메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3 E, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 279-290

Effects of monosodium glutamate supplementation on glutamine metabolism in adult rats

Author keywords

Digestion; Glutamine; Insulin; Monosodium Glutamate; Protein Metabolism

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; GLUTAMATE SODIUM; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINASE; GLUTAMINE; INSULIN; NITROGEN; PRIMER DNA;

EID: 79957856428     PISSN: 19450494     EISSN: 19450508     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (49)
  • 2
    • 0030759490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of leptin-mediated effects by monosodium glutamate-induced arcuate nucleus damage
    • R. Dawson, M. A. Pelleymounter, W. J. Millard, S. Liu and B. Eppler: Attenuation of leptin-mediated effects by monosodium glutamate-induced arcuate nucleus damage. Am J Physiol, 273(1 Pt 1), E202-6 (1997)
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.273 , Issue.1 PART 1
    • Dawson, R.1    Pelleymounter, M.A.2    Millard, W.J.3    Liu, S.4    Eppler, B.5
  • 3
    • 0014682523 scopus 로고
    • Brain lesions in an infant rhesus monkey treated with monsodium glutamate
    • J. W. Olney and L. G. Sharpe: Brain lesions in an infant rhesus monkey treated with monsodium glutamate. Science, 166(903), 386-8 (1969)
    • (1969) Science , vol.166 , Issue.903 , pp. 386-388
    • Olney, J.W.1    Sharpe, L.G.2
  • 4
    • 70450196307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal glutamate and GABAA receptor function in health and disease
    • P. R. Moult: Neuronal glutamate and GABAA receptor function in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans, 37(Pt 6), 1317-22 (2009)
    • (2009) Biochem Soc Trans , vol.37 , Issue.PART 6 , pp. 1317-1322
    • Moult, P.R.1
  • 5
    • 33847764085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MGluR1 in the fundic glands of rat stomach
    • DOI 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.016, PII S0014579307001627
    • A. M. San Gabriel, T. Maekawa, H. Uneyama, S. Yoshie and K. Torii: mGluR1 in the fundic glands of rat stomach. FEBS Lett, 581(6), 1119-23 (2007) (Pubitemid 46385934)
    • (2007) FEBS Letters , vol.581 , Issue.6 , pp. 1119-1123
    • San Gabriel, A.M.1    Maekawa, T.2    Uneyama, H.3    Yoshie, S.4    Torii, K.5
  • 6
    • 0022516781 scopus 로고
    • The presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptors for glutamic acid in the guinea pig myenteric plexus
    • DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90229-6
    • F. Moroni, S. Luzzi, S. Franchi-Micheli and L. Zilletti: The presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptors for glutamic acid in the guinea pig myenteric plexus. Neurosci Lett, 68(1), 57-62 (1986) (Pubitemid 16064684)
    • (1986) Neuroscience Letters , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-62
    • Moroni, F.1    Luzzi, S.2    Franchi-Micheli, S.3    Zilletti, L.4
  • 7
    • 0024398583 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum
    • H. E. Shannon and B. D. Sawyer: Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 251(2), 518-23 (1989) (Pubitemid 20005593)
    • (1989) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , vol.251 , Issue.2 , pp. 518-523
    • Shannon, H.E.1    Sawyer, B.D.2
  • 8
    • 0032545172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a neurotransmitter role of glutamate in guinea pig myenteric plexus neurons
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00866-0, PII S0304394098008660
    • M. Sinsky and J. Donnerer: Evidence for a neurotransmitter role of glutamate in guinea pig myenteric plexus neurons. Neurosci Lett, 258(2), 109-12 (1998) (Pubitemid 28566186)
    • (1998) Neuroscience Letters , vol.258 , Issue.2 , pp. 109-112
    • Sinsky, M.1    Donnerer, J.2
  • 9
    • 0032720646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) in the enteric nervous system of the rat
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00814-9, PII S0304394099008149
    • A. Larzabal, J. Losada, J. M. Mateos, R. Benitez, I. J. Garmilla, R. Kuhn, P. Grandes and R. Sarria: Distribution of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) in the enteric nervous system of the rat. Neurosci Lett, 276(2), 91-4 (1999) (Pubitemid 29525497)
    • (1999) Neuroscience Letters , vol.276 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-94
    • Larzabal, A.1    Losada, J.2    Mateos, J.M.3    Benitez, R.4    Garmilla, I.J.5    Kuhn, R.6    Grandes, P.7    Sarria, R.8
  • 10
    • 0033082978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of excitatory amino acids on isolated gut segments of the rat
    • DOI 10.1006/phrs.1998.0422
    • S. M. Jankovic, D. Milovanovic, M. Matovic and V. Iric-Cupic: The effects of excitatory amino acids on isolated gut segments of the rat. Pharmacol Res, 39(2), 143-8 (1999) (Pubitemid 29106164)
    • (1999) Pharmacological Research , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-148
    • Jankovic, S.M.1    Milovanovic, D.2    Matovic, M.3    Iric-Cupic, V.4
  • 11
    • 0025851022 scopus 로고
    • N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated contractions of the guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus preparation: Modulation by phencyclidine and glycine receptors
    • B. G. Campbell, P. Couceyro, J. F. Keana and E. Weber: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated contractions of the guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus preparation: modulation by phencyclidine and glycine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 257(2), 754-66 (1991)
    • (1991) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.257 , Issue.2 , pp. 754-766
    • Campbell, B.G.1    Couceyro, P.2    Keana, J.F.3    Weber, E.4
  • 12
    • 0025726765 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of MSG taste with nutrition: Perspectives in consummatory behavior and digestion
    • M. Naim, I. Ohara, M. R. Kare and M. Levinson: Interaction of MSG taste with nutrition: perspectives in consummatory behavior and digestion. Physiol Behav, 49(5), 1019-24 (1991)
    • (1991) Physiol Behav , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 1019-1024
    • Naim, M.1    Ohara, I.2    Kare, M.R.3    Levinson, M.4
  • 13
    • 0023926296 scopus 로고
    • Cephalic phase response of pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious dogs
    • I. Ohara, S. Otsuka and Y. Yugari: Cephalic phase response of pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol, 254(3 Pt 1), G424-8 (1988)
    • (1988) Am J Physiol , vol.254 , Issue.3 PART 1
    • Ohara, I.1    Otsuka, S.2    Yugari, Y.3
  • 14
    • 14844296371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into amino acid metabolism, beta-cell function and diabetes
    • DOI 10.1042/CS20040290
    • P. Newsholme, L. Brennan, B. Rubi and P. Maechler: New insights into amino acid metabolism, beta-cell function and diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond), 108(3), 185-94 (2005) (Pubitemid 40343565)
    • (2005) Clinical Science , vol.108 , Issue.3 , pp. 185-194
    • Newsholme, P.1    Brennan, L.2    Rubi, B.3    Maechler, P.4
  • 15
    • 0028833216 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate stimulates insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in rats
    • G. Bertrand, R. Puech, M. M. Loubatieres-Mariani and J. Bockaert: Glutamate stimulates insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in rats. Am J Physiol, 269(3 Pt 1), E551-6 (1995)
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.269 , Issue.3 PART 1
    • Bertrand, G.1    Puech, R.2    Loubatieres-Mariani, M.M.3    Bockaert, J.4
  • 16
    • 0025685579 scopus 로고
    • Cephalic-phase insulin release induced by taste stimulus of monosodium glutamate (umami taste)
    • A. Niijima, T. Togiyama and A. Adachi: Cephalic-phase insulin release induced by taste stimulus of monosodium glutamate (umami taste). Physiol Behav, 48(6), 905-8 (1990)
    • (1990) Physiol Behav , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 905-908
    • Niijima, A.1    Togiyama, T.2    Adachi, A.3
  • 17
    • 0028831328 scopus 로고
    • Oxidation of glutamic acid by the splanchnic bed in humans
    • A. Battezzati, D. J. Brillon and D. E. Matthews: Oxidation of glutamic acid by the splanchnic bed in humans. Am J Physiol, 269(2 Pt 1), E269-76 (1995)
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.269 , Issue.2 PART 1
    • Battezzati, A.1    Brillon, D.J.2    Matthews, D.E.3
  • 18
    • 0020212216 scopus 로고
    • Ornithine synthesis from glutamate in rat small intestinal mucosa
    • J. G. Henslee and M. E. Jones: Ornithine synthesis from glutamate in rat small intestinal mucosa. Arch Biochem Biophys, 219(1), 186-97 (1982)
    • (1982) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.219 , Issue.1 , pp. 186-197
    • Henslee, J.G.1    Jones, M.E.2
  • 19
    • 0030832183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteral glutamate is the preferential source for mucosal glutathione synthesis in fed piglets
    • P. J. Reeds, D. G. Burrin, B. Stoll, F. Jahoor, L. Wykes, J. Henry and M. E. Frazer: Enteral glutamate is the preferential source for mucosal glutathione synthesis in fed piglets. Am J Physiol, 273(2 Pt 1), E408-15 (1997)
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.273 , Issue.2 PART 1
    • Reeds, P.J.1    Burrin, D.G.2    Stoll, B.3    Jahoor, F.4    Wykes, L.5    Henry, J.6    Frazer, M.E.7
  • 20
    • 0025836734 scopus 로고
    • Enzymological evidence for the indispensability of small intestine in the synthesis of arginine from glutamate. II. N-acetylglutamate synthase
    • Y. Wakabayashi, A. Iwashima, E. Yamada and R. Yamada: Enzymological evidence for the indispensability of small intestine in the synthesis of arginine from glutamate. II. N-acetylglutamate synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys, 291(1), 9-14 (1991)
    • (1991) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.291 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-14
    • Wakabayashi, Y.1    Iwashima, A.2    Yamada, E.3    Yamada, R.4
  • 21
    • 63649111659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acids: Metabolism, functions, and nutrition
    • G. Wu: Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids, 37(1), 1-17 (2009)
    • (2009) Amino Acids , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Wu, G.1
  • 22
    • 70349578566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and functions of L-glutamate in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestines
    • F. Blachier, C. Boutry, C. Bos and D. Tome: Metabolism and functions of L-glutamate in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestines. Am J Clin Nutr, 90(3), 814S-821S (2009)
    • (2009) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.90 , Issue.3
    • Blachier, F.1    Boutry, C.2    Bos, C.3    Tome, D.4
  • 24
    • 0032968989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Portal hyperglutamatemia after dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate in pigs
    • DOI 10.1159/000007682
    • F. Blachier, G. Guihot-Joubrel, P. Vaugelade, J. Le Boucher, F. Bernard, P. Duee and L. Cynober: Portal hyperglutamatemia after dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate in pigs. Digestion, 60(4), 349-57 (1999) (Pubitemid 29292232)
    • (1999) Digestion , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 349-357
    • Blachier, F.1    Guihot-Joubrel, G.2    Vaugelade, P.3    Le Boucher, J.4    Bernard, F.5    Duee, P.-H.6    Cynober, L.7
  • 25
    • 0030062667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle and liver protein synthesis adapt efficiently to food deprivation and refeeding in 12-month-old rats
    • L. Mosoni, T. Malmezat, M. C. Valluy, M. L. Houlier and P. P. Mirand: Muscle and liver protein synthesis adapt efficiently to food deprivation and refeeding in 12-monthold rats. J Nutr, 126(2), 516-22 (1996) (Pubitemid 26055783)
    • (1996) Journal of Nutrition , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 516-522
    • Mosoni, L.1    Malmezat, T.2    Valluy, M.-C.3    Houlier, M.-L.4    Mirand, P.P.5
  • 26
    • 68049096180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highprotein diets differentially modulate protein content and protein synthesis in visceral and peripheral tissues in rats
    • L. Chevalier, C. Bos, C. Gryson, C. Luengo, S. Walrand, D. Tome, Y. Boirie and C. Gaudichon: Highprotein diets differentially modulate protein content and protein synthesis in visceral and peripheral tissues in rats. Nutrition, 25(9), 932-9 (2009)
    • (2009) Nutrition , vol.25 , Issue.9 , pp. 932-939
    • Chevalier, L.1    Bos, C.2    Gryson, C.3    Luengo, C.4    Walrand, S.5    Tome, D.6    Boirie, Y.7    Gaudichon, C.8
  • 27
    • 0028095282 scopus 로고
    • Practical aspects of indirect calorimetry in laboratory animals
    • DOI 10.1016/0149-7634(94)90056-6
    • P. C. Even, A. Mokhtarian and A. Pele: Practical aspects of indirect calorimetry in laboratory animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 18(3), 435-47 (1994) (Pubitemid 24258715)
    • (1994) Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 435-447
    • Even, P.C.1    Mokhtarian, A.2    Pele, A.3
  • 28
    • 0031564325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of glutamine synthetase activity in rat muscle by a colorimetric assay
    • DOI 10.1016/S0009-8981(97)00173-3, PII S0009898197001733
    • R. Minet, F. Villie, M. Marcollet, D. Meynial-Denis and L. Cynober: Measurement of glutamine synthetase activity in rat muscle by a colorimetric assay. Clin Chim Acta, 268(1-2), 121-32 (1997) (Pubitemid 28066807)
    • (1997) Clinica Chimica Acta , vol.268 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 121-132
    • Minet, R.1    Villie, F.2    Marcollet, M.3    Meynial-Denis, D.4    Cynober, L.5
  • 31
    • 33846854997 scopus 로고
    • The ninhydrin reaction and its analytical applications
    • H. Meyer: The ninhydrin reaction and its analytical applications. Biochem J, 67(2), 333-40 (1957)
    • (1957) Biochem J , vol.67 , Issue.2 , pp. 333-340
    • Meyer, H.1
  • 32
    • 49349113120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MSG intake suppresses weight gain, fat deposition, and plasma leptin levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats
    • T. Kondoh and K. Torii: MSG intake suppresses weight gain, fat deposition, and plasma leptin levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Physiol Behav, 95(1-2), 135-44 (2008)
    • (2008) Physiol Behav , vol.95 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 135-144
    • Kondoh, T.1    Torii, K.2
  • 33
    • 70349562019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the gut-brain axis by dietary glutamate and physiologic significance in energy homeostasis
    • T. Kondoh, H. N. Mallick and K. Torii: Activation of the gut-brain axis by dietary glutamate and physiologic significance in energy homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr, 90(3), 832S-837S (2009)
    • (2009) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.90 , Issue.3
    • Kondoh, T.1    Mallick, H.N.2    Torii, K.3
  • 34
    • 0023921909 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal monosodium-L-glutamate treatment reduced lipolytic response of rat epididymal adipose tissue
    • W. T. Cheung, C. M. Lee and C. C. Wong: Neonatal monosodium-L-glutamate treatment reduced lipolytic response of rat epididymal adipose tissue. Gen Pharmacol, 19(4), 507-12 (1988)
    • (1988) Gen Pharmacol , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 507-512
    • Cheung, W.T.1    Lee, C.M.2    Wong, C.C.3
  • 36
    • 0034084335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats
    • L. Macho, M. Fickova, Jezova and S. Zorad: Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats. Physiol Res, 49 Suppl 1, S79-85 (2000) (Pubitemid 30399355)
    • (2000) Physiological Research , vol.49 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Macho, L.1    Fickova, M.2    Jezova, D.3    Zorad, S.4
  • 38
    • 0347594160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the thrifty phenotype result from chronic glutamate intoxication? A hypothesis
    • DOI 10.1515/JPM.2003.075
    • M. Hermanussen and J. A. Tresguerres: Does the thrifty phenotype result from chronic glutamate intoxication? A hypothesis. J Perinat Med, 31(6), 489-95 (2003) (Pubitemid 38057005)
    • (2003) Journal of Perinatal Medicine , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 489-495
    • Hermanussen, M.1    Tresguerres, J.A.F.2
  • 39
    • 0033982654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate ingestion: The plasma and muscle free amino acid pools of resting humans
    • T. E. Graham, V. Sgro, D. Friars and M. J. Gibala: Glutamate ingestion: the plasma and muscle free amino acid pools of resting humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 278(1), E83-9 (2000)
    • (2000) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.278 , Issue.1
    • Graham, T.E.1    Sgro, V.2    Friars, D.3    Gibala, M.J.4
  • 40
    • 35848946361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive gut metabolism limits the intestinal absorption of excessive supplemental dietary glutamate loads in infant pigs
    • M. J. Janeczko, B. Stoll, X. Chang, X. Guan and D. G. Burrin: Extensive gut metabolism limits the intestinal absorption of excessive supplemental dietary glutamate loads in infant pigs. J Nutr, 137(11), 2384-90 (2007) (Pubitemid 350058705)
    • (2007) Journal of Nutrition , vol.137 , Issue.11 , pp. 2384-2390
    • Janeczko, M.J.1    Stoll, B.2    Chang, X.3    Guan, X.4    Burrin, D.G.5
  • 42
    • 0016281876 scopus 로고
    • Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine
    • H. G. Windmueller and A. E. Spaeth: Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem, 249(16), 5070-9 (1974)
    • (1974) J Biol Chem , vol.249 , Issue.16 , pp. 5070-5079
    • Windmueller, H.G.1    Spaeth, A.E.2
  • 43
    • 0016830873 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal metabolism of glutamine and glutamate from the lumen as compared to glutamine from blood
    • H. G. Windmueller and A. E. Spaeth: Intestinal metabolism of glutamine and glutamate from the lumen as compared to glutamine from blood. Arch Biochem Biophys, 171(2), 662-72 (1975)
    • (1975) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.171 , Issue.2 , pp. 662-672
    • Windmueller, H.G.1    Spaeth, A.E.2
  • 44
    • 0029099953 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism
    • N. P. Curthoys and M. Watford: Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr, 15, 133-59 (1995)
    • (1995) Annu Rev Nutr , vol.15 , pp. 133-159
    • Curthoys, N.P.1    Watford, M.2
  • 45
    • 0031969225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat assessed by the relative activities of glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) and glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2)
    • DOI 10.1079/BJN19980061
    • L. A. James, P. G. Lunn and M. Elia: Glutamine metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat assess by the relative activities of glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) and glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2). Br J Nutr, 79(4), 365-72 (1998) (Pubitemid 28163899)
    • (1998) British Journal of Nutrition , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 365-372
    • James, L.A.1    Lunn, P.G.2    Elia, M.3
  • 46
    • 0025245480 scopus 로고
    • Glutamine regulates glutamine synthetase expression in skeletal muscle cells in culture
    • B. Feng, S. K. Shiber and S. R. Max: Glutamine regulates glutamine synthetase expression in skeletal muscle cells in culture. J Cell Physiol, 145(2), 376-80 (1990) (Pubitemid 120027374)
    • (1990) Journal of Cellular Physiology , vol.145 , Issue.2 , pp. 376-380
    • Feng, B.1    Shiber, S.K.2    Max, S.R.3
  • 47
    • 34249812965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine directly downregulates glutamine synthetase protein levels in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes
    • Y. F. Huang, Y. Wang and M. Watford: Glutamine directly downregulates glutamine synthetase protein levels in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. J Nutr, 137(6), 1357-62 (2007) (Pubitemid 46855470)
    • (2007) Journal of Nutrition , vol.137 , Issue.6 , pp. 1357-1362
    • Huang, Y.-F.1    Wang, Y.2    Watford, M.3
  • 48
    • 0019133275 scopus 로고
    • L-Leucine and a nonmetabolized analogue activate pancreatic islet glutamate dehydrogenase
    • DOI 10.1038/288187a0
    • A. Sener and W. J. Malaisse: L-leucine and a nonmetabolized analogue activate pancreatic islet glutamate dehydrogenase. Nature, 288(5787), 187-9 (1980) (Pubitemid 11212612)
    • (1980) Nature , vol.288 , Issue.5787 , pp. 187-189
    • Sener, A.1    Malaisse, W.J.2
  • 49
    • 0034855897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine metabolism in sepsis and infection
    • discussion 2550S-1S
    • A. M. Karinch, M. Pan, C. M. Lin, R. Strange and W. W. Souba: Glutamine metabolism in sepsis and infection. J Nutr, 131(9 Suppl), 2535S-8S; discussion 2550S-1S (2001)
    • (2001) J Nutr , vol.131 , Issue.9 SUPPL.
    • Karinch, A.M.1    Pan, M.2    Lin, C.M.3    Strange, R.4    Souba, W.W.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.