Low dose estrogens inhibit coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal monkeys

Maturitas

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 187-194

  Appt, Susan E ^a   Clarkson, Thomas B ^a   Lees, Cynthia J ^a   Anthony, Mary S ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; CEE; Dose; Menopause; Monkeys

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTERY INTIMA; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENIC DIET; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BODY WEIGHT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH; DISEASE COURSE; ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL; FEMALE; LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING CORONARY ARTERY; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONKEY; NONHUMAN; OVARIECTOMY; POSTMENOPAUSE;

ANIMALS; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY VESSELS; DIET, ATHEROGENIC; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGENS; ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED (USP); FEMALE; LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEINS; MACACA FASCICULARIS; OVARIECTOMY; POSTMENOPAUSE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE; MACACA FASCICULARIS;

EID: 33748097995     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.02.002     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Speroff L., Whitcomb R.W., Kempfert N.J., Boyd R.A., Paulissen J.B., and Rowan J.P. Efficacy and local tolerance of a low-dose, 7-day matrix estradiol transdermal system in the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 88 (1996) 587-592
2. Utian W.H., Shoupe D., Bachmann G., Pinkerton J.V., and Pickar J.H. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 75 (2001) 1065-1079
3. De Aloysio D., Rovati L.C., Giacovelli G., Setnikar I., and Bottiglioni F. Efficacy on climacteric symptoms and safety of low dose estradiol transdermal matrix patches. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Drug Res 50 (2000) 293-300
4. Nilsson K., and Heimer G. Low-dose oestradiol in the treatment of urogenital oestrogen deficiency-a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Maturitas 15 (1992) 121-127
5. Henriksson L., Stjernquist M., Boquist L., Cedergren I., and Selinus I. A one-year multicenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 (1996) 85-92
6. Notelovitz M. Urogenital atrophy and low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy. Menopause 7 (2000) 140-142
7. Palacios S., Castelo-Branco C., Cifuentes I., et al. Changes in bone turnover markers after calcium-enriched milk supplementation in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, prospective clinical trial. Menopause 12 (2005) 63-68
8. Gambacciani M., Ciaponi M., Cappagli B., et al. Effects of low-dose, continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on sleep in symptomatic postmenopausal women. Maturitas 50 (2005) 91-97
9. Yoles I., Yogev Y., Frenkel Y., Hirsch M., Nahum R., and Kaplan B. Efficacy and safety of standard versus low-dose Femarelle (DT56a) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 31 (2004) 123-126
10. Speroff L., Rowan J., Symons J., Genant H., and Wilborn W. The comparative effect on bone density, endometrium, and lipids of continuous hormones as replacement therapy (CHART study). A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 276 (1996) 1397-1403
11. Ettinger B., Genant H.K., and Cann C.E. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med 106 (1987) 40-45
12. Genant H.K., Lucas J., Weiss S., et al. Low-dose esterified estrogen therapy: effects on bone, plasma estradiol concentrations, endometrium, and lipid levels. Estratab/Osteoporosis Study Group. Arch Intern Med 157 (1997) 2609-2615
13. Cooper C., Stakkestad J.A., Radowicki S., et al. Matrix delivery transdermal 17beta-estradiol for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women. The International Study Group. Osteoporos Int 9 (1999) 358-366
14. Evans S.F., and Davie M.W. Low and conventional dose transdermal oestradiol are equally effective at preventing bone loss in spine and femur at all post-menopausal ages. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 44 (1996) 79-84
15. Mizunuma H., Okano H., Soda M., et al. Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss with minimal uterine bleeding using low dose continuous estrogen/progestin therapy: a 2-year prospective study. Maturitas 27 (1997) 69-76
16. Recker R.R., Davies K.M., Dowd R.M., and Heaney R.P. The effect of low-dose continuous estrogen and progesterone therapy with calcium and Vitamin D on bone in elderly women. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 130 (1999) 897-904
17. Harris S.T., Genant H.K., Baylink D.J., et al. The effects of estrone (Ogen) on spinal bone density of postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 151 (1991) 1980-1984
18. Gallagher J.C., Kable W.T., and Goldgar D. Effect of progestin therapy on cortical and trabecular bone: comparison with estrogen. Am J Med 90 (1991) 171-178
19. Nieves J.W., Komar L., Cosman F., and Lindsay R. Calcium potentiates the effect of estrogen and calcitonin on bone mass: review and analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (1998) 18-24
20. Prestwood K.M., Kenny A.M., Kleppinger A., and Kulldorff M. Ultralow-dose micronized 17beta-estradiol and bone density and bone metabolism in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 1042-1048
21. Ettinger B., Ensrud K.E., Wallace R., et al. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 104 (2004) 443-451
22. Sanada M., Higashi Y., Nakagawa K., et al. A comparison of low-dose and standard-dose oral estrogen on forearm endothelial function in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (2003) 1303-1309
23. Mercuro G., Vitale C., Fini M., Zoncu S., Leonardo F., and Rosano G.M. Lipid profiles and endothelial function with low-dose hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women at risk for coronary artery disease: a randomized trial. Int J Cardiol 89 (2003) 257-265
24. Lobo R.A., Bush T., Carr B.R., and Pickar J.H. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, coagulation factors, and carbohydrate metabolism. Fertil Steril 76 (2001) 13-24
25. Daly E., Vessey M.P., Hawkins M.M., Carson J.L., Gough P., and Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 348 (1996) 977-980
26. Jick H., Derby L.E., Myers M.W., Vasilakis C., and Newton K.M. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet 348 (1996) 981-983
27. Grodstein F., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Speizer F.E., and Stampfer M.J. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 133 (2000) 933-941
28. Lobo R.A., Bush T., Carr B.R., and Pickar J.H. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, coagulation factors, and carbohydrate metabolism. Fertil Steril 76 (2001) 13-24
29. Koh K.K., Shin M.S., Sakuma I., et al. Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 1516-1521
30. Genant H.K., Lucas J., Weiss S., et al. Low-dose esterified estrogen therapy: effects on bone, plasma estradiol concentrations, endometrium, and lipid levels. Estratab/Osteoporosis Study Group. Arch Intern Med 157 (1997) 2609-2615
31. Adams M.R., Kaplan J.R., Manuck S.B., et al. Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis 10 (1990) 1051-1057
32. Barrett-Connor E., and Bush T.L. Estrogen and coronary heart disease. JAMA 265 (1991) 1861-1867
33. Karim R., Mack W.J., Lobo R.A., et al. Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause 12 (2005) 366-373
34. Reeves P.G., Neilsen F.H., and Fahey G.C. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123 (1993) 1939-1951
35. Burstein M., and Samaille J. On a rapid determination of the cholesterol bound to the serum alpha- and beta-lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 5 (1960) 609
36. Manual of Laboratory Operations: Lipid Research Clinics Program. 1974, vol. 1. Lipid and lipoprotein analysis. Bethesda: MD: NHLBI, NIH, DHEW; NIH 75-268.
37. Clarkson T.B. Progression and regression of nonhuman primate coronary artery atherosclerosis: considerations of experimental design. In: Malinow M.R., and Blaton V.H. (Eds). Regression of atherosclerotic lesions (1984), Plenum, New York 43-60 [NATO ASI series. Series A, Life Sciences; v.79]
38. Clarkson T.B., Anthony M.S., and Wagner J.D. A comparison of tibolone and conjugated equine estrogens effects on coronary artery atherosclerosis and bone density of postmenopausal monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 5396-5404
39. Clarkson T.B., Anthony M.S., and Jerome C.P. Lack of effect of raloxifene on coronary artery atherosclerosis of postmenopausal monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 721-726
40. Clarkson T.B., Anthony M.S., and Morgan T.M. Inhibition of postmenopausal atherosclerosis progression-a comparison of the effects of conjugated equine estrogens and soy phytoestrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 186 (2001) 41-47
41. The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. JAMA 273 (1995) 199-208
42. McGill Jr. H.C., and Stern M.P. Sex and atherosclerosis. Atheroscler Rev 4 (1979) 157-242
43. Tejada C., Strong J.P., Montenegro M.R., Restrepo C., and Solberg L.A. Distribution of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis by geographic location, race, and sex. Lab Invest 18 (1968) 509-526
44. Clarkson T.B., and Appt S.A. Controversies about HRT-lessons from monkey models. Maturitas 51 (2005) 64-74
45. Adams M.R., Register T.C., Golden D.L., Wagner J.D., and Williams J.K. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 217-221
46. Grodstein F., Manson J.E., and Stampfer M.J. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women's Health 15 (2006) 35-44
47. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women-principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 (2002) 321-333
48. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy-the WHI randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 1701-1712
49. Clarkson T.B., and Appt S.E. Controversies about HRT - lessons from monkey models. Maturitas 51 (2005) 64-74
50. Klaiber E.L., Vogel W., and Rako S. A critique of the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy study. Fertil Steril 84 (2005) 1589-1601
51. Phillips L.S., and Langer R.D. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: critical reappraisal and a unified hypothesis. Fertil Steril 83 (2005) 558-566