메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 84, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 19-34

The evolution of combined oral contraception: Improving the risk-to-benefit ratio

Author keywords

Combined oral contraceptives; Efficacy; Estrogen; Progestin; Safety

Indexed keywords

CHLORMADINONE ACETATE; COPPER INTRAUTERINE DEVICE; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; DEMEGESTONE; DESOGESTREL PLUS ETHINYLESTRADIOL; DIANE; DYDROGESTERONE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS ETONOGESTREL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS GESTODENE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS LEVONORGESTREL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS NORELGESTROMIN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS NORETHISTERONE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS NORGESTIMATE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS NORGESTREL; ETONOGESTREL; ETYNODIOL DIACETATE; GESTAGEN; LOW DOSE ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE; LYNESTRENOL; MEDROGESTONE; MEGESTROL ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; NORETYNODREL; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROMEGESTONE;

EID: 79958767118     PISSN: 00107824     EISSN: 18790518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.004     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (64)

References (168)
  • 1
    • 60549084833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
    • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World contraceptive use 2007. 2007.
    • (2007) World Contraceptive Use 2007
  • 4
    • 0014962032 scopus 로고
    • Thromboembolic disease and the steroidal content of oral contraceptives. A report to the Committee on Safety of Drugs
    • Inman WH, Vessey MP, Westerholm B, Engelund A. Thromboembolic disease and the steroidal content of oral contraceptives. A report to the Committee on Safety of Drugs. Br Med J 1970;2:203-9.
    • (1970) Br Med J , vol.2 , pp. 203-209
    • Inman, W.H.1    Vessey, M.P.2    Westerholm, B.3    Engelund, A.4
  • 5
    • 44949220036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and individual variability of circulating levels of ethinyl estradiol and progestins
    • Goldzieher JW, Stanczyk FZ. Oral contraceptives and individual variability of circulating levels of ethinyl estradiol and progestins. Contraception 2008;78:4-9.
    • (2008) Contraception , vol.78 , pp. 4-9
    • Goldzieher, J.W.1    Stanczyk, F.Z.2
  • 6
    • 55449106634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovulation incidence with oral contraceptives: A literature review
    • Milsom I, Korver T. Ovulation incidence with oral contraceptives: a literature review. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008;34:237-46.
    • (2008) J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care , vol.34 , pp. 237-246
    • Milsom, I.1    Korver, T.2
  • 8
    • 38149009594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States
    • Trussell J, Wynn LL. Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States. Contraception 2008;77:1-5.
    • (2008) Contraception , vol.77 , pp. 1-5
    • Trussell, J.1    Wynn, L.L.2
  • 9
    • 0033510240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy, cycle control, and side effects of low- And lower-dose oral contraceptives: A randomized trial of 20 micro;g and 35 microg estrogen preparations
    • DOI 10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00109-2, PII S0010782499001092
    • Rosenberg MJ, Meyers A, Roy V. Efficacy, cycle control and side effects of low- and lower-dose oral contraceptives: a randomized trial of 20 micrograms and 35 micrograms estrogen preparations. Contraception 1999;60:321-9. (Pubitemid 30133220)
    • (1999) Contraception , vol.60 , Issue.6 , pp. 321-329
    • Rosenberg, M.J.1    Meyers, A.2    Roy, V.3
  • 10
    • 50549167392 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary embolism
    • Jordan WM. Pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1961:1146-7.
    • (1961) Lancet , pp. 1146-1147
    • Jordan, W.M.1
  • 11
    • 0029609256 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement by factor V. Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestagen
    • Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Buller HR, Vandenbroucke JP, Enhancement by factor V. Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestagen. Lancet 1995;346:1593-6.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1593-1596
    • Bloemenkamp, K.W.1    Rosendaal, F.R.2    Helmerhorst, F.M.3    Buller, H.R.4    Vandenbroucke, J.P.5
  • 12
    • 0000411138 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: Findings in a large prospective study
    • Vessey M, Mant D, Smith A, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: findings in a large prospective study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292:526. (Pubitemid 16126103)
    • (1986) British Medical Journal , vol.292 , Issue.6519 , pp. 526
    • Vessey, M.1    Mant, D.2    Smith, A.3    Yeates, D.4
  • 14
    • 0036203526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: A five-year national case-control study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00307-9, PII S0010782401003079
    • Lidegaard O, Edstrom B, Kreiner S. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five-year national case-control study. Contraception 2002;65:187-96. (Pubitemid 34258539)
    • (2002) Contraception , vol.65 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-196
    • Lidegaard, O.1    Edstrom, B.2    Kreiner, S.3
  • 15
    • 69949103268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: Results of the MEGA case-control study
    • van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ 2009;339:b2921.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.339
    • Van Hylckama Vlieg, A.1    Helmerhorst, F.M.2    Vandenbroucke, J.P.3    Doggen, C.J.4    Rosendaal, F.R.5
  • 18
    • 0026317341 scopus 로고
    • Is oral contraceptive use still associated with an increased risk of fatal myocardial infarction? Report of a case-control study
    • Thorogood M, Mann J, Murphy M, Vessey M. Is oral contraceptive use still associated with an increased risk of fatal myocardial infarction? Report of a case-control study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98:1245-53.
    • (1991) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.98 , pp. 1245-1253
    • Thorogood, M.1    Mann, J.2    Murphy, M.3    Vessey, M.4
  • 19
    • 34547683342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of myocardial infarction among Swedish women
    • DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.206, PII S0015028207008333
    • Margolis KL, Adami HO, Luo J, Ye W, Weiderpass E. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of myocardial infarction among Swedish women. Fertil Steril 2007;88:310-6. (Pubitemid 47212162)
    • (2007) Fertility and Sterility , vol.88 , Issue.2 , pp. 310-316
    • Margolis, K.L.1    Adami, H.-O.2    Luo, J.3    Ye, W.4    Weiderpass, E.5
  • 20
    • 23044493043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: A meta-analysis
    • DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-1958
    • Baillargeon JP, McClish DK, Essah PA, Nestler JE. Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3863-70. (Pubitemid 41058144)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , vol.90 , Issue.7 , pp. 3863-3870
    • Baillargeon, J.-P.1    McClish, D.K.2    Essah, P.A.3    Nestler, J.E.4
  • 21
    • 24144485432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: Influence of different routes of administration
    • DOI 10.1080/13697130500148875
    • Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric 2005;8(Suppl 1):3-63. (Pubitemid 41232429)
    • (2005) Climacteric , vol.8 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 3-63
    • Kuhl, H.1
  • 24
    • 32544441940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New progestagens for contraceptive use
    • DOI 10.1093/humupd/dmi046
    • Sitruk-Ware R. New progestagens for contraceptive use. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:169-78. (Pubitemid 43231449)
    • (2006) Human Reproduction Update , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-178
    • Sitruk-Ware, R.1
  • 25
    • 13344260005 scopus 로고
    • Effect of different progestagens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease
    • World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception
    • Effect of different progestagens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet 1995;346:1582-8.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1582-1588
  • 26
    • 0029586002 scopus 로고
    • Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91928-7
    • Jick H, Jick SS, Gurewich V, Myers MW, Vasilakis C. Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components. Lancet 1995;346:1589-93. (Pubitemid 26001840)
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , Issue.8990 , pp. 1589-1593
    • Jick, H.1    Jick, S.S.2    Gurewich, V.3    Myers, M.W.4    Vasilakis, C.5
  • 27
    • 0029671042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: An international case-control study
    • Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women
    • Spitzer WO, Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Thorogood M, MacRae KD. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study. Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. BMJ 1996;312:83-8.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 83-88
    • Spitzer, W.O.1    Lewis, M.A.2    Heinemann, L.A.3    Thorogood, M.4    MacRae, K.D.5
  • 28
    • 0029586134 scopus 로고
    • Scare over oral contraceptives. Effect on behaviour of women attending a family planning clinic
    • Armstrong JL, Reid M, Bigrigg A. Scare over oral contraceptives. Effect on behaviour of women attending a family planning clinic. BMJ 1995;311:1637.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 1637
    • Armstrong, J.L.1    Reid, M.2    Bigrigg, A.3
  • 29
    • 0029851868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terminations of pregnancy, not unplanned deliveries, increased as result of pill scare [2]
    • Child TJ, MacKenzie IZ, Rees M. Terminations of pregnancy, not unplanned deliveries, increased as result of pill scare. BMJ 1996;313:1005. (Pubitemid 26385534)
    • (1996) British Medical Journal , vol.313 , Issue.7063 , pp. 1005
    • Child, T.J.1    Mackenzie, I.Z.2    Rees, M.3
  • 30
    • 0030594390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pill scare linked to rise in abortions
    • Dillner L. Pill scare linked to rise in abortions. BMJ 1996;312:996.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 996
    • Dillner, L.1
  • 32
    • 0033392422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing scene - An unnecessary pill crisis
    • Heinemann LA. The changing scene - an unnecessary pill crisis. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:746-55.
    • (1999) Hum Reprod Update , vol.5 , pp. 746-755
    • Heinemann, L.A.1
  • 33
    • 0033739796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venous thromboembolism and oral contraceptive use: A methodological study of diagnostic suspicion and referral bias
    • Heinemann LA, Garbe E, Farmer R, Lewis MA. Venous thromboembolism and oral contraceptive use: a methodological study of diagnostic suspicion and referral bias. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2000;5:183-91.
    • (2000) Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care , vol.5 , pp. 183-191
    • Heinemann, L.A.1    Garbe, E.2    Farmer, R.3    Lewis, M.A.4
  • 34
  • 36
    • 0036210592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control studies on venous thromboembolism: Bias due to design? A methodological study on venous thromboembolism and steroid hormone use
    • Heinemann LA, Lewis MA, Assmann A, Thiel C. Case-control studies on venous thromboembolism: bias due to design? A methodological study on venous thromboembolism and steroid hormone use. Contraception 2002;65:207-14.
    • (2002) Contraception , vol.65 , pp. 207-214
    • Heinemann, L.A.1    Lewis, M.A.2    Assmann, A.3    Thiel, C.4
  • 37
    • 0035928499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: Meta-analysis
    • Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001;323:131-4. (Pubitemid 32678382)
    • (2001) British Medical Journal , vol.323 , Issue.7305 , pp. 131-134
    • Kemmeren, J.M.1    Algra, A.2    Grobbee, D.E.3
  • 38
    • 0033382691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Methods, results, new analyses and the healthy user effect
    • Lewis MA. The Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Methods, results, new analyses and the healthy user effect. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:707-20.
    • (1999) Hum Reprod Update , vol.5 , pp. 707-720
    • Lewis, M.A.1
  • 40
    • 0030228362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased risk from third-generation progestogens: Fuzzy logic or fuzzy science?
    • Corson SL. Increased risk from third-generation progestogens: fuzzy logic or fuzzy science? J Reprod Med 1996;41:711-2.
    • (1996) J Reprod Med , vol.41 , pp. 711-712
    • Corson, S.L.1
  • 41
    • 0032034158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormonal contraception and risk of cardiovascular disease. An international perspective
    • Farley TM, Collins J, Schlesselman JJ. Hormonal contraception and risk of cardiovascular disease. An international perspective. Contraception 1998;57:211-30.
    • (1998) Contraception , vol.57 , pp. 211-230
    • Farley, T.M.1    Collins, J.2    Schlesselman, J.J.3
  • 42
    • 0031037216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third-generation oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis
    • author reply 732-3
    • Jick H, Jick SS, Myers MW, Vasilakis C. Third-generation oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis. Lancet 1997;349:731-2 author reply 732-3.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 731-732
    • Jick, H.1    Jick, S.S.2    Myers, M.W.3    Vasilakis, C.4
  • 43
    • 0030095188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and thrombotic diseases: Impact of new epidemiological studies
    • DOI 10.1016/0010-7824(96)00035-2, PII S0010782496000352
    • Lidegaard O, Milsom I. Oral contraceptives and thrombotic diseases: impact of new epidemiological studies. Contraception 1996;53:135-9. (Pubitemid 126351296)
    • (1996) Contraception , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 135-139
    • Lidegaard, O.1    Milsom, I.2
  • 46
    • 0033028472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: A re-analysis of the MediPlus database
    • DOI 10.1093/humrep/14.6.1500
    • Todd J, Lawrenson R, Farmer RD, Williams TJ, Leydon GM. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: a reanalysis of the MediPlus database. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1500-5. (Pubitemid 29265442)
    • (1999) Human Reproduction , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 1500-1505
    • Todd, J.-C.1    Lavvrenson, R.2    Farmer, R.D.T.3    Williams, T.J.4    Leydon, G.M.5
  • 47
    • 0031035173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07496-X
    • Farmer RD, Lawrenson RA, Thompson CR, Kennedy JG, Hambleton IR. Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives. Lancet 1997;349:83-8. (Pubitemid 27023424)
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , Issue.9045 , pp. 83-88
    • Farmer, R.D.T.1    Lawrenson, R.A.2    Thompson, C.R.3    Kennedy, J.G.4    Hambleton, I.R.5
  • 48
    • 0031978342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risks of venous thromboembolic disease among German women using oral contraceptives: A database study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0010-7824(98)00002-X, PII S001078249800002X
    • Farmer RD, Todd JC, Lewis MA, MacRae KD, Williams TJ. The risks of venous thromboembolic disease among German women using oral contraceptives: a database study. Contraception 1998;57:67-70. (Pubitemid 28208475)
    • (1998) Contraception , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 67-70
    • Farmer, R.D.T.1    Todd, J.-C.2    Lewis, M.A.3    MacRae, K.D.4    Williams, T.J.5
  • 49
    • 33747298100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism with oral contraceptives containing norgestimate or desogestrel compared with oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel
    • Jick SS, Kaye JA, Russmann S, Jick H. Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism with oral contraceptives containing norgestimate or desogestrel compared with oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. Contraception 2006;73:566-70.
    • (2006) Contraception , vol.73 , pp. 566-570
    • Jick, S.S.1    Kaye, J.A.2    Russmann, S.3    Jick, H.4
  • 50
    • 34047263992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: Final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation
    • Dinger JC, Heinemann LA, Kuhl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation. Contraception 2007;75:344-54.
    • (2007) Contraception , vol.75 , pp. 344-354
    • Dinger, J.C.1    Heinemann, L.A.2    Kuhl-Habich, D.3
  • 51
    • 0019457012 scopus 로고
    • Risk of myocardial infarction in relation to current and discontinued use of oral contraceptives
    • Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Rosenberg L, Miettinen OS, Stolley PD. Risk of myocardial infarction in relation to current and discontinued use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1981;305:420-4. (Pubitemid 11047042)
    • (1981) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.305 , Issue.8 , pp. 420-424
    • Slone, D.1    Shapiro, S.2    Kaufman, D.W.3
  • 52
    • 0016841926 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and death from myocardial infarction
    • Mann JI, Inman WH. Oral contraceptives and death from myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1975;2:245-8.
    • (1975) Br Med J , vol.2 , pp. 245-248
    • Mann, J.I.1    Inman, W.H.2
  • 53
    • 0016748350 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction in young women: A further report
    • Mann JI, Thorogood M, Waters WE, Powell C. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction in young women: a further report. Br Med J 1975;3:631-2.
    • (1975) Br Med J , vol.3 , pp. 631-632
    • Mann, J.I.1    Thorogood, M.2    Waters, W.E.3    Powell, C.4
  • 55
    • 0017160183 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptive use in older women and fatal myocardial infarction
    • Mann JI, Inman WH, Thorogood M. Oral contraceptive use in older women and fatal myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1976;2:445-7.
    • (1976) Br Med J , vol.2 , pp. 445-447
    • Mann, J.I.1    Inman, W.H.2    Thorogood, M.3
  • 56
    • 0016841969 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction in young women with special reference to oral contraceptive practice
    • Mann JI, Vessey MP, Thorogood M, Doll SR. Myocardial infarction in young women with special reference to oral contraceptive practice. Br Med J 1975;2:241-5.
    • (1975) Br Med J , vol.2 , pp. 241-245
    • Mann, J.I.1    Vessey, M.P.2    Thorogood, M.3    Doll, S.R.4
  • 57
    • 0023785802 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of coronary disease and stroke in women
    • Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of coronary disease and stroke in women. N Engl J Med 1988;319:267-73.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 267-273
    • Stampfer, M.J.1    Colditz, G.A.2    Willett, W.C.3    Speizer, F.E.4    Hennekens, C.H.5
  • 58
    • 0024599768 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in women: Evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study
    • Croft P, Hannaford PC. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in women: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 1989;298:165-8. (Pubitemid 19039682)
    • (1989) British Medical Journal , vol.298 , Issue.6667 , pp. 165-168
    • Croft, P.1    Hannaford, P.C.2
  • 60
    • 0032034150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptive use and myocardial infarction
    • DOI 10.1016/S0010-7824(98)00016-X, PII S001078249800016X
    • Petitti DB, Sidney S, Quesenberry CP. Oral contraceptive use and myocardial infarction. Contraception 1998;57:143-55. (Pubitemid 29281901)
    • (1998) Contraception , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 143-155
    • Petitti, D.B.1    Sidney, S.2    Quesenberry, C.P.3
  • 61
    • 84944361229 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in women younger than 50 years of age
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.253.20.2965
    • Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Miller DR, Stolley PD, Shapiro S. Myocardial infarction and cigarette smoking in women younger than 50 years of age. JAMA 1985;253:2965-9. (Pubitemid 15032444)
    • (1985) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.253 , Issue.20 , pp. 2965-2969
    • Rosenberg, L.1    Kaufman, D.W.2    Helmrich, S.P.3
  • 63
    • 19244367470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: Results of an international multicentre case-control study
    • WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception
    • Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multicentre case-control study. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet 1997;349:1202-9.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1202-1209
  • 64
    • 0033549327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: Results of the MICA case-control study
    • Dunn N, Thorogood M, Faragher B, de Caestecker L, MacDonald TM, McCollum C, et al. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case-control study. BMJ 1999;318:1579-83.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , pp. 1579-1583
    • Dunn, N.1    Thorogood, M.2    Faragher, B.3    De Caestecker, L.4    MacDonald, T.M.5    McCollum, C.6
  • 66
    • 0036714283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction and third generation oral contraceptives: Aggregation of recent studies
    • Spitzer WO, Faith JM, MacRae KD. Myocardial infarction and third generation oral contraceptives: aggregation of recent studies. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2307-14. (Pubitemid 35021451)
    • (2002) Human Reproduction , vol.17 , Issue.9 , pp. 2307-2314
    • Spitzer, W.O.1    Faith, J.M.2    MacRae, K.D.3
  • 67
    • 58149476776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease
    • Shufelt CL, Bairey Merz CN. Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:221-31.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.53 , pp. 221-231
    • Shufelt, C.L.1    Bairey Merz, C.N.2
  • 68
    • 0022105766 scopus 로고
    • Clinical use of biphasic and triphasic pills
    • Cohen J. Clinical use of biphasic and triphasic pills. IPPF Med Bull 1985;19:1-2.
    • (1985) IPPF Med Bull , vol.19 , pp. 1-2
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 71
    • 73349114346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cycle control with a 21-day compared with a 24-day oral contraceptive pill: A randomized controlled trial
    • Kaunitz AM, Burkman RT, Fisher AC, Laguardia KD. Cycle control with a 21-day compared with a 24-day oral contraceptive pill: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:1205-12.
    • (2009) Obstet Gynecol , vol.114 , pp. 1205-1212
    • Kaunitz, A.M.1    Burkman, R.T.2    Fisher, A.C.3    Laguardia, K.D.4
  • 72
    • 19444379341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of two combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol 20 microg combined with either drospirenone or desogestrel on lipids, hemostatic parameters and carbohydrate metabolism
    • DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2004.12.005, PII S0010782405000193
    • Klipping C, Marr J. Effects of two combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol 20 microg combined with either drospirenone or desogestrel on lipids, hemostatic parameters and carbohydrate metabolism. Contraception 2005;71:409-16. (Pubitemid 40725775)
    • (2005) Contraception , vol.71 , Issue.6 , pp. 409-416
    • Klipping, C.1    Marr, J.2
  • 73
    • 70349773193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bleeding pattern with drospirenone 3 mg+ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg 24/4 combined oral contraceptive compared with desogestrel 150 mcg+ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg 21/7 combined oral contraceptive
    • Anttila L, Kunz M, Marr J. Bleeding pattern with drospirenone 3 mg+ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg 24/4 combined oral contraceptive compared with desogestrel 150 mcg+ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg 21/7 combined oral contraceptive. Contraception 2009;80:445-51.
    • (2009) Contraception , vol.80 , pp. 445-451
    • Anttila, L.1    Kunz, M.2    Marr, J.3
  • 74
    • 33845197010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 microg (Loestrin 24 Fe)
    • DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2006.08.004, PII S0010782406003179
    • Nakajima ST, Archer DF, Ellman H. Efficacy and safety of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 micro g (Loestrin 24 Fe). Contraception 2007;75:16-22. (Pubitemid 44854856)
    • (2007) Contraception , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-22
    • Nakajima, S.T.1    Archer, D.F.2    Ellman, H.3
  • 76
    • 32044468704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of an extended-regimen oral contraceptive utilizing continuous low-dose ethinyl estradiol
    • DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.09.010, PII S0010782405003665
    • Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Safety and efficacy of an extended-regimen oral contraceptive utilizing continuous low-dose ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2006;73:229-34. (Pubitemid 43202171)
    • (2006) Contraception , vol.73 , Issue.3 , pp. 229-234
    • Anderson, F.D.1    Gibbons, W.2    Portman, D.3
  • 77
    • 79958767398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wayne (NJ): Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals
    • YAZ [package insert]. Wayne (NJ): Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; 2007.
    • (2007) YAZ [Package Insert]
  • 80
    • 34248580500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen
    • DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.014, PII S0010782407000741
    • Coffee AL, Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ. Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception 2007;75:444-9. (Pubitemid 46764300)
    • (2007) Contraception , vol.75 , Issue.6 , pp. 444-449
    • Coffee, A.L.1    Sulak, P.J.2    Kuehl, T.J.3
  • 81
    • 0037381248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: A randomized trial
    • DOI 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00014-0
    • Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:653-61. (Pubitemid 36390051)
    • (2003) Obstetrics and Gynecology , vol.101 , Issue.4 , pp. 653-661
    • Miller, L.1    Hughes, J.P.2
  • 82
    • 33845917050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: Phase 3 study results
    • DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2006.07.005, PII S0010782406003106
    • Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, Borisute H, Grubb GS, Constantine GD. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006;74:439-45. (Pubitemid 46037535)
    • (2006) Contraception , vol.74 , Issue.6 , pp. 439-445
    • Archer, D.F.1    Jensen, J.T.2    Johnson, J.V.3    Borisute, H.4    Grubb, G.S.5    Constantine, G.D.6
  • 84
    • 0031702441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to the replacement of ethinylestradiol by natural 17beta-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives
    • Hoffmann H, Moore C, Zimmermann H, Elger W, Schwarz S, Graser T, et al. Approaches to the replacement of ethinylestradiol by natural 17beta-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1998;50:458-64.
    • (1998) Exp Toxicol Pathol , vol.50 , pp. 458-464
    • Hoffmann, H.1    Moore, C.2    Zimmermann, H.3    Elger, W.4    Schwarz, S.5    Graser, T.6
  • 85
    • 0027381532 scopus 로고
    • Ovulation inhibition with a combined oral contraceptive containing 1 mg micronized 17beta-estradiol
    • Wenzl R, Bennink HC, van Beek A, Spona J, Huber J. Ovulation inhibition with a combined oral contraceptive containing 1 mg micronized 17 beta-estradiol. Fertil Steril 1993;60:616-9. (Pubitemid 23298503)
    • (1993) Fertility and Sterility , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 616-619
    • Wenzl, R.1    Bennink, H.C.2    Van Beek, A.3    Spona, J.4    Huber, J.5
  • 86
    • 0018820995 scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens
    • Task Force on Oral Contraceptives. World Health Organization Task Force on Oral Contraception
    • Koetsawang S, Mandlekar AV, Krishna UR, Uurandare VN, Deshpande CK, Chew SC, et al. Task Force on Oral Contraceptives. A randomized, double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens. World Health Organization Task Force on Oral Contraception. Contraception 1980;21:445-59.
    • (1980) Contraception , vol.21 , pp. 445-459
    • Koetsawang, S.1    Mandlekar, A.V.2    Krishna, U.R.3    Uurandare, V.N.4    Deshpande, C.K.5    Chew, S.C.6
  • 87
    • 68949116444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estradiol valerate/dienogest: In oral contraception
    • Hoy SM, Scott LJ. Estradiol valerate/dienogest: in oral contraception. Drugs 2009;69:1635-46.
    • (2009) Drugs , vol.69 , pp. 1635-1646
    • Hoy, S.M.1    Scott, L.J.2
  • 88
    • 48849110172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovulation inhibition with four variations of a four-phasic estradiol valerate/dienogest combined oral contraceptive: Results of two prospective, randomized, open-label studies
    • Endrikat J, Parke S, Trummer D, Schmidt W, Duijkers I, Klipping C. Ovulation inhibition with four variations of a four-phasic estradiol valerate/dienogest combined oral contraceptive: results of two prospective, randomized, open-label studies. Contraception 2008;78:218-25.
    • (2008) Contraception , vol.78 , pp. 218-225
    • Endrikat, J.1    Parke, S.2    Trummer, D.3    Schmidt, W.4    Duijkers, I.5    Klipping, C.6
  • 90
    • 75149136133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological profile of progestins
    • Sitruk-Ware R. Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas 2008;61:151-7.
    • (2008) Maturitas , vol.61 , pp. 151-157
    • Sitruk-Ware, R.1
  • 92
    • 0022881223 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of new 19 nor progesterone derivatives with progestagen, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid cytosolic receptors
    • Botella J, Porthe-Nibelle J, Paris J, Lahlou B. Interaction of new 19 nor progesterone derivatives with progestagen, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid cytosolic receptors. J Pharmacol 1986;17:699-706. (Pubitemid 17036239)
    • (1986) Journal de Pharmacologie , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 699-706
    • Botella, J.1    Porthe-Nibelle, J.2    Paris, J.3    Lahlou, B.4
  • 93
    • 0028822572 scopus 로고
    • Nomegestrol acetate, a clinically useful 19-norprogesterone derivative which lacks estrogenic activity
    • Catherino WH, Jordan VC. Nomegestrol acetate, a clinically useful 19-norprogesterone derivative which lacks estrogenic activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995;55:239-46.
    • (1995) J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol , vol.55 , pp. 239-246
    • Catherino, W.H.1    Jordan, V.C.2
  • 95
    • 0023589238 scopus 로고
    • Effect of nomegestrol acetate, a new 19-nor-progesterone derivative, on pituitary-ovarian function in women
    • Bazin B, Thevenot R, Bursaux C, Paris J. Effect of nomegestrol acetate, a new 19-nor-progesterone derivative, on pituitary-ovarian function in women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:1199-204. (Pubitemid 18058561)
    • (1987) British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , vol.94 , Issue.12 , pp. 1199-1204
    • Bazin, B.1    Thevenot, R.2    Bursaux, C.3    Paris, J.4
  • 96
    • 0345269684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propriétés antigonadotropes d'un progestatif norprégnane: L'exemple du nomégestrol acétate
    • DOI 10.1016/S1297-9589(02)00009-7, PII S1297958902000097
    • Jamin C, Batallan A, Madelenat P. Antigonadotropic effects of a 19- nor-progesterone derivative: the example of nomegestrol acetate. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2003;31:70-81. (Pubitemid 36427068)
    • (2003) Gynecologie Obstetrique Fertilite , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-81
    • Jamin, C.1    Batallan, A.2    Madelenat, P.3
  • 97
    • 0025840601 scopus 로고
    • Effects of nomegestrol acetate (5 mg/d) on hormonal, metabolic and hemostatic parameters in premenopausal women
    • Basdevant A, Pelissier C, Conard J, Degrelle H, Guyene TT, Thomas JL. Effects of nomegestrol acetate (5 mg/d) on hormonal, metabolic and hemostatic parameters in premenopausal women. Contraception 1991;44:599-605.
    • (1991) Contraception , vol.44 , pp. 599-605
    • Basdevant, A.1    Pelissier, C.2    Conard, J.3    Degrelle, H.4    Guyene, T.T.5    Thomas, J.L.6
  • 101
    • 43749088795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization GI. World Health Organization, Guttmacher Institute
    • World Health Organization GI. Facts on induced abortion worldwide. World Health Organization, Guttmacher Institute; 2007.
    • (2007) Facts on Induced Abortion Worldwide
  • 102
    • 33748117147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fertility, family planning and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth
    • National Center for Health Statistics
    • Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J. Fertility, family planning and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2005:23.
    • (2005) Vital Health Stat , pp. 23
    • Chandra, A.1    Martinez, G.M.2    Mosher, W.D.3    Abma, J.C.4    Jones, J.5
  • 104
    • 0029416666 scopus 로고
    • The causes of unmet need for contraception and the social content of services
    • Bongaarts J, Bruce J. The causes of unmet need for contraception and the social content of services. Stud Fam Plann 1995;26:57-75. (Pubitemid 26429723)
    • (1995) Studies in Family Planning , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 57-75
    • Bongaarts, J.1    Bruce, J.2
  • 105
    • 0023099029 scopus 로고
    • The reduction in risk of ovarian cancer associated with oral-contraceptive use
    • The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • The reduction in risk of ovarian cancer associated with oral-contraceptive use. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987;316:650-5.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 650-655
  • 106
    • 0020619091 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of endometrial cancer in young women
    • Henderson BE, Casagrande JT, Pike MC, Mack T, Rosario I, Duke A. The epidemiology of endometrial cancer in young women. Br J Cancer 1983;47:749-56. (Pubitemid 13053503)
    • (1983) British Journal of Cancer , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 749-756
    • Henderson, B.E.1    Casagrande, J.T.2    Pike, M.C.3
  • 107
    • 84920221273 scopus 로고
    • Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.247.4.475
    • Hulka BS, Chambless LE, Kaufman DG, Fowler Jr WC, Greenberg BG. Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. JAMA 1982;247:475-7. (Pubitemid 12203031)
    • (1982) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.247 , Issue.4 , pp. 475-477
    • Hulka, B.S.1    Chambless, L.E.2    Kaufman, D.G.3
  • 108
    • 0019307320 scopus 로고
    • Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users
    • Kaufman DW, Shapiro S, Slone D, Rosenberg L, Miettinen OS, Stolley PD, et al. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1045-7. (Pubitemid 10025217)
    • (1980) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.303 , Issue.18 , pp. 1045-1047
    • Kaufman, D.W.1    Shapiro, S.2    Slone, D.3
  • 109
    • 0018838584 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of endometrial cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives
    • Weiss NS, Sayvetz TA. Incidence of endometrial cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1980;302:551-4. (Pubitemid 10184280)
    • (1980) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.302 , Issue.10 , pp. 551-554
    • Weiss, N.S.1    Sayvetz, T.A.2
  • 110
    • 79958765438 scopus 로고
    • An interim report - A comparison of disease occurrence leading hospitalization or death in users and nonusers of oral contraceptives
    • Bethesda (MD): US: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Child Health and Human Behavior
    • Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray R, Hsu JP. The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: a prospective study of the side effects of oral contraceptives. Vol. 3. An interim report - a comparison of disease occurrence leading hospitalization or death in users and nonusers of oral contraceptives. Bethesda (MD): US: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Child Health and Human Behavior; 1985, p. 349.
    • (1985) The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: A Prospective Study of the Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives , vol.3 , pp. 349
    • Ramcharan, S.1    Pellegrin, F.A.2    Ray, R.3    Hsu, J.P.4
  • 111
    • 0019942229 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of cancer of the endometrium
    • Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR, Fischer DB, Mostow ED, Schwartz PE, et al. A case-control study of cancer of the endometrium. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:333-42. (Pubitemid 12048413)
    • (1982) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.116 , Issue.2 , pp. 333-342
    • Kelsey, J.L.1    LiVolsi, V.A.2    Holford, T.R.3
  • 112
    • 0033537273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46,000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study
    • Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 1999;318:96-100. (Pubitemid 29188927)
    • (1999) British Medical Journal , vol.318 , Issue.7176 , pp. 96-100
    • Beral, V.1    Hermon, C.2    Kay, C.3    Hannaford, P.4    Darby, S.5    Reeves, G.6
  • 114
    • 0024386863 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of large bowel cancer and hormone exposure in women
    • Furner SE, Davis FG, Nelson RL, Haenszel W. A case-control study of large bowel cancer and hormone exposure in women. Cancer Res 1989;49:4936-40. (Pubitemid 19213651)
    • (1989) Cancer Research , vol.49 , Issue.17 , pp. 4936-4940
    • Furner, S.E.1    Davis, F.G.2    Nelson, R.L.3    Haenszel, W.4
  • 116
    • 0021079832 scopus 로고
    • Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: A case-control study
    • Potter JD, McMichael AJ. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:703-9. (Pubitemid 14232383)
    • (1983) Journal of the National Cancer Institute , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 703-709
    • Potter, J.D.1    McMichael, A.J.2
  • 117
    • 0025058768 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptive use does not protect against large bowel cancer
    • DOI 10.1016/0010-7824(90)90123-D
    • Kune GA, Kune S, Watson LF. Oral contraceptive use does not protect against large bowel cancer. Contraception 1990;41:19-25. (Pubitemid 20018635)
    • (1990) Contraception , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-25
    • Kune, G.A.1    Kune, S.2    Watson, L.F.3
  • 119
    • 0019493881 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of cancer of the large bowel in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors
    • Weiss NS, Daling JR, Chow WH. Incidence of cancer of the large bowel in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981;67:57-60. (Pubitemid 11087551)
    • (1981) Journal of the National Cancer Institute , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-60
    • Weiss, N.S.1    Daling, J.R.2    Chow, W.H.3
  • 120
    • 0242390079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies
    • 9th Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer
    • 9th Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713-27.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1713-1727
  • 121
    • 33746921186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study, 1968-2004
    • Vessey M, Painter R. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study, 1968-2004. Br J Cancer 2006;95:385-9.
    • (2006) Br J Cancer , vol.95 , pp. 385-389
    • Vessey, M.1    Painter, R.2
  • 122
    • 35148842531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: Cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study
    • Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, Angus V, Iversen L, Lee AJ. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study. BMJ 2007;335:651.
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.335 , pp. 651
    • Hannaford, P.C.1    Selvaraj, S.2    Elliott, A.M.3    Angus, V.4    Iversen, L.5    Lee, A.J.6
  • 124
    • 33749247786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: A meta-analysis
    • Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1290-302. (Pubitemid 44484967)
    • (2006) Mayo Clinic Proceedings , vol.81 , Issue.10 , pp. 1290-1302
    • Kahlenborn, C.1    Modugno, F.2    Potter, D.M.3    Severs, W.B.4
  • 126
    • 50849126768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections and type-specific implications in cervical neoplasia
    • Bosch FX, Burchell AN, Schiffman M, Giuliano AR, de Sanjose S, Bruni L, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections and type-specific implications in cervical neoplasia. Vaccine 2008;26(Suppl 10):K1-K16.
    • (2008) Vaccine , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. 10
    • Bosch, F.X.1    Burchell, A.N.2    Schiffman, M.3    Giuliano, A.R.4    De Sanjose, S.5    Bruni, L.6
  • 127
    • 0037197047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: The IARC multicentric case-control study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08150-3
    • Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV, Walboomers JM, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002;359:1085-92. (Pubitemid 34270731)
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , Issue.9312 , pp. 1085-1092
    • Moreno, V.1    Bosch, F.X.2    Munoz, N.3    Meijer, C.J.L.M.4    Shah, K.V.5    Walboomers, J.M.M.6    Herrero, R.7    Franceschi, S.8
  • 129
    • 35748938221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies
    • Appleby P, Beral V, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Colin D, Franceschi S, Goodhill A, et al. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet 2007;370:1609-21.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 1609-1621
    • Appleby, P.1    Beral, V.2    Berrington De Gonzalez, A.3    Colin, D.4    Franceschi, S.5    Goodhill, A.6
  • 130
    • 77953987129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2010: Adapted from the World Health Organization medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 4th ed
    • Farr S, Folger SG, Paulen M, Tepper N, Whiteman M, Zapata L, Culwell K, Kapp N, Cansino C. U S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2010: adapted from the World Health Organization medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 4th ed. MMWR Recomm Rep 59:1-86.
    • MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.59 , pp. 1-86
    • Farr, S.1    Folger, S.G.2    Paulen, M.3    Tepper, N.4    Whiteman, M.5    Zapata, L.6    Culwell, K.7    Kapp, N.8    Cansino, C.9
  • 131
    • 0037341535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity: Risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use
    • Abdollahi M, Cushman M, Rosendaal FR. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thromb Haemost 2003;89:493-8. (Pubitemid 36329240)
    • (2003) Thrombosis and Haemostasis , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 493-498
    • Abdollahi, M.1    Cushman, M.2    Rosendaal, F.R.3
  • 134
    • 0034639246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: The Sirius study
    • Samama MM. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: the Sirius study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3415-20.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 3415-3420
    • Samama, M.M.1
  • 135
    • 24744470476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism
    • DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.012, PII S000293430500207X
    • Stein PD, Beemath A, Olson RE. Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism. Am J Med 2005;118:978-80. (Pubitemid 41297761)
    • (2005) American Journal of Medicine , vol.118 , Issue.9 , pp. 978-980
    • Stein, P.D.1    Beemath, A.2    Olson, R.E.3
  • 136
    • 0037182012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: The longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology
    • Tsai AW, Cushman M, Rosamond WD, Heckbert SR, Polak JF, Folsom AR. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1182-9. (Pubitemid 34522408)
    • (2002) Archives of Internal Medicine , vol.162 , Issue.10 , pp. 1182-1189
    • Tsai, A.W.1    Cushman, M.2    Rosamond, W.D.3    Heckbert, S.R.4    Polak, J.F.5    Folsom, A.R.6
  • 138
    • 0034649714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of rehospitalization for symptomatic venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty
    • White RH, Gettner S, Newman JM, Trauner KB, Romano PS. Predictors of rehospitalization for symptomatic venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1758-64.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 1758-1764
    • White, R.H.1    Gettner, S.2    Newman, J.M.3    Trauner, K.B.4    Romano, P.S.5
  • 140
    • 0029564931 scopus 로고
    • Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: Results of international multicentre case-control study
    • World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception
    • Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case-control study. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet 1995;346:1575-82.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1575-1582
  • 142
    • 34848828529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of venous thrombosis: Obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06780.x
    • Pomp ER, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations. Br J Haematol 2007;139:289-96. (Pubitemid 47493087)
    • (2007) British Journal of Haematology , vol.139 , Issue.2 , pp. 289-296
    • Pomp, E.R.1    Le, C.S.2    Rosendaal, F.R.3    Doggen, C.J.M.4
  • 143
    • 62549115738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venous thromboembolism in women using hormonal contraceptives. Findings from the RIETE Registry
    • Blanco-Molina A, Trujillo-Santos J, Tirado R, Canas I, Riera A, Valdes M, et al. Venous thromboembolism in women using hormonal contraceptives. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:478-82.
    • (2009) Thromb Haemost , vol.101 , pp. 478-482
    • Blanco-Molina, A.1    Trujillo-Santos, J.2    Tirado, R.3    Canas, I.4    Riera, A.5    Valdes, M.6
  • 144
    • 67349236759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between efficacy and body weight or body mass index for two low-dose oral contraceptives
    • Burkman RT, Fisher AC, Wan GJ, Barnowski CE, LaGuardia KD. Association between efficacy and body weight or body mass index for two low-dose oral contraceptives. Contraception 2009;79:424-7.
    • (2009) Contraception , vol.79 , pp. 424-427
    • Burkman, R.T.1    Fisher, A.C.2    Wan, G.J.3    Barnowski, C.E.4    LaGuardia, K.D.5
  • 145
    • 77955160409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ovarian suppression in normal-weight and obese women during oral contraceptive use: A randomized controlled trial
    • Westhoff CL, Torgal AH, Mayeda ER, Stanczyk FZ, Lerner JP, Benn EK, Paik M. Ovarian suppression in normal-weight and obese women during oral contraceptive use: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:275-83.
    • (2010) Obstet Gynecol , vol.116 , pp. 275-283
    • Westhoff, C.L.1    Torgal, A.H.2    Mayeda, E.R.3    Stanczyk, F.Z.4    Lerner, J.P.5    Benn, E.K.6    Paik, M.7
  • 146
    • 68949084933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of contraceptive method use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review
    • Culwell KR, Curtis KM, Del Carmen Cravioto M. Safety of contraceptive method use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:341-53.
    • (2009) Obstet Gynecol , vol.114 , pp. 341-353
    • Culwell, K.R.1    Curtis, K.M.2    Del Carmen Cravioto, M.3
  • 147
    • 18044387131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. 2nd ed. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use. 2nd ed. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2008.
    • (2008) Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use
  • 148
    • 67650170347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental influences on risk for rheumatoid arthritis
    • Liao KP, Alfredsson L, Karlson EW. Environmental influences on risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009;21:279-83.
    • (2009) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.21 , pp. 279-283
    • Liao, K.P.1    Alfredsson, L.2    Karlson, E.W.3
  • 149
    • 70349781936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis: A review of the epidemiologic evidence
    • Alonso A, Clark CJ. Oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. J Neurol Sci 2009;286:73-5.
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci , vol.286 , pp. 73-75
    • Alonso, A.1    Clark, C.J.2
  • 150
    • 0034900549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous female sex steroid hormones and risk of asthma and asthma-like symptoms: A cross sectional study of the general population
    • DOI 10.1136/thorax.56.8.613
    • Lange P, Parner J, Prescott E, Ulrik CS, Vestbo J. Exogenous female sex steroid hormones and risk of asthma and asthma-like symptoms: a cross sectional study of the general population. Thorax 2001;56:613-6. (Pubitemid 32706142)
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , Issue.8 , pp. 613-616
    • Lange, P.1    Parner, J.2    Prescott, E.3    Ulrik, C.S.4    Vestbo, J.5
  • 151
    • 59449085831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraception, body mass index and asthma: A cross-sectional Nordic-Baltic population survey
    • Macsali F, Real FG, Omenaas ER, Bjorge L, Janson C, Franklin K, et al. Oral contraception, body mass index and asthma: a cross-sectional Nordic-Baltic population survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123:391-7.
    • (2009) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.123 , pp. 391-397
    • Macsali, F.1    Real, F.G.2    Omenaas, E.R.3    Bjorge, L.4    Janson, C.5    Franklin, K.6
  • 152
    • 61449156223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of combined and progestogen-only contraceptives on bone mineral density
    • Sarfati J, de Vernejoul MC. Impact of combined and progestogen-only contraceptives on bone mineral density. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76:134-8.
    • (2009) Joint Bone Spine , vol.76 , pp. 134-138
    • Sarfati, J.1    De Vernejoul, M.C.2
  • 155
    • 66749093001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter contraceptive efficacy trial of injectable testosterone undecanoate in Chinese men
    • Gu Y, Liang X, Wu W, Liu M, Song S, Cheng L, et al. Multicenter contraceptive efficacy trial of injectable testosterone undecanoate in Chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1910-5.
    • (2009) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.94 , pp. 1910-1915
    • Gu, Y.1    Liang, X.2    Wu, W.3    Liu, M.4    Song, S.5    Cheng, L.6
  • 159
    • 58249126975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety analysis of the diaphragm in combination with lubricant or acidifying microbicide gels: Effects on markers of inflammation and innate immunity in cervicovaginal fluid
    • Anderson DJ, Williams DL, Ballagh SA, Barnhart K, Creinin MD, Newman DR, et al. Safety analysis of the diaphragm in combination with lubricant or acidifying microbicide gels: effects on markers of inflammation and innate immunity in cervicovaginal fluid. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009;61:121-9.
    • (2009) Am J Reprod Immunol , vol.61 , pp. 121-129
    • Anderson, D.J.1    Williams, D.L.2    Ballagh, S.A.3    Barnhart, K.4    Creinin, M.D.5    Newman, D.R.6
  • 162
    • 0035179825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and effectiveness of a new hysteroscopic method for permanent birth control: Results of the first Essure pbc clinical study
    • Kerin JF, Carignan CS, Cher D. The safety and effectiveness of a new hysteroscopic method for permanent birth control: results of the first Essure pbc clinical study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;41:364-70. (Pubitemid 33100671)
    • (2001) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 364-370
    • Kerin, J.F.1    Carignan, C.S.2    Cher, D.3
  • 164
    • 0003066341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The soft hollow plug ("SHUG"): A potentially reversible vas deferens blocking device
    • Griffin PD, Rajalakshmi M, editors. New Delhi: New Age International
    • Zaneveld LJD, De Castro MP, Faria G, et al. The soft hollow plug ("SHUG"): a potentially reversible vas deferens blocking device. In: Griffin PD, Rajalakshmi M, editors. Male contraception: present and future. New Delhi: New Age International; 1998.
    • (1998) Male Contraception: Present and Future
    • Zaneveld, L.J.D.1    De Castro, M.P.2    Faria, G.3
  • 165
    • 33845193778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injectable polymer microspheres enhance immunogenicity of a contraceptive peptide vaccine
    • DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.055, PII S0264410X06009145
    • Cui C, Stevens VC, Schwendeman SP. Injectable polymer microspheres enhance immunogenicity of a contraceptive peptide vaccine. Vaccine 2007;25:500-9. (Pubitemid 44856092)
    • (2007) Vaccine , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 500-509
    • Cui, C.1    Stevens, V.C.2    Schwendeman, S.P.3
  • 168
    • 58149265103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryonic implantation: Cytokines, adhesion molecules and immune cells in establishing an implantation environment
    • van Mourik MS, Macklon NS, Heijnen CJ. Embryonic implantation: cytokines, adhesion molecules and immune cells in establishing an implantation environment. J Leukoc Biol 2009;85:4-19.
    • (2009) J Leukoc Biol , vol.85 , pp. 4-19
    • Van Mourik, M.S.1    Macklon, N.S.2    Heijnen, C.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.