Assessment of critical loads in tropical Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. F.) forests of Doon Valley Himalayas, India

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Volumn 218, Issue 1-4, 2011, Pages 235-264

  Gautam, Mukesh Kumar ^a,c   Tripathi, Ashutosh Kumar ^a   Manhas, Rajesh Kumar ^b  

^a FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^b S P COLLEGE   (India)

^c 58 Toy City ^*  (India)

Author keywords

Acidification; Critical load; Doon valley; Himalayas; India; Tropical sal forests

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL LOAD; DOON VALLEY; HIMALAYAS; INDIA; TROPICAL SAL FORESTS;

ACIDIFICATION; BIOMASS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTRY; LANDFORMS; METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; NEGATIVE IONS; NITROGEN; POSITIVE IONS; SOILS; SULFUR; TROPICS; WEATHERING;

LOADS (FORCES);

AMMONIA; BICARBONATE; BUFFER; CALCIUM ION; CHLORIDE ION; FLUORIDE ION; MAGNESIUM ION; NITRATE; NITROGEN; POTASSIUM ION; SODIUM ION; SULFATE; SULFITE; SULFUR;

ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; ACIDIFICATION; ACIDITY; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; IMMOBILIZATION; ION EXCHANGE; IONIC COMPOSITION; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; NITROGEN; SOIL TEMPERATURE; SOIL TEXTURE; SULFUR; TROPICAL FOREST;

ACIDIFICATION; ACIDITY; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; BIOMASS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; IMMOBILIZATION; INDIA; IONIC STRENGTH; MINERALOGY; PLANT LEAF; RECYCLING; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOIL MANAGEMENT; TROPICAL RAIN FOREST; WEATHER;

ACIDIFICATION; BIOMASS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTS; IMMOBILIZATION; INDIA; IONS; LOADS; NITROGEN; SHOREA ROBUSTA; SULFUR; WEATHERING;

DEHRADUN VALLEY; HIMALAYAS; INDIA; UTTARAKHAND;

SHOREA ROBUSTA;

EID: 79959202450     PISSN: 00496979     EISSN: 15732932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11270-010-0638-z     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Arp, P. A., Oja, T., & Marsh, M. (1996). Calculating critical S and N loads and current exceedances for upland forests in Southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26, 696-709. (Pubitemid 126565496)
2. Balachandran, S., & Khillare, P. S. (2001). Occurrence of acid rain over Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 71(2), 165-176. (Pubitemid 32936871)
3. Balasubramanian, G., Udayasoorian, C., & Prabu, C. (2007). Effects of short-term exposure of simulated acid rain on the growth of Acacia nilotica. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 19(4), 198-206. (Pubitemid 350094921)
4. Banerjee, D. (2008). Study of precipitation chemistry over an industrial city. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(3), 331-338. (Pubitemid 351976740)
5. Bashkin, V. N., Kozlov, M. Y., Priputina, I. V., Abramychev, A. Y., & Dedkova, I. S. (1995). Calculation and mapping of critical loads of S, N and acidity on ecosystems of the Northern Asia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85(4), 2395-2400. (Pubitemid 26114989)
6. Bauer, S. E., Koch, D., Unger, N., Metzger, S. M., Shindell, D. T., & Streets, D. G. (2007). Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 5043-5059. (Pubitemid 47530943)
7. Bhattacharya, A., Mudgal, R., & Tanjea, A. (2004). Acid deposition and critical load analysis in Agra, India. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 106(2-3), 157-160. (Pubitemid 38199624)
8. Bobbinik, R., & Roelofs, J. G. M. (1995). Ntirogen critical loads for natural and semi natural ecosystems: The empirical approach. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 85, 2413-2418. (Pubitemid 26114992)
9. Bosman, B., Remacle, J., & Carnol, M. (2001). Elemental removal in harvested tree biomass, scenarios for critical load in Wallonia, South Belgium. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, 1, 153-167.
10. Bowden, R. D., Geballe, G. T., & Bowden, W. B. (1989). Foliar uptake of 15N from simulated cloud water by red spruce (Picea rubens) seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 19(3), 382-386.
11. Brown, G., & Brindley, G. W. (1980). X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification. In G. W. Brindley & G. Brown (Eds.), Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification (pp. 305-360). London: Mineralogical Society.
12. Cady, J. G. (1965). Petrographic microscope technique. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part I: Physical and mineralogical properties. Madison: Am Soc Agron Inc.
13. Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Kurata, G., Uno, I., Streets, D. G., Thongboonchoo, N., et al. (2003). Evaluating regional emissions estimates using the TRACE-P observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8810.
14. Champion, H. G., & Seth, S. K. (1968). A revised classification of the forest types in India. New Delhi: GoI.
15. Chandravanshi, C. K., Patel, V. K., & Patel, K. S. (1997). Acid rain in Korba City of India. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 17, 658-661.
16. Chave, J., Olivier, J., Bongers, F., Chatelet, P., Forget, P., van der Meer, P., et al. (2008). Above-ground biomass and productivity in a rain forest of eastern South America. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 24, 355-366. (Pubitemid 351931388)
17. Chiwaa, M., Crossleyb, A., Sheppardb, L. J., Sakugawaa, H., & Cape, J. N. (2004). Throughfall chemistry and canopy interactions in a Sitka spruce plantation sprayed with six different simulated polluted mist treatments. Environmental Pollution, 127, 57-64. (Pubitemid 37206375)
18. Choubey, V. M., Bartarya, S. K., Saini, N. K., & Ramola, R. C. (2001). Radon measurements in groundwater of intermontane Doon valley, Outer Himalaya; effects of geohydrology and neotectonic activity. Environmental Geology, 40(3), 257-266. (Pubitemid 32139908)
19. Clark, D. A., Brown, S., Kicklighter, D., Chambers, J. Q., Thomlinson, J. R., NI, J., et al. (2001). Net primary production in tropical forests: An evaluation and synthesis of existing field data. Ecological Applications, 11, 371-384. (Pubitemid 32276729)
20. Droge, R., & Kroezea, C. (2007). Critical load exceedance for nitrogen in the Ebrie Lagoon (Ivory Coast): A first assessment. Journal of Integrative Environmental Science, 41, 5-19.
21. Duan, L., Xie, S., Zhou, Z., & Hao, J. (2000). Critical loads of acid deposition on soil in China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 118, 35-51. (Pubitemid 30104056)
22. Duan, L., Xie, S., Zhou, Z., Ye, X., & Hao, J. (2001). Calculation and mapping of critical loads for S, N and acidity in China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 1199-1204. (Pubitemid 33019264)
23. Eswaran, H., Reich, P., & Beinroth, F. (1997). Global distribution of soils with acidity. In A. C. Moniz, A. M. C. Furlani, R. E. Schaffert, N. K. Fageria, C. A. Rosolem, & H. Cantarella (Eds.), Plant-soil interactions at low pH (pp. 159-164). Brazil: Brazilian Society of Soil Science.
24. Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., & Falkowski, P. (1998). Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281, 237-240. (Pubitemid 28334501)
25. Foell, W. K., Green, C., Amann, M., Bhattacharaya, S., Carmichael, G., Chadwick, M., et al. (1995). Energy use, emissions and air pollution reduction strategies in Asia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2272-2282.
26. Galloway, J. N. (1989). Atmospheric acidification: Projections for the future. Ambio, 18(3), 161-166.
27. Galloway, J. N. (1995). Acid deposition perspective in time & space. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 15-24.
28. Galloway, J. N. (1998). The global nitrogen cycles: Changes & consequences. Environmental Pollution, 102(1), 15-24. (Pubitemid 29030003)
29. Galloway, J. N. (2001). Acidification of the world: Natural and anthropogenic. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 17-21.
30. Galloway, J. N., Levy, H., II, & Kasibhatia, P. S. (1994). Year 2020: Consequences of population growth & development on deposition of oxidised nitrogen. Ambio, 23(2), 120-123.
31. Garg, A., Bhattacharya, S., & Dadhwal, V. K. (2001). Regional and sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in India. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2679-2695.
32. Garg, A., Shukla, P. R., Bhattacharya, S., & Dadhwal, V. K. (2001). Sub-region (district) and sector level SO2 and NOx emissions for India: Assessment of inventories and mitigation flexibility. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 703-713. (Pubitemid 32170312)
33. Gautam, M. K. (2007). Study of critical load of air borne sulphur and nitrogen induced acidification of the forest soils of Doon valley. D. Phil., Thesis, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun (Uttarakhand), India.
34. Gautam, M. K., Tripathi, A. K., & Manhas, R. K. (2006). Changes in the scenario of dominance and diversity in Shorea robusta Gaertn. F. (Sal) forests of Lacchiwala, Doon valley, India. Industria Forestal, 132(12), 1645-1652.
35. Gay, D. W., & Murphy, C. E. (1989). Measurement of the deposition and fate of sulfur-dioxide-35 in a pine plantation. Journal of Environmental Quality, 18, 337-344.
36. George, M. (1979). Nutrient return by stem-flow, throughfall and rainwater in Eucalyptus hybrid plantation. Industria Forestal, 105, 493-499.
37. Gillett, R. W., Ayers, G. P., Selleck, P. W., Tuti, M., & Harjanto, H. (2004). Concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur species in gas and rainwater from six sites in Indonesia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 120(3-4), 205-215.
38. Golley, F. B. and Leith, H. C. (1972). Bases of organic production in tropics. Symposium on Tropical Ecology with and Emphasis on Organic Production. Georgia, U. S. A: Institute of Ecology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens
39. Hayashi, K., & Okazaki, M. (2001). Acid deposition and critical load map of Tokyo. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 1211-1216. (Pubitemid 33019266)
40. Haywood, J. K. (1905). Injury to vegetation by smelter fumes. Bureau of Chemistry. Bulletin No. 89. Washington DC: Govt. Printing Press Office.
41. Heiskala, P. J., Johansson, M., Holmberg, M., Mattsson, T., Forsius, M., Kortelainen, P., et al. (2003). Long-term base cation balances of forest mineral soils in Finland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 150, 255-273. (Pubitemid 37406789)
42. Hess, T. (2002). AWSER, Potential evapotranspiration program for automatic weather stations. Version 3.0. Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University, Silsoe, UK
43. Hettelingh, J. P., Downing, R. J., & de Smat, P. A. M. (1991). Mapping critical loads for Europe, C. C. E technology Reports No. 1, Report No. 259101001. Bilthoven: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
44. Hettelingh, J. P., Posch, M., de Smat, P. A. M., & Downing, R. J. (1995). The use of critical loads in emissions reductions agreements in Europe. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2381-2388. (Pubitemid 26114987)
45. Hicks, W. K., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Owen, A., Dentener, F., Seip, H. M., & Rodhe, H. (2008). Soil sensitivity to acidification in Asia: Status and prospects. Ambio, 37(4), 295-303.
46. Hodson, M. E., Langan, S. J., & Lumsdon, D. G. (1998). A comparison of soil sensitivity to acidification based on laboratory determined short-term acid buffering capacity and the Skokloster Classification. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 105, 53-62. (Pubitemid 28361707)
47. Högstrom, U. (1973). Residence time of sulphurous air pollutants from a local source during precipitation. Ambio, 2(1-2), 37-41.
48. IPCC. (2001). Climate change. The scientific basis. Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases. UNEP, pp 241-260.
49. Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil chemical analysis. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd.
50. Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R., Monney, H. A., Sala, O. E., & Schultze, E. D. (1996). A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia, 108, 389-411.
51. Johnson, D. W., & Lindberg, S. E. (1992). Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling. New York: Springer.
52. Kalra, Y. P., & Maynard, D. G. (1991). Organic Carbon determination by Wet Digestion (Modified Walkley-Black Procedure). In Y. P. Kalra, & D. G. Maynard (Eds.), Methods manual for forest soil and plant analysis (pp. 27-30). Information Report NOR-X-319. Forestrt Canada, Northwest Region. Alberta, Canada: Northern Forestry Centre.
53. Kato, N., & Akimoto, H. (1992). Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: Emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 26(16), 2997-3017. (Pubitemid 23375583)
54. Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Naik, M. S., Rao, P. S. P., Kumar, R., & Ramana Murty, Bh V. (1985). Impact of alkaline particulates on the pH of rain water in India. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 24, 365-376. (Pubitemid 15064271)
55. Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., Rao, P. S. P., Safai, P. D., Singh, G., & Kapoor, R. K. (1989). Spread of acid rain over India. Atmospheric Environment, 23(4), 757-762.
56. Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Schopp, W., Amann, M., Streets, D. G., Ichikawa, Y., et al. (2001). Projections of SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC emissions in East Asia up to 2030. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 193-198.
57. Kulshrestha, U. C., Sarkar, A. K., Srivastava, S. S., & Parashar, D. C. (1995). A study on short-time sampling of individual rain events at New Delhi during monsoon, 1994. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2143-2148. (Pubitemid 26114950)
58. Kulshrestha, U. C., Sarkar, A. K., Srivastava, S. S., & Parashar, D. C. (1996). Investigation into atmospheric deposition through precipitation studies at New Delhi (India). Atmospheric Environment, 30(24), 4149-4154.
59. Kulshrestha, U. C., Kulshrestha, M. J., Sekhar, R., Sastry, G. S. R., & Vairamani, M. (2003). Chemical characteristics of rainwater at an urban site of south-central India. Atmospheric Environment, 37(1), 3019-3026. (Pubitemid 36687774)
60. Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Camberidge, H., Cinderby, S., & Chadwick, M. J. (1995). Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acidic deposition in developing countries. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2319-2324. (Pubitemid 26114977)
61. Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Hicks, W. K., Cinderby, S., Vallack, H. W., & Engardt, M. (2001). Variability in mapping acidification risk scenarios for terrestrial ecosystems in Asian countries. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 1175-1180. (Pubitemid 33019260)
62. Langan, S. J., Sverdrup, H. U., & Coull, M. (1995). The calculation of base cation release from the chemical weathering of Scottish soils using the profile model. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2497-2502. (Pubitemid 26115006)
63. Lovett, G. M., & Lindberg, S. E. (1993). Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of nitrogen in forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23, 1603-1616. (Pubitemid 24402311)
64. Malhi, Y., Wood, D., Baker, T. R., Wright, J., Phillips, O. L., Cochrane, T., et al. (2006). The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests. Global Change Biology, 12, 1107-1138.
65. McNulty, S. G., Cohen, E. C., Myers, J. A. M., Sullivan, T. J., & Li, H. (2007). Estimates of critical acid loads and exceedances for forest soils across the conterminous United States. Environmental Pollution, 149, 281-292. (Pubitemid 47320899)
66. Meiwes, K. J., Khanna, P. K., & Ulrich, B. (1986). Parameters for describing soil acidification and their relevance to the stability of forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 15, 161-179.
67. Milindalekha, J., Bhaskin, V. N., & Towprayoon, S. (2001). Calculation and mapping of sulphur critical loads for terrestrial ecosystems of Thailand. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 1265-1270. (Pubitemid 33019274)
68. Miroslav, J. (2009). Acidic deposition emanating from the South African highveld - a critical levels and critical loads assessment. Ph. D. Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg.
69. Moore, D. M., & Reynolds, R. C. (1997). X-ray diffraction and identification and analysis of clay minerals (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Morecroft, M. D., Sellers, F. K., & Lee, J. A. (1994). An experimental investigation into the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on tow semi-natural grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 87, 475-483. (Pubitemid 2134062)
71. Naik, M. S., Momin, G. A., Rao, P. S. P., Safai, P. D., & Ali, K. (2002). Chemical composition of rainwater around an industrial region in Mumbai. Current Science, 82(9), 1131-1137. (Pubitemid 135694156)
72. Nakata, T. (1972). Geomorphic history and crustal movements of the Himalayas. Sendai: Institute of Geography, Tohuku University.
73. Nihlgard, B. (1985). The ammonium hypothesis, an additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe. Ambio, 14(1), 2-8.
74. Nilsson, J., & Grennfelt, P. (1988). Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen. Miljörapport: 15. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
75. Nossin, J. J. (1971). Outline of the geomorphology of the Doon valley, Northern India U. P, India. Zeitschrift fuÉr Geomorphologie, NF (Supplementary Bulletin), 12, 19-50.
76. Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., et al. (2007). An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 4419-4444. (Pubitemid 47326583)
77. Olsson, M., & Melkerud, P. A. (1990). Determination of weathering rates based on geochemical properties of the soil. In: E. Pulkinene (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Environmental Geochemistry in Northern Europe, Geological Survey of Finland, Symposium Series no. 34 (pp. 45-61).
78. Ouimet, R., Duchesne, L., Houle, D., & Arp, P. A. (2001). Critical loads and exceedances of acid deposition and associated forest growth in the Northern hardwood and boreal coniferous forests in Quebec, Canada. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, 1, 119-134.
79. Park, S., & Bashkin, V. (2001). Sulphur loading in South Korean ecosystems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 132, 19-41.
80. Park, C. J., Noh, H. R., Kim, B. G., Kim, S. Y., Jung, I. U., Cho, C. R., et al. (2001). Evaluation of acid deposition in Korea. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 445-450. (Pubitemid 33014405)
81. Posch, M., de Smat, P. A. M., & Hettelingh, J. P. (1999). Calculation and mapping of critical threshold in Europe, C. C. E Reports 1999, Report No. 259101009. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and the environment (RIVM).
82. Posch, M., Hettelingh, J. P., Slootweg, J., & Downing, R. J. (2003). Modelling and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe: CCE Status Report 2003. Working Group on Effects of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. RIVM Report no. 259101013/2003. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
83. Puri, G. S. (1950). Soil pH and forest communities in the Sal (Shorea robusta) forests of the Dehradun valley, U. P., India. Industria Forestal, 76(7), 292-303.
84. Rana, B. S., Singh, S. P., & Singh, R. P. (1989). Biomass and net primary productivity in Central Himalayan forests along an altitudinal gradient. Forest Ecology and Management, 27, 199-218.
85. Ravichandran, C., & Padmanabhamurty, B. (1994). Acid precipitation in Delhi, India. Atmospheric Environment, 28(14), 2291-2297. (Pubitemid 24259071)
86. Reddy, S. M., & Venkataraman, C. (2002a). Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India: Part I-Fossil fuel combustion. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 677-697. (Pubitemid 34093931)
87. Reddy, S. M., & Venkataraman, C. (2002b). Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India: Part II-Biomass combustion. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 699-712. (Pubitemid 34093932)
88. Reiners, W. A., & Olson, R. K. (1984). Effects of canopy components on throughfall chemistry: An experimental analysis. Oecologia, 63, 320-330. (Pubitemid 16276637)
89. Riley, J. P., & Chester, R. (1971). Introduction to marine chemistry. London: Academic.
90. Robin, L. E., & Bazilevich, N. P. (1967). Production and mineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation (Engl. transl. G. E. Fogg). Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
91. Rodhe, H., & Herrera, R. (1998). Acidification in tropical countries. Chichester: Wiley.
92. Rodhe, H., Galloway, J., & Dianwu, Z. (1992). Acidification in Southeast Asia-Prospect for the coming decades. Ambio, 21(2), 148-149.
93. Saatchi, S. S., Houghton, R. A., Dos Santos Alvalá, R. C., Soares, J. V., & Yu, Y. (2007). Distribution of aboveground live biomass in the Amazon basin. Global Change Biology, 13, 816-837. (Pubitemid 46638550)
94. SACEP. (2004). Technical Documents for Wet and Dry Deposition Monitoring. Malé Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and its Likely Transboundary Effects for South Asia: South Asia Cooperative Environment Program (SACEP) with UNEP and SEI.
95. Satsangi, G. S., Lakhani, A., Khare, P., Singh, S. P., Kumari, K. M., & Srivastava, S. S. (1998). Composition of rain water at a semi-arid rural site in India. Atmospheric Environment, 32(21), 3783-3793. (Pubitemid 28448609)
96. Satsangi, G. S., Lawrence, A. J., Lakhani, A., & Taneja, A. (2003). Assessment of the potential for soil acidification on North India using the critical load approach and locally derived data for acidic and basic inputs. Chemosphere, 53, 1011-1021. (Pubitemid 38172996)
97. Saxena, A., Kulshrestha, U. C., Kumar, N., Kumari, K. M., & Srivastava, S. S. (1996). Characterization of precipitation at Agra. Atmospheric Environment, 30(20), 3405-3412.
98. Schulze, M. G., Diehl, T., Brasseur, G. P., & Zittel, W. (2003). Air pollution and climate forcing impacts of a global hydrogen economy. Science, 302, 624-627. (Pubitemid 37310914)
99. Semenov, M., Bashkin, V., & Sverdrup, H. (2001). Critical loads of acidity for forest ecosystems of North Asia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130(1-4), 1193-1198. (Pubitemid 33019263)
100. Shah, J., Nagpal, T., Johnson, T., Amann, M., Carmichael, G., Foell, W., et al. (2000). Integrated analysis for acid rain in ASIA: Policy implication & results of Rains Asia. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25, 339-375. (Pubitemid 32087773)
101. Shah, J. J., Nagpal, T., Johnson, T., Li, J., & Peng, C. (2001). RAINS-Asia application to China: Policy implications for sulphur control. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 235-243.
102. Simon, K. S., Simon, M. A., & Benfield, E. F. (2009). Variation in ecosystem function in Appalachian streams along an acidity gradient. Ecological Applications, 19(5), 1147-1160.
103. Singh, J. S., & Singh, S. P. (1992). Forest of Himalaya, structure, functioning and impact of man. India: Gyanodaya Prakashan.
104. Streets, D. G., Tsai, N. Y., Akimoto, H., & Oka, K. (2001). Trends in emissions of acidifying species in Asia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130, 187-192.
105. Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., et al. (2003a). An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8809.
106. Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J. H., & Carmichael, G. R. (2003b). Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1099-1021.
107. Subbiah, B. V., & Asiza, G. L. (1956). A new method of determining available nitrogen in soil. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
108. Summer, M. E., & Nobel, A. D. (2003). Soil acidification: The world story. In Z. Rengel (Ed.), Handbook of soil acidity (pp. 1-28). New York: Markel Dekker Inc.
109. Sverdrup, H., & De Vries, W. (1994). Calculating critical loads for acidity with the simple mass balance method. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 72, 143-162. (Pubitemid 24048006)
110. Sverdrup, H., De Vries, W., & Henriksen, A. (1990). Mapping critcal loads, a guidance to the criteria calculation, data collection and mapping of critical loads. Nord 1990-98 (Miljörapport) Environment Report 14. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
111. Thakur, V. C., & Pandey, A. K. (2004). Late Quaternary tectonic evolution of Doon in fault bend/propagated fold system, Garhwal Sub-Himalaya. Current Science, 87(11), 1567-1576. (Pubitemid 40374382)
112. Tienhoven, A. M., Olbrich, K. A., Skoroszewski, R., Taljaard, J., & Zunckel, M. (1995). Application of critical loads approach in South Africa. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2577-2582. (Pubitemid 26115019)
113. UBA. (1996). Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical area where they are exceeded. Berlin: UBA.
114. UBA. (2003). Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical area where they are exceeded. Update of Annexes Annex III, Cirtical Levels for Ozone. Berlin: UBA.
115. Ulrich, B. (1991). Soil acidification and alkalization. In B. Ulrich & M. E. Sumner (Eds.), Soil acidity (pp. 28-79). New York: Springer.
116. van Aardenne, J. A., Carmichael, G. R., Levy, H., Streets, D., & Hordijk, L. (1999). Anthropogenic NOx emissions in Asia in the period 1990-2020. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 633-646. (Pubitemid 29036952)
117. Van Stempvert, D. R., & Wills, J. J. (1995). Aboveground vegetation effects on the deposition and cycling of atmospheric sulphur: Chemical and stable isotope evidence. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 60, 55-62.
118. von Uexküll, H. R., & Mutert, E. (1995). Global extent, development and economic impact of acid soils. Plant and Soil, 171, 1-15. (Pubitemid 26429305)
119. Williams, M. W., & Tonnessen, K. A. (2000). Critical loads for inorganic nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Ecological Applications, 10(6), 1648-1665.
120. Xie, S., Hao, J., Zhou, Z., Qi, L., & Yin, H. (1995). Assessment of critical loads in Liuzhou, china using static and dynamic models. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 2401-2406. (Pubitemid 26114990)
121. Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., et al. (2009). Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5131-5153.