Overview of the treatment of acne vulgaris with topical retinoids

Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 123, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 153-161

  Hsu, Peter ^a   Litman, George I ^b   Brodell, Robert T ^a,c  

^a NORTHEAST OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acne comedones; Acne cysts; Acne pathogenesis and treatment; Acne vulgaris

Indexed keywords

ADAPALENE; ADAPALENE PLUS BENZOYL PEROXIDE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BENZOYL PEROXIDE; CLINDAMYCIN PHOSPHATE PLUS RETINOIC ACID; RAFISSA; RETIN A MICRO; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; RETINOL; SALICYLIC ACID; TAZAROTENE; TRETIN X; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACNE VULGARIS; ARTICLE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DRY SKIN; ERYTHEMA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; MONOTHERAPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; RATING SCALE; SKIN IRRITATION; SYSTEMIC THERAPY;

EID: 79958697698     PISSN: 00325481     EISSN: 19419260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.05.2294     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Leyden JJ. New understandings of the pathogenesis of acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(5 pt 3):S15-S25.
2. Cunliffe WJ, Gould DJ. Prevalence of facial acne vulgaris in late adolescence and in adults. Br Med J. 1979;1(6171):1109-1110.
3. Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, et al; Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(1 suppl):S1-S37.
4. Cunliffe WJ, Holland DB, Clark SM, Stables GI. Comedogenesis: some new aetiological, clinical and therapeutic strategies. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(6):1084-1091.
5. Gollnick HP, Zouboulis CC, Akamatsu H, Kurokawa I, Schulte A. Pathogenesis and pathogenesis related treatment of acne. J Dermatol. 1991;18(9):489-499.
6. Thiboutot D, Harris G, Iles V, Cimis G, Gilliland K, Hagari S. Activity of the type 1 5 alpha-reductase exhibits regional differences in isolated sebaceous glands and whole skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(2):209-214.
7. Thiboutot D, Knaggs H, Gilliland K, Lin G. Activity of 5-alphareductase and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the infrainfundibulum of subjects with and without acne vulgaris. Dermatology. 1998;196(1):38-42.
8. Thiboutot DM, Knaggs H, Gilliland K, Hagari S. Activity of type 1 5 alpha-reductase is greater in the follicular infrainfundibulum compared with the epidermis. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136(2):166-171.
9. Chen W, Zouboulis CC, Fritsch M, Kodelja V, Orfanos CE. Heterogeneity and quantitative differences of type 1 5 alpha-reductase expression in cultured skin epithelial cells. Dermatology. 1998;196(1): 51-52.
10. Fritsch M, Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC. Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(5):793-800.
11. Pochi PE, Strauss JS, Downing DT. Age-related changes in sebaceous gland activity. J Invest Dermatol. 1979;73(1):108-111.
12. Schmidt JB, Spona J, Huber J. Androgen receptor in hirsutism and acne. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1986;22(4):206-211.
13. Kim J, Ochoa MT, Krutzik SR, et al. Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses. J Immunol. 2002;169(3):1535-1541.
14. Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Mills OH, Kligman AM. Propionibacterium levels in patients with and without acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. 1975;65(4):382-384.
15. Norris JF, Cunliffe WJ. A histological and immunocytochemical study of early acne lesions. Br J Dermatol. 1988;118(5):651-659.
16. Puhvel SM, Sakamoto M. The chemoattractant properties of comedonal components. J Invest Dermatol. 1978;71(5):324-329.
17. Charpentier B, Bernardon JM, Eustache J, et al. Synthesis, structureaffinity relationships, and biological activities of ligands binding to retinoic acid receptor subtypes. J Med Chem. 1995;38(26):4993-5006.
18. Gollnick H, Schramm M. Topical drug treatment in acne. Dermatology. 1998;196(1):119-125.
19. Thielitz A, Helmdach M, Röpke EM, Gollnick H. Lipid analysis of follicular casts from cyanoacrylate strips as a new method for studying therapeutic effects of antiacne agents. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145(1): 19-27.
20. Häkkinen L, Westermarck J, Johansson, et al. Suprabasal expression of epidermal alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in skin treated with topical retinoic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138(1):29-36.
21. Stewart ME, Benoit AM, Downing DT, Strauss JS. Suppression of sebum secretion with 13-cis-retinoic acid: effect on individual skin surface lipids and implications for their anatomic origin. J Invest Dermatol. 1984;82(1):74-78.
22. Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ. A prospective study of the effect of isotretinoin on the follicular reservoir and sustainable sebum excretion rate in patients with acne. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(3):315-318.
23. Blaner WS. Cellular metabolism and actions of 13-cis-retinoic acid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(5):S129-S135.
24. Verschoore M, Bouclier M, Czernielewski J, Hensby C. Topical retinoids. Their uses in dermatology. Dermatol Clin. 1993;11(1): 107-115.
25. Hensby C, Cavey D, Bouclier M, et al. The in vivo and in vitro antiinflammatory activity of CD271: a new retinoid-like modulator of cell differentiation. Agents Actions. 1990;29(1-2):56-58.
26. Liu PT, Krutzik SR, Kim J, Modlin RL. Cutting edge: all-trans retinoic acid down-regulates TLR2 expression and function. J Immunol. 2005;174(5):2467-2470.
27. Tenaud I, Khammari A, Dreno B. In vitro modulation of TLR-2, CD1d and IL-10 by adapalene on normal human skin and acne inflamatory lesions. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16(6):500-506.
28. Thiboutot DM, Weiss J, Bucko A, et al; Adapalene-BPO Study Group. Adapalene-benzoyl peroxide, a fixed-dose combination for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results of a multicenter, randomized double-blind, controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(5): 791-799.
29. Gollnick H, Schramm M. Topical therapy in acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998;11(suppl 1):S8-S12; discussion S28-S29.
30. Mills OH Jr, Kligman AR. Treatment of acne vulgaris with topically applied erythromycin and tretinoin. Acta Derm Venereol. 1978;58(6):555-557.
31. Ozolins M, Eady EA, Avery AJ, et al. Comparison of five antimicrobial regimens for treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory facial acne vulgaris in the community: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9452):2188-2195.
32. Stüttgen G. Historical perspectives of tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(4 pt 2):735-740.
33. Krishnan G. Comparison of two concentrations of tretinoin solution in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Practitioner. 1976;216(1291):106-109.
34. Akhavan A, Bershad S. Topical acne drugs: review of clinical properties, systemic exposure, and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(7):473-492.
35. Lucky AW, Cullen SI, Jarratt MT, Quigley JW. Comparative efficacy and safety of two 0.025% tretinoin gels: results from a multicenter double-blind, parallel study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(4): S17-S23.
36. Skov MJ, Quigley JW, Bucks DA. Topical delivery system for tretinoin: research and clinical implications. J Pharm Sci. 1997;86(10):1138-1143.
37. Galvin SA, Gilbert R, Baker M, Guibal F, Tuley MR. Comparative tolerance of adapalene 0.1% gel and six different tretinoin formulations. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(suppl 52):34-40.
38. Quigley JW, Bucks DA. Reduced skin irritation with tretinoin containing polyolprepolymer-2, a new topical tretinoin delivery system: a summary of preclinical and clinical investigations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(4):S5-S10.
39. Berger R, Barba A, Fleischer A, et al. A double-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to assess the safety and efficacy of tretinoin gel microsphere 0.04% in the treatment of acne vulgaris in adults. Cutis. 2007;80(2):152-157.
40. Martin B, Meunier C, Montels D, Watts O. Chemical stability of adapalene and tretinoin when combined with benzoyl peroxide in presence and in absence of visible light and ultraviolet radiation. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(suppl 52):8-11.
41. Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation. Potency of Tretinoin in the Mixture of CLIN/RA Gel and BPO Gel. Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation: Scottsdale, AZ; 2006.
42. Webster G, Cargill DI, Quiring J, Vogelson CT, Slade HB. A combined analysis of 2 randomized clinical studies of tretinoin gel 0.05% for the treatment of acne. Cutis. 2009;83(3):146-154.
43. Lucky AW, Cullen SI, Funicella T, Jarratt MT, Jones T, Reddick ME. Double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter comparison of two 0.025% tretinoin creams in patients with acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(4):S24-S30.
44. Thiboutot DM, Gollnick HP. Treatment considerations for inflamatory acne: clinical evidence for adapalene 0.1% in combination therapies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(8):785-794.
45. Cunliffe WJ, Poncet M, Loesche C, Verschoore M. A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene 0.1% gel versus tretinoin 0.025% gel in patients with acne vulgaris: a meta-analysis of five randomized trials. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(suppl 52):48-56.
46. Waugh J, Noble S, Scott LJ. Adapalene: a review of its use in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Drugs. 2004. 64(13):1465-1478.
47. Lucky A, Jorizo JL, Rodriguez D, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of adapalene cream 0.1% compared with its cream vehicle for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2001;68(4 suppl):34-40.
48. Thiboutot D, Pariser DM, Egan N; Adapalene Study Group. Adapalene gel 0.3% for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled, phase III trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(2):242-250.
49. Pariser DM, Thiboutot DM, Clark SD, Jones TM, Liu Y, Graeber M; Adapalene Study Group. The efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.3% in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, multicenter, investigator-blinded, controlled comparison study versus adapalene gel 0.1% and vehicle. Cutis. 2005;76(2):145-151.
50. Shalita AR, Chalker DK, Griffith RF, et al. Tazarotene gel is safe and effective in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis. 1999;63(6):349-354.
51. Shalita AR, Berson DS, Thiboutot DM, et al; Tazarotene Cream in Acne Clinical Study Investigator Group. Effects of tazarotene 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: pooled results from two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled, parallelgroup trials. Clin Ther. 2004;26(11):1865-1873.
52. Kakita L. Tazarotene versus tretinoin or adapalene in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(2 pt 3):S51-S54.
53. Webster GF, Berson D, Stein LF, Fivenson DP, Tanghetti EA, Ling M. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily tazarotene 0.1% gel versus oncedaily tretinoin 0.025% gel in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a randomized trial. Cutis. 2001;67(6 suppl):4-9.
54. Leyden JJ, Tanghetti EA, Miller B, Ung M, Berson D, Lee J. Once-daily tazarotene 0.1% gel versus once-daily tretinoin 0.1% microsponge gel for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a double-blind randomized trial. Cutis. 2002;69(2 suppl):12-19.
55. Webster GF, Guenther L, Poulin YP, Solomon BA, Loven K, Lee J. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized comparison study of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily tazarotene 0.1% gel and adapalene 0.1% gel for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2002;69(2 suppl):4-11.
56. Shalita A, Miller B, Menter A, Abramovits W, Love K, Kakita L. Tazarotene cream versus adapalene cream in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(2):153-158.
57. Schlessinger J, Menter A, Gold M, et al; ZIANA Study Group. Clinical safety and efficacy studies of a novel formulation combining 1.2% clindamycin phosphate and 0.025% tretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(6):607-615.
58. White GM. Acne therapy. Adv Dermatol. 1999;14:29-59.
59. Bojar RA, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. The short-term treatment of acne vulgaris with benzoyl peroxide: effects on the surface and follicular cutaneous microflora. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(2):204-208.
60. Harper JC. Benzoyl peroxide development, pharmacology, formulation and clinical uses in topical fixed-combinations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(5):482-487.
61. Sagransky M, Yentzer BA, Feldman SR. Benzoyl peroxide: a review of its current use in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(15):2555-2562.
62. Gollnick HP, Draelos Z, Glenn MJ, et al; Adapalene-BPO Study Group. Adapalene-benzoyl peroxide, a unique fixed-dose combination topical gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a transatlantic, randomized, double-blind, controlled study in 1670 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(5):1180-1189.
63. Mills OH Jr, Kligman AM. Assay of comedolytic activity in acne patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 1983;63(1):68-71.
64. Tanghetti EA, Popp KF. A current review of topical benzoyl peroxide: new perspectives on formulation and utilization. Dermatol Clin. 2009;27(1):17-24.
65. Bowe WP, Shalita AR. Effective over-the-counter acne treatments. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27(3):170-176.
66. Yentzer BA, Baldwin H, Shalita AR, Webster G, Feldman SK. Optimizing patient adherence: update on combination acne therapy-teens and beyond. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(6):6.
67. Zaenglein AL, Thiboutot DM. Expert committee recommendations for acne management. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):1188-1199.
68. Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, et al; Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009. 60(5 suppl):S1-S50.
69. Webster G. Mechanism-based treatment of acne vulgaris: the value of combination therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(3):281-288.
70. Weiss JS, Shavin JS. Topical retinoid and antibiotic combination therapy for acne management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3(2):146-154.
71. Leyden JJ. A review of the use of combination therapies for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(3 suppl):S200-S210.
72. Campbell JL Jr. A comparative review of the efficacy and tolerability of retinoid-containing combination regimens for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(6):625-629.
73. Ghali F, Kang S, Leyden J, Shalita AR, Thiboutot DM. Changing the face of acne therapy. Cutis. 2009;83(2 suppl):4-15.
74. Webster GF, Graber EM. Antibiotic treatment for acne vulgaris. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27(3):183-187.
75. Yentzer BA, et al. Trends in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Poster presented at: 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology; March 5-10, 2010; Miami, FL.
76. Pariser DM, Westmoreland P, Morris A, Gold MH, Liu Y, Graeber M. Long-term safety and efficacy of a unique fixed-dose combination gel of adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(9):899-905.
77. Strauss JS, Rapini RP, Shalita AR, et al. Isotretinoin therapy for acne: results of a multicenter dose-response study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10(3):490-496.
78. Bruno NP, Beacham BE, Burnett JW. Adverse effects of isotretinoin therapy. Cutis. 1984;33(5):484-486+489.
79. Selcen D, Seidman S, Nigro MA. Otocerebral anomalies associated with topical tretinoin use. Brain Dev. 2000;22(4):218-220.
80. Lipson AH, Collins F, Webster WS. Multiple congenital defects associated with maternal use of topical tretinoin. Lancet. 1993; 341(8856):1352-1353.
81. Navarre-Belhassen C, Blanchet P, Hillaire-Buys D, Sarda P, Blayac JP. Multiple congenital malformations associated with topical tretinoin. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(4):505-506.
82. Latriano L, Tzimas G, Wong F, Wills RJ. The percutaneous absorption of topically applied tretinoin and its effect on endogenous concentrations of tretinoin and its metabolites after single doses or long-term use. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(3 pt 2):S37-S46.
83. Eckhoff C, Nau H. Identification and quantitation of all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic acid and 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid in human plasma. J Lipid Res. 1990;31(8):1445-1454.
84. Jensen BK, McGann LA, Kachevsky V, Franz TJ. The negligible systemic availability of retinoids with multiple and excessive topical application of isotretinoin 0.05% gel (Isotrex) in patients with acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24(3):425-428.
85. Cunliffe WJ, Glass D, Goode K, Stables GI, Boorman GC. A doubleblind investigation of the potential systemic absorption of isotretinoin, when combined with chemical sunscreens, following topical application to patients with widespread acne of the face and trunk. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81(1):14-17.
86. Eichenfield L, Jarratt M, Schlessinger J, et al; Adapalene Lotion Study Group. Adapalene 0.1% lotion in the treatment of acne vulgaris: results from two placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized double-blind, clinical Studies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010:9(6);639-646.
87. Piacquadio D, Kligman A. The critical role of the vehicle to therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(2 pt 3):S67-S73.
88. Embil K, Nacht S. The Microsponge Delivery System (MDS): a topical delivery system with reduced irritancy incorporating multiple triggering mechanisms for the release of actives. J Microencapsul. 1996;13(5):575-588.
89. Draelos ZK. Patient compliance: enhancing clinician abilities and strategies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(5 pt 3):S42-S48.
90. Guenther LC. Optimizing treatment with topical tazarotene. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(3):197-202.
91. Laquieze S, Czernielewski J, Rueda MJ. Beneficial effect of a moisturizing cream as adjunctive treatment to oral isotretinoin or topical tretinoin in the management of acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(10):985-990.
92. Bershad S, Kranjac Singer G, Parente JE, et al. Successful treatment of acne vulgaris using a new method: results of a randomized vehiclecontrolled trial of short-contact therapy with 0.1% tazarotene gel. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(4):481-489.