of Production. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
29. Herscovitz, Heloiza G. 2004. "Brazilian Journalists' Perceptions of Media Roles, Ethics and Foreign Influences on Brazilian Journalism."Journalism Studies 5(1): 71-86.
30. Hofstede, Geert. 1998. "A Case for Comparing Apples with Oranges: International Differences in Values."In Values and Attitudes across Nations and Time, ed. Masamichi Sasaki. Leiden: Brill.
31. Janowitz, Morris. 1975. "Professional Models in Journalism: The Gatekeeper and the Advocate."Journalism Quarterly 52: 618-26, 662.
32. Karlekar, Karin Deutsch, ed. 2003. Freedom of the Press 2005: A Global Survey of Media Independence. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
33. Kepplinger, Hans M., Hans-Bernd Brosius, and Joachim F. Staab. 1991. "Instrumental Actualization: A Theory of Mediated Conflicts."European Journal of Communication 6(3): 263-90.
34. Köcher, Renate. 1986. "Bloodhounds and Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists."European Journal of Communication 1(1): 43-64.
35. Kunelius, Risto. 2007. "Good Journalism."Journalism Studies 7(5): 671-90.
36. McDevitt, Michael. 2003. "In Defense of Autonomy: A Critique of the Public Journalism Critique."Journal of Communication 53(1): 155-64.
37. McManus, John H. 2009. "The Commercialization of News."In The Handbook of Journalism Studies, ed. Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch. New York: Routledge.
38. McNair, Brian. 2000. Journalism and Democracy: An Evaluation of the Political Public Sphere. London: Routledge.
39. McQuail, Denis. 1992. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. London: SAGE.
40. McQuail, Denis. 2000. McQuail's Mass Communication Theory. London: SAGE.
41. Patterson, Thomas E., and Wolfgang Donsbach. 1996. "News Decisions: Journalists as Partisan Actors."Political Communication 13(4): 455-68.
42. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2004. How Journalists See Journalists in 2004: Views on Profits, Performance and Politics. Washington, D.C.: Pew.
43. Preston, Paschal. 2009. Making the News: Journalism and News Cultures in Europe. London: Routledge.
44. Preston, Paschal, and Monika Metykova. 2009. "From News to House Rules: Organisational Contexts."In Making the News: Journalism and News Cultures in Europe, ed. Paschal Preston. London: Routledge.
45. Ramaprasad, Jyotika. 2001. "A Profile of Journalists in Post-Independence Tanzania."Gazette 63(6): 539-56.
46. Reese, Stephen D. 2001. "Understanding the Global Journalist: A Hierarchy-of-Influences Approach."Journalism Studies 2(2): 173-87.
47. Scholl, Armin, and Siegfried Weischenberg. 1998. Journalismus in der Gesellschaft: Theorie, Methodologie und Empirie. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
48. Schudson, M. 2002. "The News Media as Political Institutions."Annual Review of Political Science 5: 249-69.
49. Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Akiba A. Cohen. 2006. News around the World: Content, Practitioners and the Public. New York: Routledge.
50. Shoemaker, Pamela, Martin Eichholz, Eunyi Kim, and Brenda Wrigley. 2001. "Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping."Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78(2): 233-46.
51. Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Stephen D. Reese. 1996. Mediating the Message: Theories of Influence on Mass Media Content. White Plains, NY: Longman.
52. Sigelman, Lee. 1973. "Reporting the News: An Organizational Analysis."American Journal of Sociology 79(1): 132-51.
53. Singer, Jane B. 2007. "Contested Autonomy: Professional and Popular Claims on Journalistic Norms."Journalism Studies 8(1): 79-95.
54. Statham, Paul. 2008. "Making Europe News. How Journalists View Their Role and Media Performance."Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 9(4): 398-422.
55. Underwood, D. 1993. When MBA's Rule the Newsroom: How the Marketers and Managers Are Reshaping Today's Media. New York: Columbia University press.
56. Voakes, Paul S. 1997. "Social Influences on Journalists' Decision Making in Ethical Situations."Journal of Mass Media Ethics 12(1): 18-35.
57. Weaver, David, and Martin Löffelholz. 2008. "Questioning National, Cultural and Disciplinary Boundaries: A Call for Global Journalism Research."In Global Journalism Research. Theories, Methods, Findings, Future, ed. Martin Löffelholz and David Weaver. Oxford: Blackwell.
58. Weaver, David H. 1998. "Journalist around the World: Commonalities and Differences."In The Global Journalist: News People around the World, ed. David H. Weaver. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
59. Weaver, David H., Randal A. Beam, Bonnie J. Brownlee, Paul S. Voakes, and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 2007. The American Journalist in the 21st Century: U.S. News People at the Dawn of a New Millennium. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
60. Weaver, David H., and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 1986. The American Journalist. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
61. Weischenberg, Siegfried, Martin Löffelholz, and Armin Scholl. 1998. "Journalism in Germany."In The Global Journalist: News People around the World, ed. David H. Weaver. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
62. Weischenberg, Siegfried, Armin Scholl, and Maja Malik. 2006. Die Souffleure der Mediengesellschaft. Report über die Journalisten in Deutschland. Konstanz: UVK.
63. White, David M. 1950. "The Gatekeeper: A Case Study in the Selection of News."Journalism Quarterly 27(3): 383-90.
64. Whitney, Charles D., Randall S. Sumpter, and Denis McQuail. 2004. "News Media Production: Individuals, Organizations, and Institutions."In The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies, ed. John D. H. Downing, Denis McQuail, Philip Schlesinger, and Ellen A. Wartella. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
65. Zhu, Jian-Hua, David Weaver, Ven-hwei Lo, Chongshan Chen, and Wei Wu. 1997. "Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions: A Comparative Study of Journalists in China, Taiwan, and the United States."Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74(1): 84-96.