Modeling perceived influences on journalism: Evidence from a cross-national survey of journalists

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 5-22

  Hanitzsch, Thomas ^a   Anikina, Maria ^b   Berganza, Rosa ^c   Cangoz, Incilay ^d   Coman, Mihai ^e   Hamada, Basyouni ^f   Hanusch, Folker ^g   Karadjov, Christopher D ^h   Mellado, Claudia ⁱ   Moreira, Sonia Virginia ^j   Mwesige, Peter G ^k   Plaisance, Patrick Lee ^l   Reich, Zvi ^m   Seethaler, Josef ⁿ   Skewes, Elizabeth A ^o   Noor, Dani Vardiansyah ^p   Yuen, Kee Wang ^q  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

^c UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS   (Spain)

^d ANADOLU UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST   (Romania)

^f CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^g UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^h CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CONCEPCIÓN   (Chile)

^j STATE UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^k African Centre for Media Excellence   (Uganda)

^l Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^m BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

ⁿ ERICH SCHMID INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE   (Austria)

^o UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^p Universitas Esa Unggul   (Indonesia)

^q BNU HKBU UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE   (China)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954483231     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769901008700101     Document Type: Review

References (83)

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5. Timothy E. Cook, Governing With the News: the News Media as a Political Institution (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998);
6. John H. McManus, Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware? (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994).
7. Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen, "The Structure of News Production: The Organizational Approach to Journalism Research," in Global Journalism Research: Theories, Methods, Findings, Future, ed. Martin Löffelholz and David Weaver (New York: Blackwell, 2008), 52-64;
8. Lee Sigelman, "Reporting the News: An Organizational Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 79 (July 1973): 132-51.
9. Jack M. McLeod and Searle E. Hawley, "Professionalization Among Newsmen," Journalism Quarterly 41 (winter 1964): 529-39, 577;
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13. David H. Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit, The American journalist (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986), 118-19.
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16. Denis McQuail, McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (London: Sage, 2000), 248.
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18. Charles D. Whitney, Randall S. Sumpter, and Denis McQuail, "News Media Production: Individuals, Organizations, and Institutions," in The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies, ed. John D. H. Downing, Denis McQuail, Philip Schlesinger, and Ellen A. Wartella (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004), 393-409.
19. Basyouni I. Hamada, "The Relationship between Journalists and Politicians in the Arab World," Journal of Aalam Al-Fikr 26 (1994): 66-100.
20. Paschal Preston, Making the News: Journalism and News Cultures in Europe (London: Routledge, 2009), 7.
21. Ruth Flegel and Steven H. Chaffee, "Influences of Editors, Readers, and Personal Influences on Reporters," Journalism Quarterly 48 (winter 1971): 645-51, 649.
22. Siegfried Weischenberg, Martin Löffelholz, and Armin Scholl, "Journalism in Germany," in Weaver, The Global Journalist, 229-56.
23. Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 135.
24. Dan Berkowitz, Yehiel Limor, and Jane Singer, "A Cross-Cultural Look at Serving the Public Interest: American and Israeli Journalists Consider Ethical Scenarios," Journalism 5 (April 2004): 159-81, 176.
25. Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 124-27;
26. Joseph Man Chan, Paul S. N. Lee, and Chin-Chuan Lee, "East Meets West: Hong Kong Journalists in Transition," in Weaver, The Global Journalist, 31-53, 47.
27. Patterson and Donsbach, "News Decisions," 463.
28. Armin Scholl and Siegfried Weischenberg, Journalismus in der Gesellschaft: Theorie, Methodologie und Empirie (Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1998), 172;
29. Thomas Hanitzsch, "Journalists in Indonesia: Educated but Timid Watchdogs," journalism Studies 6 (August 2005): 493-508, 501;
30. Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 117-20.
31. Jian-Hua Zhu, David Weaver, Ven-hwei Lo, Chongshan Chen, and Wei Wu, "Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions: A Comparative Study of Journalists in China, Taiwan, and the United States," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (fall 1997): 84-96.
32. Wolfgang Donsbach, "Psychology of News Decisions: Factors Behind Journalists' Professional Behavior," Journalism 5 (April 2004): 131-57, 151.
33. Preston, Making the News, 53.
34. Altmeppen, "The Structure of News Production: The Organizational Approach to Journalism Research";
35. Paschal Preston and Monika Metykova, "From News to House Rules: Organisational Contexts," in Preston, Making the News, 72-91;
36. David Weaver and Martin Löffelholz, "Questioning National, Cultural and Disciplinary Boundaries: A Call for Global Journalism Research," in Löffelholz and Weaver, Global Journalism Research, 3-12.
37. Cook, Governing with the News;
38. Herbert J. Gans, Democracy and the News (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003).
39. Whitney, Sumpter, and McQuail, "News Media Production," 406.
40. Preston and Metykova, "From News to House Rules," 88.
41. Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems.
42. Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems, 295;
43. Preston and Metykova, "From News to House Rules," 90;
44. Weaver, "Journalists Around the World," 478;
45. Zhu et al., "Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions," 90.
46. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly;
47. Preston and Metykova, "From News to House Rules," 88;
48. Whitney, Sumpter, and McQuail, "News Media Production," 406.
49. Cook, Governing With the News;
50. Gans, Democracy and the News;
51. Weaver and Löffelholz, "Questioning National, Cultural, and Disciplinary Boundaries," 6.
52. Patterson and Donsbach, "News Decisions";
53. Flegel and Chaffee, "Influences of Editors, Readers, and Personal Influences on Reporters";
54. Kepplinger, Brosius, and Staab, "Instrumental Actualization."
55. Paul S. Voakes, "Social Influences on Journalists' Decision Making in Ethical Situations," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 12 (spring 1997): 18-35, 31;
56. Weaver, "Journalists Around the World," 478;
57. Weaver and Löffelholz, "Questioning National, Cultural, and Disciplinary Boundaries," 6;
58. Zhu et al., "Individual, Organizational, and Societal Influences on Media Role Perceptions," 90.
59. The study was funded by several institutions, including the German Research Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Rothschild-Caesarea School of Communication at Tel Aviv University, and School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Queensland.
60. This was the case in Austria, Egypt, and Uganda. Austria had no significant local TV station, so the number of national channels was increased. In the absence of local newspapers and private radio stations in Egypt, we decided to raise the number of national newspapers and stateowned radio channels, respectively. In Uganda, we increased the number of local radio stations to compensate for the lack of local TV stations; hence, the resulting sample also reflected the prominence of radio in the country.
61. In every country, there exists a tacit consensus among journalists and media scholars regarding the media that are considered to substantially shape the national political agenda. Hence, we selected those quality outlets which are commonly believed to have the greatest impact in this regard. For popular print media we selected the outlets with die highest circulation numbers. The selection of radio and TV stations was based on the ratings of their newscasts.
62. This was especially true for local media. Here, we sampled media outlets produced in various parts of the country: in urban centers and rural areas or, as in the case of Switzerland and Indonesia, in the regions inhabited by the major cultural populations.
63. Weaver and Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 168.
64. Examples for positions were chief editors and their deputies for the highest level of the editorial hierarchy, senior editors and desk heads for the middle level, and reporters for the lowest level.
65. This means that we provided specific instructions as to how to select the journalists within the news organizations. In most cases, we asked our contact persons within the newsrooms to send us the names and telephone numbers of those journalists whose family names came first according to alphabetical order.
66. The five-level structure outlined in the previous section was used as a starting point here. In addition, we screened previous surveys and qualitative studies that have asked similar questions. See Preston, Making the News;
67. Scholl and Weischenberg, Journalismus in der Gesellschaft;
68. Voakes, "Social Influences on Journalists' Decision Making in Ethical Situations."
69. Orthosim-2 allows the examination of the similarity of factor solutions across groups. The program implements an orthogonal procrustes routine to calculate different kinds of similarity coefficients between a comparison and target matrix. The comparison matrix is orthogonally rotated against the target matrix as an attempt to minimize the sum of squared deviations between the comparison matrix and target matrix values. The program reports similarity coefficients for the overall similarity of factor structures and fit measures for individual indicators.
70. The pooled within-country correlation matrix was created by averaging the individual correlation matrices from the seventeen countries. See Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Dianne A. van Hemert, and Ype H. Poortinga, "Conceptual Issues in Multilevel Models," in Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures, ed. Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Dianne A. van Hemert, and Ype H. Poortinga (New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2008), 3-26.
71. Andy P. Field, Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (London: Sage, 2005).
72. Richard E. Lucas and Ed Diener, "Can We Learn about National Differences in Happiness from Individual Responses? A Multilevel Approach," in van de Vijver, van Hemert, and Poortinga, Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures, 240.
73. The reliability values for professional influences (alpha = .68) and reference groups (.67) were rather low, reflecting the relatively wide breadth of the two components. The two dimensions include fairly diverse sources of influences, and minimizing the number of indicators to increase reliability may have reduced cross-cultural validity. See Gregory J. Boyle, "Does Item Homogeneity Indicate Internal Consistency or Item Redundancy in Psychometric Scales?" Personality and Individual Differences 12 (March 1991): 291-94.
74. Results from repeated measures ANOVA. Since Mauchly's test indicated that the assumption of sphericity had been violated, Greenhouse-Geisser estimates were used to correct the degrees of freedom. Post hoc tests were done by using Bonferroni adjustment.
75. Whitney, Sumpter, and McQuail, "News Media Production," 406.
76. Sigelman, "Reporting the News," 146.
77. Edward J. Epstein, Between Fact and Fiction: The Problem of Journalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1975).
78. Joseph P. Bernt, Frank E. Fee, Jacqueline Gifford, and Guido H. Stempel III, "How Well Can Editors Predict Reader Interest in Media?" Newspaper Research Journal 21 (spring 2000): 2-10;
79. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Akiba A. Cohen, News Around the World: Content, Practitioners, and the Public (New York: Routledge, 2006), 88.
80. Hallin and Mancini, Comparing Media Systems;
81. McManus, Market Driven Journalism;
82. Preston and Metykova, "From News to House Rules."
83. The twenty-one items are reported in Table 2.