The development of small primate models for aging research

ILAR Journal

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 78-88

  Fischer, Kathleen E ^a   Austad, Steven N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Bush baby (galago senegalensis); Lemur (microcebus murinus); Longevity; Marmoset (callithrix jacchus); Nonhuman primate (nhp); Prosimian; Tamarin (saguinus spp.)

Indexed keywords

CALLITHRIX JACCHUS; CALLITRICHIDAE; CEBUS; CERCOPITHECIDAE; GALAGO SENEGALENSIS; GALAGO SP.; LEMUR; MACACA; MACACA MULATTA; MARMOSETS; MICROCEBUS MURINUS; PLATYRRHINI; PRIMATES; SAGUINUS; SAGUINUS IMPERATOR; STREPSIRHINI;

EID: 79958069078     PISSN: 10842020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ilar.52.1.78     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Abbott DH, Keverne EB, Bercovitch FB, Shively CA, Mendoza SP, Saltzman W, Snowdon CT, Ziegler TE, Banjevic M, Garland T Jr, Sapolsky RM. 2003. Are subordinates always stressed? A comparative analysis of rank differences in cortisol levels among primates. Horm Behav 43: 67-82.
2. Adkins RM, Nekrutenko A, Li WH. 2001. Bushbaby growth hormone is much more similar to nonprimate growth hormones than to rhesus monkey and human growth hormones. Mol Biol Evol 18:55-60.
3. Almond RE, Ziegler TE, Snowdon C. 2008. Changes in prolactin and glucocorticoid levels in cotton-top tamarin fathers during their mate's pregnancy: The effect of infants and paternal experience. Am J Primatol 70:560-565.
4. Appt SE, Clarkson TB, Lees CJ, Anthony MS. 2006. Low dose estrogens inhibit coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal monkeys. Maturitas 55:187-194.
5. Appt SE, Chen H, Goode AK, Hoyer PB, Clarkson TB, Adams MR, Wilson ME, Franke AA, Kaplan JR. 2010. The effect of diet and cardiovascular risk on ovarian aging in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Menopause 17:741-748.
6. Aujard F, Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Fournier I, Claustrat B, Schilling A, Cooper HM, Perret M. 2001. Artificially accelerated aging by shortened photoperiod alters early gene expression (Fos) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in a small primate, Microcebus murinus. Neuroscience 105:403-412.
7. Aujard F, Cayetanot F, Bentivoglio M, Perret M. 2006. Age-related effects on the biological clock and its behavioral output in a primate. Chronobiol Int 23:451-460.
8. Austad SN. 1997. Small nonhuman primates as potential models of human aging. ILAR J 38:142-147.
9. Austad SN. 2011. Candidate bird species for use in aging research. ILAR J 52:89-96.
10. Austad SN, Fischer KE. 1991. Mammalian aging, metabolism, and ecology: Evidence from the bats and marsupials. J Gerontol 46: B47-B53.
11. Bading JR, Yamada S, Mackic JB, Kirkman L, Miller C, Calero M, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Zlokovic BV. 2002. Brain clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid- beta40 in the squirrel monkey: A SPECT study in a primate model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Drug Target 10:359-368.
12. Bearder SK. 1986. Lorises, bushbabies and tarsiers: Diverse societies in solitary foragers. In: Smutts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago. p 11-24.
13. Beltran WA, Vanore M, Ollivet F, Nemoz-Bertholet F, Aujard F, Clerc B, Chahory S. 2007. Ocular findings in two colonies of gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Vet Ophthalmol 10:43-49.
14. Bethea CL, Centeno ML, Cameron JL. 2008. Neurobiology of stress-induced reproductive dysfunction in female macaques. Mol Neurobiol 38: 199-230.
15. Bininda-Emonds OR, Cardillo M, Jones KE, MacPhee RD, Beck RM, Grenyer R, Price SA, Vos RA, Gittleman JL, Purvis A. 2007. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446:507-512.
16. Black A, Lane MA. 2002. Nonhuman primate models of skeletal and reproductive aging. Gerontology 48:72-80.
17. Bons N, Rieger F, Prudhomme D, Fisher A, Krause KH. 2006. Microcebus murinus: A useful primate model for human cerebral aging and Alzheimer's disease? Genes Brain Behav 5:120-130.
18. Brady AG, Johnson WH Jr, Botchin MB, Williams LE, Scimeca JM, Abee CR. 1991. Developmental changes in ECG associated with heart rate are similar in squirrel monkey and human infants. Lab Anim Sci 41:596-601.
19. Brady AG, Watford JW, Massey CV, Rodning KJ, Gibson SV, Williams LE, Abee CR. 2003. Studies of heart disease and failure in aged female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sp.). Comp Med 53:657-662.
20. Brady DR, Carey RG, Mufson EJ. 1992. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) profiles in the amygdala of human and New World monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Brain Res 577:236-248.
21. Buehr M, Meek S, Blair K, Yang J, Ure J, Silva J, McLay R, Hall J, Ying QL, Smith A. 2008. Capture of authentic embryonic stem cells from rat blastocysts. Cell 135:1287-1298.
22. Burrell AM, Altman JD. 2006. The effect of the captive environment on activity of captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). J Appl Anim Welf Sci 9:269-276.
23. Cayetanot F, Van Someren EJ, Perret M, Aujard F. 2005. Shortened seasonal photoperiodic cycles accelerate aging of the diurnal and circadian locomotor activity rhythms in a primate. J Biol Rhythms 20:461-469.
24. Chatterjee HJ, Ho SY, Barnes I, Groves C. 2009. Estimating the phylogeny and divergence times of primates using a supermatrix approach. BMC Evol Biol 9:259.
25. Clapp NK, Tardif SD. 1984. The successful rearing of cotton-top tamarins using colony-born breeders. Lab Anim Sci 34:504.
26. Clarkson TB, Mehaffey MH. 2009. Coronary heart disease of females: Lessons learned from nonhuman primates. Am J Primatol 71:785-793.
27. Colman RJ, McKiernan SH, Aiken JM, Weindruch R. 2005. Muscle mass loss in Rhesus monkeys: Age of onset. Exp Gerontol 40:573-581.
28. Dal-Pan A, Terrien J, Pifferi F, Botalla R, Hardy I, Marchal J, Zahariev A, Chery I, Zizzari P, Perret M, Picq JL, Epelbaum J, Blanc S, Aujard R. 2010. Caloric restriction or resveratrol supplementation and ageing in a non-human primate: First-year outcome of the RESTRIKAL study in Microcebus murinus. Age (Dordr) Jun 9 [epub ahead of print].
29. Darney KJ Jr, Franklin LE. 1982. Analysis of the estrous cycle of the laboratory- housed Senegal galago (Galago senegalensis senegalensis): Natural and induced cycles. Folia Primatol (Basel) 37:106-126.
30. de Magalhaes JP, Costa J. 2009. A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. J Evol Biol 22:1770-1774.
31. Dhenain M, Michot JL, Privat N, Picq JL, Boller F, Duyckaerts C, Volk A. 2000. MRI description of cerebral atrophy in mouse lemur primates. Neurobiol Aging 21:81-88.
32. Dhenain M, Chenu E, Hisley CK, Aujard F, Volk A. 2003. Regional atrophy in the brain of lissencephalic mouse lemur primates: Measurement by automatic histogram-based segmentation of MR images. Magn Reson Med 50:984-992.
33. Downs JL, Urbanski HF. 2006. Neuroendocrine changes in the aging reproductive axis of female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Biol Reprod 75:539-546.
34. Edrey Y, Hanes M, Pinto M, Mele J, Buffenstein R. 2011. Successful aging and sustained good health in the naked mole rat: A long-lived mammalian model for biogerontology and biomedical research. ILAR J 52: 41-53.
35. Elfenbein HA, Rosen RF, Stephens SL, Switzer RC, Smith Y, Pare J, Mehta PD, Warzok R, Walker LC. 2007. Cerebral beta-amyloid angiopathy in aged squirrel monkeys. Histol Histopathol 22:155-167.
36. Fabre PH, Rodrigues A, Douzery EJ. 2009. Patterns of macroevolution among primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 53:808-825.
37. Finch CE, Sapolsky RM. 1999. The evolution of Alzheimer disease, the reproductive schedule, and apoE isoforms. Neurobiol Aging 20:407-428.
38. Fitch-Snyder HM. 2003. History of captive conservation of tarsiers. In: Wright PC, Simons EL, Gursky S, eds. Tarsiers: Past, Present, and Future. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p 277-295.
39. Gilissen EP, Jacobs RE, McGuinness ER, Allman JM. 1999. Topographical localization of lipofuscin pigment in the brain of the aged fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) and grey lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus): Comparison to iron localization. Am J Primatol 49: 183-193.
40. Glazko GV, Koonin EV, Rogozin IB. 2005. Molecular dating: Ape bones agree with chicken entrails. Trends Genet 21:89-92.
41. Goldizen AW. 1986. Tamarins and marmosets: Communal care of offspring. In: Smutts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago. p 34-43.
42. Gursky S. 2000a. Allocare in a nocturnal primate: Data on the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum. Folia Primatol (Basel) 71:39-54.
43. Gursky S. 2000b. Sociality in the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum. Am J Primatol 51:89-101.
44. Gursky S. 2005. Associations between adult spectral tarsiers. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:74-83.
45. Gursky S. 2006. Function of snake mobbing in spectral tarsiers. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:601-608.
46. Haig D. 1999. What is a marmoset? Am J Primatol 49:285-296.
47. Heddings AA, Friel KM, Plautz EJ, Barbay S, Nudo RJ. 2000. Factors contributing to motor impairment and recovery after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 14:301-310.
48. Huemer HP, Larcher C, Czedik-Eysenberg T, Nowotny N, Reifinger M. 2002. Fatal infection of a pet monkey with human herpesvirus. Emerg Infect Dis 8:639-642.
49. Ingram DK, Cutler RG, Weindruch R, Renquist DM, Knapka JJ, April M, Belcher CT, Clark MA, Hatcherson CD, Marriott BM, Roth GS. 1990. Dietary restriction and aging: The initiation of a primate study. J Gerontol 45:B148-B163.
50. IUCN [International Union for Conservation of Nature]. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2010.2. Available on the Web (www.iucnredlist.org), accessed on December 7, 2010.
51. Jaquish CE, Cheverud JM, Tardif SD. 1996. Genetic and environmental impacts on litter size and early infant survival in three species of callitrichids. J Hered 87:74-77.
52. Jerome CP, Peterson PE. 2001. Nonhuman primate models in skeletal research. Bone 29:1-6.
53. Joly M, Deputte B, Verdier JM. 2006. Age effect on olfactory discrimination in a non-human primate, Microcebus murinus. Neurobiol Aging 27: 1045-1049.
54. Kap YS, van Meurs M, van Driel N, Koopman G, Melief MJ, Brok HP, Laman JD, 'tHart BA. 2009. A monoclonal antibody selection for immunohistochemical examination of lymphoid tissues from non-human primates. J Histochem Cytochem 57:1159-1187.
55. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. 2004. Ovarian dysfunction, stress, and disease: A primate continuum. ILAR J 45:89-115.
56. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. 2008. Ovarian dysfunction and the premenopausal origins of coronary heart disease. Menopause 15:768-776.
57. Lefaux B, Duprez R, Tanguy M, Longeart L, Gessain A, Boulanger E. 2004. Nonhuman primates might be highly susceptible to cross-species infectivity by human alpha-herpesviruses. Vet Pathol 41:302-304.
58. Lemere CA, Oh J, Stanish HA, Peng Y, Pepivani I, Fagan AM, Yamaguchi H, Westmoreland SV, Mansfield KG. 2008. Cerebral amyloid-beta protein accumulation with aging in cotton-top tamarins: A model of early Alzheimer's disease? Rejuvenation Res 11:21-332.
59. Levy E, Amorim A, Frangione B, Walker LC. 1995. beta-Amyloid precursor protein gene in squirrel monkeys with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurobiol Aging 16:805-808.
60. Liu H, Zhu F, Yong J, Zhang P, Hou P, Li H, Jiang W, Cai J, Liu M, Cui K, Qu X, Xiang T, Lu D, Chi X, Gao G, Ji W, Ding M, Deng H. 2008. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult rhesus monkey fibroblasts. Cell Stem Cell 3:587-590.
61. Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Zeitzer JM, Buckmaster CL, Schatzberg AF. 2007. Preliminary evidence that hippocampal volumes in monkeys predict stress levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Biol Psychiat 62:1171-1174.
62. Lyons DM, Yang C, Eliez S, Reiss AL, Schatzberg AF. 2004. Cognitive correlates of white matter growth and stress hormones in female squirrel monkey adults. J Neurosci 24:3655-3662.
63. Mackic JB, Weiss MH, Miao W, Kirkman E, Ghiso J, Calero M, Bading J, Frangione B, Zlokovic BV. 1998. Cerebrovascular accumulation and increased blood-brain barrier permeability to circulating Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide in aged squirrel monkey with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neurochem 70:210-215.
64. MacLatchy L, Muller R. 2002. A comparison of the femoral head and neck trabecular architecture of Galago and Perodicticus using micro-computed tomography (microCT). J Hum Evol 43:89-105.
65. Martin LJ, Carey KD, Comuzzie AG. 2003. Variation in menstrual cycle length and cessation of menstruation in captive raised baboons. Mech Ageing Dev 124:865-871.
66. Morelli L, Wei L, Amorim A, McDermid J, Abee CR, Frangione B, Walker LC, Levy E. 1996. Cerebrovascular amyloidosis in squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys: Apolipoprotein E genotype. FEBS Lett 379:132-134.
67. Nash LT. 2003. Sex differences in the behavior and the social interactions of immature Galago senegalensis braccatus. Folia Primatol (Basel) 74: 285-300.
68. Nekaris KA. 2003a. Observations of mating, birthing and parental behaviour in three subspecies of slender loris (Loris tardigradus and Loris lydekkerianus) in India and Sri Lanka. Folia Primatol (Basel) 74:312-336.
69. Nekaris KA. 2003b. Spacing system of the Mysore slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus). Am J Phys Anthropol 121:86-96.
70. Nekaris KA. 2006. Social lives of adult Mysore slender lorises (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus). Am J Primatol 68:1171-1182.
71. Njogu A, Owiti GO, Persson E, Oduor-Okelo D. 2006. Ultrastructure of the chorioallantoic placenta and chorionic vesicles of the lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis). Placenta 27:771-779.
72. Nudo RJ, Larson D, Plautz EJ, Friel KM, Barbay S, Frost SB. 2003. A squirrel monkey model of poststroke motor recovery. ILAR. J 44:161-174.
73. Okita K, Yamanaka S. 2010. Induction of pluripotency by defined factors. Exp Cell Res 316:2565-2570.
74. Parsons RM. 1983. National and international regulations governing transportation and supply of primate animals. J Med Primatol 12:262-266.
75. Perret M. 1982. Stress-effects in Microcebus murinus. Folia Primatol (Basel) 39:63-114.
76. Picq JL. 1995. Effects of aging upon recent memory in Microcebus murinus. Aging (Milano) 7:17-22.
77. Picq JL. 2007. Aging affects executive functions and memory in mouse lemur primates. Exp Gerontol 42:223-232.
78. Price DL, Martin LJ, Sisodia SS, Wagster MV, Koo EH, Walker LC, Koliatsos VE, Cork LC. 1991. Aged non-human primates: An animal model of age-associated neurodegenerative disease. Brain Pathol 1:287-296.
79. Pullen SL, Bearder SK, Dixson AF. 2000. Preliminary observations on sexual behavior and the mating system in free-ranging lesser galagos (Galago moholi). Am J Primatol 51:79-88.
80. Qin W, Chachich M, Lane M, Roth G, Bryant M, de Cabo R, Ottinger MA, Mattison J, Ingram D, Gandy S, Pasinetti GM. 2006. Calorie restriction attenuates Alzheimer's disease type brain amyloidosis in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Alzheimers Dis 10:417-422.
81. Raman A, Colman RJ, Cheng Y, Kemnitz JW, Baum ST, Weindruch R, Schoeller DA. 2005. Reference body composition in adult rhesus monkeys: Glucoregulatory and anthropometric indices. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:1518-1524.
82. Register TC. 2009. Primate models in women's health: Inflammation and atherogenesis in female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Am J Primatol 71:766-775.
83. Remick AK, Van Wettere AJ, Williams CV. 2009. Neoplasia in prosimians: Case series from a captive prosimian population and literature review. Vet Pathol 46:746-772.
84. Richard A. 1986. Malagasy prosimians: Female dominance. In: Smutts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago. p 25-33.
85. Rogers CJ, Brissette-Storkus CS, Hayes LA, Cameron JL, Chambers WH. 1998. Selective reduction in CD2 expression on CD2bright/CD8+ lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in response to acute stress. J Neuroimmunol 86:63-73.
86. Ross CN, French JA, Orti G. 2007. Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:6278-6282.
87. Roth GS, Ingram DK, Cutler RG. 1991. Caloric restriction in non-human primates: A progress report. Aging (Milano) 3:391-392.
88. Roth GS, Ingram DK, Black A, Lane MA. 2000. Effects of reduced energy intake on the biology of aging: The primate model. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 (Suppl3):S15-S20.
89. Ryan TM, van Rietbergen B. 2005. Mechanical significance of femoral head trabecular bone structure in Loris and Galago evaluated using micromechanical finite element models. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:82-96.
90. Sapolsky RM, Uno H, Rebert CS, Finch CE. 1990. Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. J Neurosci 10:2897-2902.
91. Sasaki E, Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagihashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. 2009. Generation of transgenic nonhuman primates with germline transmission. Nature 459:523-527.
92. Savage A, Shideler SE, Soto LH, Causado J, Giraldo LH, Lasley BL, Snowdon CT. 1997. Reproductive events of wild cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia. Am J Primatol 43:329-337.
93. Sawamura N, Tamaoka A, Shoji S, Koo EH, Walker LC, Mori H. 1997. Characterization of amyloid beta protein species in cerebral amyloid angiopathy of a squirrel monkey by immunocytochemistry and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Brain Res 764:225-229.
94. Schaefer MS, Nash LT. 2007. Limb growth in captive Galago senegalensis: Getting in shape to be an adult. Am J Primatol 69, 103-111.
95. Schmid J, Speakman JR. 2000. Daily energy expenditure of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus): A small primate that uses torpor. J Comp Physiol B 170:633-641.
96. Sell DR, Lane MA, Obrenovich ME, Mattison JA, Handy A, Ingram DK, Cutler RG, Roth GS, Monnier VM. 2003. The effect of caloric restriction on glycation and glycoxidation in skin collagen of nonhuman primates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58:508-516.
97. Shideler SE, Gee NA, Chen J, Lasley BL. 2001. Estrogen and progesterone metabolites and follicle-stimulating hormone in the aged macaque female. Biol Reprod 65:1718-1725.
98. Silver LM. 1995. Mouse Genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. Smucny DA, Abbott DH, Mansfield KG, Schultz-Darken NJ, Yamamoto ME, Alencar AI, Tardif SD. 2004. Reproductive output, maternal age, and survivorship in captive common marmoset females (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 64:107-121.
100. Snowdon CT, Pieper BA, Boe CY, Cronin KA, Kurian AV, Ziegler TE. 2010. Variation in oxytocin is related to variation in affiliative behavior in monogamous, pairbonded tamarins. Horm Behav 58:614-618.
101. Steinert S, White DM, Zou Y, Shay JW, Wright WE. 2002. Telomere biology and cellular aging in nonhuman primate cells. Exp Cell Res 272: 146-152.
102. Tardif SD, Ziegler TE. 1992. Features of female reproductive senescence in tamarins (Saguinus spp.), a New World primate. J Reprod Fertil 94:411-421.
103. Tardif SD, Mansfield KG, Ratnam R, Ross CN, Ziegler TE. 2011. The marmoset as a model of aging and age-related diseases. ILAR J 52: 54-65.
104. Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A. 2003. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science 299:1346-1351.
105. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. 1998. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282:1145-1147.
106. Thomson JA, Marshall VS. 1998. Primate embryonic stem cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 38:133-165.
107. Tolwani RJ, Waggie KS, Green SL, Tolwani AJ, Lyons DM, Schatzberg AF. 2000. Dilative cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure in a male squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Med Primatol 29:42-45.
108. Voytko ML, Tinkler GP. 2004. Cognitive function and its neural mechanisms in nonhuman primate models of aging, Alzheimer disease, and menopause. Front Biosci 9:1899-1914.
109. Voytko ML, Murray R, Higgs CJ. 2009a. Executive function and attention are preserved in older surgically menopausal monkeys receiving estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone. J Neurosci 29:10362-10370.
110. Voytko ML, Tinkler GP, Browne C, Tobin JR. 2009b. Neuroprotective effects of estrogen therapy for cognitive and neurobiological profiles of monkey models of menopause. Am J Primatol 71:794-801.
111. Walker LC. 1993. Comparative neuropathology of aged nonhuman primates. Neurobiol Aging 14:667.
112. Walker LC. 1997. Animal models of cerebral beta-amyloid angiopathy. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 25:70-84.
113. Walker LC, Kitt CA, Schwam E, Buckwald B, Garcia F, Sepinwall J, Price DL. 1987. Senile plaques in aged squirrel monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 8: 291-296.
114. Walker LC, Masters C, Beyreuther K, Price DL. 1990. Amyloid in the brains of aged squirrel monkeys. Acta Neuropathol 80:381-387.
115. Walker ML, Herndon JG. 2008. Menopause in nonhuman primates? Biol Reprod 79:398-406.
116. Walker SE, Register TC, Appt SE, Adams MR, Clarkson TB, Chen H, Isom S, Franke AA, Kaplan JR. 2008. Plasma lipid-dependent and -independent effects of dietary soy protein and social status on atherogenesis in premenopausal monkeys: Implications for postmenopausal atherosclerosis burden. Menopause 15:950-957.
117. Waters DJ, Wildasin K. 2006. Cancer clues from pet dogs. Sci Am 295:94-101.
118. Waters DJ. 2011. Aging research 2011: Exploring the pet dog paradigm. ILAR J 52:97-105.
119. Weigl R. 2005. Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
120. Weindruch R, Marriott BM, Conway J, Knapka JJ, Lane MA, Cutler RG, Roth GS, Ingram DK. 1995. Measures of body size and growth in rhesus and squirrel monkeys subjected to long-term dietary restriction. Am J Primatol 35:207-228.
121. Wildman DE, Jameson NM, Opazo JC, Yi SV. 2009. A fully resolved genus level phylogeny of neotropical primates (Platyrrhini). Mol Phylogen Evol 53:694-702.
122. Williams L. 2008. Aging Cebidae. In: Atsalis S, Margulis SW, Hof PR, eds. Primate Reproductive Aging. Basel: Karger. p 49-61.
123. Wood JD, Peck OC, Tefend KS, Rodriguez M, Rodriguez M, Hernandez C, Stonerook MJ, Sharma HM. 1998. Colitis and colon cancer in cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) living wild in their natural habitat. Dig Dis Sci 43:1443-1453.
124. Wright PC, Haring DM, Izard MK, Simons EL. 1989. Psychological wellbeing of nocturnal primates in captivity. In: Segal EF, ed. Housing, Care and Psychological Well-being of Captive and Laboratory Primates. Park Ridge NJ: Noyes Publications. p 61-74.
125. Wu Y, Zhang Y, Mishra A, Tardif SD, Hornsby PJ. 2010. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from newborn marmoset skin fibroblasts. Stem Cell Res 4:180-188.
126. Yoder A. 2003. The phylogenetic position of genus Tarsius: Whose side are you on? In: Wright P, Simons EL, Gursky S, eds. Tarsiers: Past, Present and Future. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press. p 161-175.
127. Ziegler TE, Snowdon CT. 2000. Preparental hormone levels and parenting experience in male cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus. Horm Behav 38:159-167.
128. Ziegler TE, Wegner FH, Carlson AA, Lazaro-Perea C, Snowdon CT. 2000. Prolactin levels during the periparturitional period in the biparental cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus): Interactions with gender, androgen levels, and parenting. Horm Behav 38:111-122.