Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 271-295

  Houtman, Corine J ^a  

^a Water Laboratory   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aquatic environment; Drinking water; Emerging substances; Endocrine disruption; Pharmaceuticals; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958265188     PISSN: 1943815X     EISSN: 19438168     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1943815X.2010.511648     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Adler P, Steger-Hartmann T, Kalbfus W. 2001. Distribution of natural and synthetic estrogenic steroid hormones in water samples from Southern and Middle Germany. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica. 29:227-241.
2. Ahrens L, Felizeter S, Ebinghaus R. 2009. Spatial distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in seawater of the German Bight. Chemosphere. 76:179-184.
3. Allen Y, Matthiessen P, Scott AP, Haworth S, Feist S, Thain JE. 1999a. The extent of oestrogenic contamination in the UK estuarine and marine environments-further surveys of flounder. Sci Total Environ. 233:5-20.
4. Allen Y, Scott AP, Matthiessen P, Haworth S, Thain JE, Feist S. 1999b. Survey of estrogenic activity in United Kingdom estuarine and coastal waters and its effects on gonadal development of the flounder Platichthys flesus. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18:1791-1800.
5. Andresen JA, Muir D, Ueno D, Darling C, Theobald N, Bester K. 2007. Emerging pollutants in the north sea in comparison to Lake Ontario, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem. 26:1081-1089.
6. Barnhoorn IEJ, Bornman MS, Pieterse GM, van Vuren JHJ. 2004. Histological evidence of intersex in feral sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from an estrogen-polluted water source in Gauteng, South Africa. Environ Toxicol. 19:603-608.
7. Batt AL, Kostich MS, Lazorchak JM. 2008. Analysis of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water using selective solid-phase extraction and UPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chem. 80:5021-5030.
8. Belfroid AC, van der Horst A, Vethaak AD, Schäfer AJ, Rijs GBJ, Wegener J, Cofino WP. 1999. Analysis and occurence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in surface water and waste water in The Netherlands. Sci Total Environ. 225:101-108.
9. Benotti MJ, Trenholm RA, Vanderford BJ, Holady JC, Stanford BD, Snyder SA. 2009. Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water. Environ Sci Technol. 43:597-603.
10. Bjerregaard LB, Korsgaard B, Bjerregaard P. 2006. Intersex in wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) from Danish sewage effluent-receiving streams. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 64:321-328.
11. Blair RM, Fang H, Branham WS, Hass BS, Dial SL, Moland CL, Tong W, Shi L, Perkins R, Sheehan DM. 2000. The estrogen receptor relative binding affinities of 188 natural and xenochemicals: structural diversity of ligands. Toxicol Sci. 54:138-153.
12. Bolz U, Hagenmaier H, Korner W. 2001. Phenolic xenoestrogens in surface water, sediments, and sewage sludge from Baden-Wurttemberg, south-west Germany. Environ Pollut. 115:291-301.
13. Brian JV, Harris CA, Scholze M, Backhaus T, Booy P, Lamoree M, Pojana G, Jonkers N, Runnalls T, Bonfa A. 2005. Accurate prediction of the response of freshwater fish to a mixture of estrogenic chemicals. Environ Health Perspect. 113:721.
14. Brooks BW, Huggett DB, Boxall AB. 2009. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: research needs for the next decade. Environ Toxicol Chem. 28:2469-2472.
15. Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Nowak E, Johnston J, Yekel H, Pfeiffer D, Hoyt M, DuPlessie BM, Anderson PD. 2010. An assessment of potential exposure and risk from estrogens in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 118:338-344.
16. Carson R. 1962. Silent spring. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin Company.
17. Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Fanelli R, Bagnati R. 2008. Mass spectrometric analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water. Mass Spectrometry Rev. 27:378-394.
18. Cespedes R, Lacorte S, Raldua D, Ginebreda A, Barcelo D, Pina B. 2005. Distribution of endocrine disruptors in the Llobregat River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain.). Chemosphere. 61:1710-1719.
19. Cespedes R, Petrovic M, Raldua D, Saura U, Pina B, Lacorte S, Viana P, Barcelo D. 2004. Integrated procedure for determination of endocrine-disrupting activity in surface waters and sediments by use of the biological technique recombinant yeast assay and chemical analysis by LC-ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 378:697-708.
20. Chang H, Wan Y, Hu J. 2009. Determination and source apportionment of five classes of steroid hormones in urban rivers. Environ Sci Technol. 43:7691-7698.
21. Colborn T, Vom Saal FS, Soto AM. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Perspect. 101:378-384.
22. Colwell RR. 1996. Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science. 274:2025-2031.
23. Cooney CM. 2009. Study detects trace levels of pharmaceuticals in US drinking water. Environ Sci Technol. 43:551.
24. Daston GP, Cook JC, Kavlock RJ. 2003. Uncertainties for endocrine disrupters: our view on progress. Toxicol Sci. 74:245-252.
25. Daughton CG, Ternes TA. 1999. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? Environ Health Perspect. 107(Suppl 6):907-938.
26. de Alda MJL, Barcelo D. 2001. Use of solid-phase extraction in various of its modalities for sample preparation in the determination of estrogens and progestogens in sediment and water. J Chromatogr A. 938:145-153.
27. de Boer J. 2010. Persistent organic pollutant analysis-what level of sensitivity and selectivity do we need? EnviroAnalysis 2010, Toronto, Canada.
28. De Moel PJ, Verberk JQJC, Van Dijk JC. 2004. Drinkwater-principes en praktijk. The Hague, the Netherlands: Delft Technical University/SDU Publishers B.V.
29. Desbrow C, Routledge EJ, Brighty GC, Sumpter JP, Waldock M. 1998. Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. 1. Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening. Environ Sci Technol. 32:1549-1558.
30. Ellis JB. 2006. Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in urban receiving waters. Environ Pollut. 144:184-189.
31. European Environment Agency. 1997. European workshop on the impact of endocrine disruptors on human health and wildlife, 2-4 December 1996, Weybridge, UK. Report of the Proceedings. Report EU 17549. 1997. Copenhagen: European Commission DG XII.
32. Fairley P, Colborn T, Myers JP. 1996. Our stolen future: what pointers for industry? Chem Week. 158:55-56.
33. Farre M, Gros M, Hernandez B, Petrovic M, Hancock P, Barcelo D. 2008. Analysis of biologically active compounds in water by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrometry. 22:41-51.
34. Fawell JK, Sheahan D, James HA, Hurst M, Scott S. 2001. Oestrogens and oestrogenic activity in raw and treated water in Severn trent water. Water Res. 35:1240-1244.
35. Fenet H, Gomez E, Pillon A, Rosain D, Nicolas JC, Casellas, Balaguer P. 2003. Estrogenic activity in water and sediments of a French river: contribution of alkylphenols. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 44:1-6.
36. Ferrer I, Thurman EM. 2003. Liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC/ TOF/MS) for the analysis of emerging contaminants. Trac-Trends Anal Chem. 22:750-756.
37. Field JA, Johnson CA, Rose JB. 2006. What is "emerging"? Environ Sci Technol. 40:7105.
38. Fischer A, Oehm C, Selle M, Werner P. 2005. Biotic and abiotic transformations of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 12:381-386.
39. Focazio MJ, Kolpin DW, Barnes KK, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Thurman ME. 2008. A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States-II) untreated drinking water sources. Sci Total Environ. 402:201-216.
40. Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Volkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D. 2009. Perfluorinated compounds-exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int J Hygiene Environ Health. 212:239-270.
41. Gagne F, Blaise C, Andre C. 2006. Occurrence of pharmaceutical products in a municipal effluent and toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 64:329-336.
42. Gibson R, Becerril-Bravo E, Silva-Castro V, Jimenez B. 2007. Determination of acidic pharmaceuticals and potential endocrine, disrupting compounds in wastewaters and spring waters by selective elution and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1169:31-39.
43. Gibson R, Smith MD, Spary CJ, Tyler CR, Hill EM. 2005. Mixtures of estrogenic contaminants in bile of fish exposed to wastewater treatment works effluents. Environ Sci Technol. 39:2461-2471.
44. Giger W. 2009. Hydrophilic and amphiphilic water pollutants: using advanced analytical methods for classic and emerging contaminants. Analy Bioanal Chem. 393:37-44.
45. Gomez MJ, Petrovic M, Fernandez-Alba AR, Barcelo D. 2006. Determination of pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in hospital effluent wastewaters. J Chromatogr A. 1114:224-233.
46. Gros M, Petrovic M, Barcelo D. 2009. Tracing pharmaceutical residues of different therapeutic classes in environmental waters by using liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry and automated library searching. Anal Chem. 81:898-912.
47. Hernando MD, Heath E, Petrovic M, Barcelo D. 2006a. Trace-level determination of pharmaceutical residues by LC-MS/MS in natural and treated waters. A pilot-survey study. Anal Bioanal Chem. 385:985-991.
48. Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Fernandez-Alba AR, Barcelo D. 2006b. Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta. 69:334-342.
49. Hilton MJ, Thomas KV. 2003. Determination of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in effluent and surface water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1015:129-141.
50. Hilton MJ, Thomas KV, Ashton D. 2003. Targeted monitoring programme for pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment (Environment Agency). Report number P6-012/06/TR. Bristol (UK): Environment Agency. 57 p.
51. Hogenboom AC, van Leerdam JA, de Voogt R. 2009. Accurate mass screening and identification of emerging contaminants in environmental samples by liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1216:510-519.
52. Houtman CJ, Booij P, Jover E, Pascual del RD, Swart K, van VM, Vreuls R, Legler J, Brouwer A, Lamoree MH. 2006a. Estrogenic and dioxin-like compounds in sediment from Zierikzee harbour identified with CALUX assay-directed fractionation combined with one and two dimensional gas chromatography analyses. Chemosphere. 65:2244-2252.
53. Houtman CJ, Booij P, van der Valk KM, van Bodegom PM, van den Ende F, Gerritsen AA, Lamoree MH, Legler J, Brouwer A. 2007. Biomonitoring of estrogenic exposure and identification of responsible compounds in bream from Dutch surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem. 26:898-907.
54. Houtman CJ, Cenijn PH, Hamers T, Lamoree MH, Legler J, Murk AJ, Brouwer A. 2004a. Toxicological profiling of sediments using in vitro bioassays, with emphasis on endocrine disruption. Environ Toxicol Chem. 23:32-40.
55. Houtman CJ, Van Houten YK, Leonards PE, Brouwer A, Lamoree MH, Legler J. 2006b. Biological validation of a sample preparation method for ER-CALUX bioanalysis of estrogenic activity in sediment using mixtures of xeno-estrogens. Environ Sci Technol. 40:2455-2461.
56. Houtman CJ, Van Oostveen AM, Brouwer A, Lamoree MH, Legler J. 2004b. Identification of estrogenic compounds in fish bile using bioassay-directed fractionation. Environ Sci Technol. 38:6415-6423.
57. Huerta-Fontela M, Galceran MT, Ventura F. 2008. Stimulatory drugs of abuse in surface waters and their removal in a conventional drinking water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol. 42:6809-6816.
58. International Association of Waterworks in the Danube Catchment Area, Association of River waterworks in the Meuse Catchment Area, and International Association of Waterworks in the Rhine Catchment Area. 2008. Danube, Meuse and Rhine Memorandum 2008:1-20.
59. Isaacson CW, Kleber M, Field JA. 2009. Quantitative analysis of fullerene nanomaterials in environmental systems: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol. 43:6463-6474.
60. Jjemba PK. 2006. Excretion and ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 63:113-130.
61. Jobling S, Nolan M, Tyler CR, Brighty G, Sumpter JP. 1998. Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish. Environ Sci Technol. 32:2498-2506.
62. Johnson AC, Juergens MD, Williams RJ, Kümmerer K, Kortenkamp A, Sumpter JP. 2008. Do cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs discharged into rivers pose a risk to the environment and human health? An overview and UK case study. J Hydrol. 348:167-175.
63. Johnson AC, Williams RJ, Matthiessen P. 2006. The potential steroid hormone contribution of farm animals to freshwaters, the United Kingdom as a case study. Sci Total Environ. 362:166-178.
64. Jones OA, Lester JN, Voulvoulis N. 2005. Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water? Trends Biotechnol. 23:163-167.
65. Jugan ML, Oziol L, Bimbot M, Huteau V, Tamisier-Karolak S, Blondeau JP, Lévi Y. 2009. In vitro assessment of thyroid and estrogenic endocrine disruptors in wastewater treatment plants, rivers and drinking water supplies in the greater Paris area (France). Sci Total Environ. 407:3579-3587.
66. Kasprzyk-Hordem B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ. 2007. Multi-residue method for the determination of basic/neutral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1161:132-145.
67. Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ. 2008. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK. Water Res. 42:3498-3518.
68. Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ. 2009. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res. 43:363-380.
69. Kirby MF, Allen YT, Dyer RA, Feist SW, Katsiadaki I, Matthiessen P, Scott AP, Smith A, Stentiford GD, Thain JE, et al. 2004. Surveys of plasma vitellogenin and intersex in male flounder (Platichthys flesus) as measures of endocrine disruption by estrogenic contamination in United Kingdom estuaries: Temporal trends, 1996 to 2001. Environ Toxicol Chem. 23:748-758.
70. Kolb A, Puttmann W. 2006. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in finished drinking water in Germany. Environ Pollut. 140:294-303.
71. Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol. 36:1202-1211.
72. Kroes R, Galli C, Munro I, Schilter B, Tran LA, Walker R, Würtzen G. 2000. Threshold of toxicological concern for chemical substances present in the diet: a practical tool for assessing the need for toxicity testing. Food Chem Toxicol. 38:255-312.
73. Kroes R, Renwick AG, Cheeseman M, Kleiner J, Mangelsdorf I, Piersma A, Schilter B, Schlatter J, Van Schothorst F, Vos JG. 2004. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:65-83.
74. Kuch HM, Ballschmiter K. 2001. Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the picogram per liter range. Environ Sci Technol. 35:3201-3206.
75. Kuster M, de Alda MJ, Hernando MD, Petrovic M, Martin-Alonso J, Barcelo D. 2008. Analysis and occurrence of pharmaceuticals, estrogens, progestogens and polar pesticides in sewage treatment plant effluents, river water and drinking water in the Llobregat river basin (Barcelona, Spain). J Hydrol. 358:112-123.
76. Kuster M, Lopez de AM, Barcelo D. 2009. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis and regulatory issues of polar pesticides in natural and treated waters. J Chromatogr A. 1216:520-529.
77. Kwadijk CJ, Korytar P, Koelmans AA. 2010. Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic systems in the Netherlands. Environ Sci Technol. 44:3746-3751.
78. Lange IG, Daxenberger A, Schiffer B, Witters H, Ibarreta D, Meyer HHD. 2002. Sex hormones originating from different livestock production systems: fate and potential disrupting activity in the environment. Anal Chim Acta. 473:27-37.
79. Legler J. 2008. New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere. 73:216-222.
80. Legler J, Broekhof JLM, Brouwer A, Lanser PH, Murk AJ, van der Saag PT, Vethaak AD, Wester P, Zivkovic D, van der Burg B. 2000. A novel in vivo bioassay for (Xeno-) estrogens using transgenic zebrafish. Environ Sci Technol. 34:4439-4444.
81. Legler J, Zeinstra LM, Schuitemaker F, Lanser PH, Bogerd J, Brouwer A, Vethaak AD, de Voogt P, Murk AJ, van der Burg B. 2002. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro reporter gene assays for short-term screening of estrogenic activity. Environ Sci Technol. 36:4410-4415.
82. Loos R, Gawlik BM, Locoro G, Rimaviciute E, Contini S, Bidoglio G. 2009. EU-wide survey of polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters. Environ Pollut. 157:561-568.
83. Lopez-Roldan P, de Alda MJL, Barcelo D. 2004. Simultaneous determination of selected endocrine disrupters (pesticides, phenols and phthalates) in water by in-field solid-phase extraction (SPE) using the prototype PROFEXS followed by on-line SPE (PROSPEKT) and analysis by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 378:599-609.
84. Matamoros V, Jover E, Bayona JM. 2010. Part-per-trillion determination of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and related organic contaminants in river water by solid-phase extraction followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 82:699-706.
85. Matthiessen P, Arnold D, Johnson AC, Pepper TJ, Pottinger TG, Pulman KG. 2006. Contamination of headwater streams in the United Kingdom by oestrogenic hormones from livestock farms. Sci Total Environ. 367:616-630.
86. McLachlan MS, Holmstrom KE, Reth M, Berger U. 2007. Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European continent. Environ Sci Technol. 41:7260-7265.
87. Meng CK. 2009. Identifying pharmaceuticals in surface water using LC-MS/MS in both positive and negative ion modes. Am Lab. 41:11-13.
88. Morgenstern P, Versteegh AF, de Korte GA, Hoogerbrugge R, Mooibroek D, Bannink A, Hogendoorn EA. 2003. Survey of the occurrence of residues of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in Dutch drinking water sources and drinking water. J Environ Monitor. 5:885-890.
89. Morteani G, Moller P, Fuganti A, Paces T. 2006. Input and fate of anthropogenic estrogens and gadolinium in surface water and sewage plants in the hydrological basin of Prague (Czech Republic). Environ Geochem Health. 28:257-264.
90. Nishihara T, Nishikawa J, Kanayama T, Dakeyama F, Saito K, Imagawa M, Takatori S, Kitagawa Y, Hori S, Utsumi H. 2000. Estrogenic activities of 517 chemicals by yeast twohybrid assay. J Health Sci. 46:282-298.
91. Palma P, Kuster M, Alvarenga P, Palma VL, Fernandes RM, Soares AM, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barcelo D, Barbosa IR. 2009. Risk assessment of representative and priority pesticides, in surface water of the Alqueva reservoir (South of Portugal) using on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Int. 35:545-551.
92. Peck M, Gibson RW, Kortenkamp A, Hill EM. 2004. Sediments are major sinks of steroidal estrogens in two United Kingdom rivers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 23:945-952.
93. Petrovic M, Barcelo D. 2006. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the analysis of emerging environmental contaminants. Anal Bioanal Chem. 385:422-424.
94. Petrovic M, Gonzalez S, Barcelo D. 2003. Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. Trac-Trends Anal Chem. 22:685-696.
95. Petrovic M, Sole M, de Alda MJL, Barcelo D. 2002. Endocrine disruptors in sewage treatment plants, receiving river waters, and sediments: integration of chemical analysis and biological effects on feral carp. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21:2146-2156.
96. Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. 2006. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 40:32-44.
97. Quiros L, Cespedes R, Lacorte S, Viana P, Raldua D, Barcelo D, Pina B. 2005. Detection and evaluation of endocrine-disruption activity in water samples from Portuguese rivers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 24:389-395.
98. Rahman F, Langford KH, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN. 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Sci Total Environ. 275:1-17.
99. Rahman MF, Yanful EK, Jasim SY. 2009. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment: implications for the drinking water industry and global environmental health. J Water Health. 7:224-243.
100. Reemtsma T, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Garcia-Lopez M, Rodriguez I. 2008. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate. Trac-Trends Anal Chem. 27:727-737.
101. Richardson SD. 2008. Environmental mass spectrometry: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem. 80:4373-4402.
102. Richardson SD. 2009. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem. 81:4645-4677.
103. RIWA Vereniging van Rivierwaterbedrijven. 2003. Annual Report 2001-2002. The Rhine. 2003. Nieuwegein: Association of River Waterworks RIWA.
104. RIWA Vereniging van Rivierwaterbedrijven. 2008. Annual Report 2007 The Rhine. 2008. Nieuwegein: Association of River Waterworks RIWA.
105. Rodrigues AM, Ferreira V, Cardoso VV, Ferreira E, Benoliel MJ. 2007. Determination of several pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1150:267-278.
106. Ruhoy IS, Daughton CG. 2008. Beyond the medicine cabinet: an analysis of where and why medications accumulate. Environ Int. 34:1157-1169.
107. Sacher F, Ehmann M, Gabriel S, Graf C, Brauch HJ. 2008. Pharmaceutical residues in the river Rhine-results of a one-decade monitoring programme. J Environ Monitor. 10:664-670.
108. Safe SH. 1995. Environmental and dietary estrogens and human health-is there a problem. Environ Health Perspect. 103:346-351.
109. Safe SH. 2000. Endocrine disruptors and human health-is there a problem? An update. Environ Health Perspect. 108:487-493.
110. Scheurer M, Brauch HJ, Lange FT. 2009. Analysis and occurrence of seven artificial sweeteners in German waste water and surface water and in soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Anal Bio Anal Chem. 394:1585-1594.
111. Schriks M, Heringa MB, van der Kooi MM, de VP, van Wezel AP. 2009. Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality. Water Res. 44:461-476.
112. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. 1993. Are estrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive-tract. Lancet. 341:1392-1395.
113. Sheahan DA, Brighty GC, Daniel M, Jobling S, Harries JE, Hurst MR, Kennedy J, Kirby SJ, Morris S, Routledge EJ, et al. 2002. Reduction in the estrogenic activity of a treated sewage effluent discharge to an English river as a result of a decrease in the concentration of industrially derived surfactants. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21:515-519.
114. Shore LS, Shemesh M. 2003. Naturally produced steroid hormones and their release into the environment. Pure Appl Chem. 75:1859-1871.
115. Skutlarek D, Exner M, Farber H. 2006. Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking water. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 13:299-307.
116. Snyder SA, Westerhoff P, Yoon Y, Sedlak DL. 2003. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in water: implications for the water industry. Environ Eng Sci. 20:449-469.
117. Sole M, Raldua D, Piferrer F, Barcelo D, Porte C. 2003. Feminization of wild carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a polluted environment: plasma steroid hormones, gonadal morphology and xenobiotic metabolizing system. Comp Biochem Physiol C-Toxicol Pharmacol. 136:145-156.
118. Stackelberg PE, Gibs J, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Zaugg SD, Lippincott RL. 2007. Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. Sci Total Environ. 377:255-272.
119. Stolker AA, Niesing W, Hogendoorn EA, Versteegh JF, Fuchs R, Brinkman UA. 2004. Liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole or quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry for screening and confirmation of residues of pharmaceuticals in water. Anal Bioanal Chem. 378:955-963.
120. Sumpter JP. 2005. Endocrine disrupters in the aquatic environment: an overview. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica. 33:9-16.
121. Sumpter JP. 2009. Protecting aquatic organisms from chemicals: the harsh realities. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 367:3877-3894.
122. Sumpter JP, Johnson AC. 2008. 10th anniversary perspective: reflections on endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment: from known knowns to unknown unknowns (and many things in between). J Environ Monitor. 10:1476-1485.
123. Swartjes FA, Baars AJ, Fleuren RHLJ, Otte PF. 2004. Risicogrenzen voor MTBE (Methyl tertiair-butyl ether) in bodem, sediment, grondwater, oppervlaktewater, drinkwater en voor drinkwaterbereiding. RIVM Report 711701039/2004. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.
124. Ter Laak TL, van der Aa M, Houtman CJ, Stoks PG, van Wezel AP. 2010. Relating environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals to consumption: a mass balance approach for the river Rhine. Environ Int. 36:403-409.
125. Terzic S, Senta I, Ahel M, Gros M, Petrovic M, Barcelo D, Muller J, Knepper T, Marti I, Ventura F, et al. 2008. Occurrence and fate of emerging wastewater contaminants in Western Balkan Region. Sci Total Environ. 399:66-77.
126. Van der Aa NGFM, Kommer GJ, Versteegh JFM. 2009. Huidig en toekomstig gebruik van geneesmiddelen. H2O. 2009:33-35.
127. Van der Hoek JP, Mons MN, Stoks P, Van der Kooij D. 2008. Vision on and guideline values for xenobiotic substances in drinking water. H2O. 2008:33-35.
128. Van der Linden SC, Heringa MB, Man HY, Sonneveld E, Puijker LM, Brouwer A, Van Der Burg B. 2008. Detection of multiple hormonal activities in wastewater effluents and surface water, using a panel of steroid receptor CALUX bioassays. Environ Sci Technol. 42:5814-5820.
129. Van Wezel A, Puijker L, Vink C, Versteegh A, De Voogt P. 2009. Odour and flavour thresholds of gasoline additives (MTBE, ETBE and TAME) and their occurrence in Dutch drinking water collection areas. Chemosphere. 76:672-676.
130. Versteegh JFM, Van der Aa NGFM, Dijkman E. 2007. Geneesmiddelen in drinkwater en drinkwaterbronnen. Resultaten van het meetprogramma 2005/2006. RIVM Report 703719016/2007, 1-53. 2007. Bilthoven: Dutch Ministry for Public Health and the Environment.
131. Vethaak AD, Lahr J, Schrap SM, Belfroid AC, Rijs GBJ, Gerritsen A, de Boer J, Bulder AS, Grinwis GCM, Kuiper RV, et al. 2005. An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands. Chemosphere. 59:511-524.
132. Vryzas Z, Vassiliou G, Alexoudis C, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. 2009. Spatial and temporal distribution of pesticide residues in surface waters in northeastern Greece. Water Res. 43:1-10.
133. Webb S, Ternes T, Gibert M, Olejniczak K. 2003. Indirect human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water. Toxicol Lett. 142:157-167.
134. Weiss JM, Hamers T, Thomas KV, Van Der Linden S, Leonards PE, Lamoree MH. 2009. Masking effect of anti-androgens on androgenic activity in European river sediment unveiled by effect-directed analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem. 394:1385-1397.
135. Weiss S, Jakobs J, Reemtsma T. 2006. Discharge of three benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors with municipal wastewater and improvements by membrane bioreactor treatment and ozonation. Environ Sci Technol. 40:7193-7199.
136. Wiesner MR, Lowry GV, Jones KL, Hochella MF, Jr, Di Giulio RT, Casman E, Bernhardt ES. 2009. Decreasing uncertainties in assessing environmental exposure, risk, and ecological implications of nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol. 43:6458-6462.
137. Wolff MS, Toniolo PG, Lee EW, Rivera M, Dubin N. 1993. Blood-levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast-cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 85:648-652.
138. World Health Organisation. 2006. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 1. 3rd ed, incorporating first and second addenda. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation.
139. Wuijts S, Van Rijswijk HFMW. 2008. Drinkwateraspecten en de Kaderrichtlijn Water. Criteria voor de bescherming van drinkwaterbronnen en kwaliteitsdoelstellingen. RIVM Report 734301 028, 1-86. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute for Health and the Environment.
140. Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Chiabrando C, Grassi P, Fanelli R. 2008. Illicit drugs, a novel group of environmental contaminants. Water Res. 42:961-968.
141. Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castiglioni S, Calamari D, Bagnati R, Schiarea S, Fanelli R. 2005. Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse. Environ Health. 4:14.