Devouring childhood obesity by helping children help themselves

Journal of Legal Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 205-220

  Lueke, Lesley ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; OBESITY; UNITED STATES;

CHILD; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMANS; OBESITY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79957834020     PISSN: 01947648     EISSN: 1521057X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2011.576621     Document Type: Note

References (124)

1. JEAN ANTHELME BRILLAT-SAVARIN, THE PHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE: MEDITATIONS ON TRANSCENDENTAL GASTRONOMY 14 (M.F.K. Fisher trans., The Heritage Press 1949) (2009).
2. FRANCO SASSI, OBESITY AND THE ECONOMICS OF PREVENTION: FIT NOT FAT 60 (2010).
3. Id. at 71-72.
4. William Dietz, Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Predictors of Adult Disease, 101 J. PEDIATRICS 518, 522 (1998).
5. Mary Story et al., The Role of Schools in Obesity Prevention, 16 THE FUTURE OF CHILD. 109, 110 (2006).
6. Elaine Belansky et al., Early Impact of the Federally Mandated Local Wellness Policy on Physical Activity in Rural, Low-Income Elementary Schools in Colorado, 30 J. PUB. HEALTH POL'Y S142, S156 (2009) (finding the Local Wellness Policy was not effective at increasing physical activity and healthy eating in Colorado elementary schools).
7. See generally Cynthia Ogden et al., Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in US Children and Adolescents, 2007-2008, 303 J.A.M.A. 242 (2010).
8. Id. at 242.
9. Cynthia L. Ogden et al., Prevalence of High Body Mass Index in US Children and Adolescents, 1999-2000, 288 J.A.M.A. 1728, 1728 (2002).
10. Ogden, supra note 7, at 245.
11. Dietz, supra note 4.
12. Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk et al., The Worldwide Epidemic of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Calling All Clinicians and Researchers to Intensify Efforts in Prevention and Treatment, 5 WORLDVIEWS ON EVID.-BASED NURSING 109, 110 (2008).
13. Stuart J. Ohshansky et al., A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century, 352 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1138, 1140-41 (2005).
14. See generally Richard A. Easterlin, The Worldwide Standard of Living Since 1800, 14 J. ECON. PERSP. 7, 7 (2000).
15. David Satcher, Perspective Challenge and Opportunity; A Former Surgeon General Renews His Prescription for the American People, 25 HEALTH AFFAIRS 1009, 1010 (2006).
16. Ogden, supra note 9, at 1732.
17. See generally Nicholas A. Christakis & James H. Fowler, The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 32 Years, 357 NEW ENG. J. MED. 370 (2007).
18. See VICTOR H. LINDLAHR, YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT (1940) (popularizing the phrase in the mid-20th century)
19. see also BRILLAT-SAVARIN, supra note 1, at 14 (originating the phrase by writing: "Tell me what you eat, and I shall tell you what you are.").
20. See generally Linda J Gillis & Oded Bar-Or, Food Away from Home, Sugar-Sweetened Drink Consumption and Juvenile Obesity, 22 J. AM. C. NUTRITION 539 (2003).
21. Shanthy A. Bowman et al., Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey, 113 PEDIATRICS 112, 113-14 (2004).
22. See, e.g., Samara Joy Nielsen & Barry M. Popkin, Patterns and Trends in Food Portion Sizes, 1977- 1998, 289 J.A.M.A. 450, 451 (2003)
23. see also Lisa R. Young & Marion Nestle, The Contribution of Expanding Portion Sizes to the US Obesity Epidemic, 92 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 246 (2002).
24. See Jennifer Orlet Fisher et al., Children's Bite Size and Intake of an Entrée Are Greater with Large Portions than with Age-Appropriate or Self-Selected Portions, 77 AM. J. CLINICAL NUTRITION 1164, 1167-70 (2003)
25. see also Kristen L. McConahy et al., Portion Size of Common Foods Predicts Energy, 104 J. AM. DIETETIC ASS'N 975, 976-78 (2004).
26. Bettylou Sherry, Food Behaviors and Other Strategies to Prevent and Treat Pediatric Overweight, 29 INT'L J. OBESITY S116, S121-22 (2005).
27. See Leann Lipps Birch et al., Children's Food Intake Following Drinks Sweetened with Sucrose or Aspartame: Time Course Effects, 45 PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 387 (1989)
28. see also Jeanine Louis-Sylvestre et al., Learned Caloric Adjustment of Human Intake, 12 APPETITE 95 (1989).
29. D.P. DiMeglio & Richard D. Mattes, Liquid Versus Solid Carbohydrate: Effects on Food Intake and Body Weight, 24 INT'L J. OBESITY 794, 798-99 (2000).
30. DANICE K. EATON ET AL., YOUTH RISK BEHAVIOR SURVEILLANCE-UNITED STATES, 2009, 59 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY WKLY. REP., June 4, 2010, at 26-27.
31. See Nicholas Johnson et al., An Update on State Budget Cuts: At Least 46 States Have Imposed Cuts that Hurt Vulnerable Residents and Cause Job Loss, CTR. BUDGET POL'Y PRIORITIES, 2010, at 9-12, http://www.cbpp.org/files/3-13-08sfp. pdf (updated Feb. 4, 2011) (reporting that 34 states have cut funding for K-12 education since 2008).
32. ROSLOW RESEARCH GROUP, PHYSICAL EDUCATION TRENDS IN OUR NATION'S SCHOOLS: A SURVEY OF PRACTICING K-12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS 29-31 (2009).
33. NAT'L ASS'N FOR SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUC., 2010 SHAPE OF THE NATION REPORT: STATUS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA 7 (2010), http://www.aahperd. org/naspe/publications/upload/Shape-of-the-nation-Revised2PDF.pdf (reporting that only Illinois, Iowa,Massachusetts,NewMexico, New York, and Vermont require physical education in grades K-12).
34. See, e.g., Melnyk, supra note 12, at 110
35. see also Dietz, supra note 4, at 521-22.
36. Dietz, supra note 4, at 520.
37. Id.
38. See Jeanne Walsh Pierce & Jane Wardle, Cause and Effect Beliefs and Self-Esteem of Overweight Children, 38 J. CHILD PSYCHOL. & PYSCH. 645, 649-50 (1997)
39. see also Sarah E. Anderson et al., Association of Depression and Anxiety Disorders with Weight Change in a Prospective Community-Based Study of Children Followed Up into Adulthood, 160 ARCH. PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MED. 285, 288-90 (2006).
40. Dietz, supra note 4, at 519.
41. J. Robert Staffieri, A Study of Social Stereotype of Body Image in Children, 7 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCH. 101, 103-4 (1967).
42. AVI DOR ET AL., A HEAVY BURDEN: THE INDIVIDUAL COSTS OF BEING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE IN THE UNITED STATES 15-16 (2010) (explaining that these increased costs come from, among other things, increased medical expenses, life insurance expenses, fuel usage, lost wages, lost productivity, and short-term disability).
43. Id. at 5-8.
44. Id. at 9-15.
45. Id. at 17-18.
46. Childhood Obesity-2009 Update of Legislative Policy Options, NCSL.ORG, http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=19776#Nutrition Education (last visited Feb. 11, 2011).
47. See SASSI, supra note 2, at 71-72 (projecting a 7-8% increase in obesity rates over the next 10 years)
48. see also Gerard F. Anderson & Bianca K. Frogner, Health Spending In OECD Countries: Obtaining Value Per Dollar, 27 HEALTH AFFAIRS 1718, 1720-21 (discussing the rapid increase in health care spending since 1970).
49. National School Lunch Act, Pub. L. No. 79-396 (June 4, 1946) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1751 (2006)).
50. David T. Kramer, Construction and Application of National School Lunch Act and Child Nutrition Act of 1966, 14 A.L.R. FED. 634 (2008).
51. National School Lunch Act, Pub. L. No. 79-396 (June 4, 1946) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1752 (2006)).
52. National School Lunch Act, Pub. L. No. 79-396 (June 4, 1946) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1758(a) (2006)).
53. Child Nutrition Act, Pub. L. No. 89-642 (Oct. 11, 1966) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1771 (2006)).
54. Child Nutrition Act, Pub. L. No. 89-642 (Oct. 11, 1966) (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 1772-1773 (2006)).
55. Kramer, supra note 43.
56. National School Lunch Act and Child Nutrition Amendments, Pub. L. No. 95-166 (Nov. 10, 1977) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1761 (2006)).
57. Kramer, supra note 43.
58. See 42 U.S.C. § 1758(a) (2006) (requiring schools to serve meals meeting minimum nutritional standards, provide a variety of milk, and not force high school students to accept food they do not intend to consume)
59. see also 42 U.S.C. § 1758(b) (2006) (setting forth requirements and procedures for determining eligibility for free and reduced-priced lunches).
60. Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act, Pub. L. No. 108-265 (June 30, 2004) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1751).
61. Id.
62. Belansky, supra note 6.
63. Local Wellness Policy, FNS.USDA.GOV, http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/healthy/ wellnesspolicy.html (last visited Feb. 11, 2011).
64. Id.
65. Belansky, supra note 6.
66. Local Wellness Policy, FNS.USDA.GOV, http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/healthy/ wellnesspolicy.html (last visited Feb. 11, 2011).
67. See Belansky, supra note 6
68. see also Julie Metos & Marilyn Nanney, The Strength of School Wellness Policies: One State's Experience, 77 J. SCH. HEALTH 367, 372 (2007)
69. Alicia Moag-Stahlberg et al., A National Snapshot of Local School Wellness Policies, 78 J. SCH. HEALTH 562 (2008).
70. SCHOOL NUTRITION ASS'N, A FOUNDATION FOR THE FUTURE II: ANALYSIS OF LOCALWELLNESS POLICIES FROM 140 SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN 49 STATES 7-8 (2006) (finding that while 89% of school districts establish nutrition guidelines for food available a la carte and 87% establish guidelines for food available in vending machines, only 16% establish specific nutrition standards for those foods).
71. See generally Belansky, supra note 6
72. see also Dong-Chul Seo, Comparison of School Food Policies and Food Preparation Practices Before and After the Local Wellness Policy Among Indiana High Schools, 40 AM. J. HEALTH EDUC. 165 (2009) (discussing that little improvement was observed pertaining to the availability of fruits and vegetables at school after the LWP was implemented).
73. Belansky, supra note 6, at S155.
74. Id.
75. Id.
76. ACTION FOR HEALTHY KIDS, LOCAL WELLNESS POLICIES ONE YEAR LATER: SHOWING IMPROVEMENTS IN SCHOOL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 3 (2007) (finding that only 4 of the 256 policies reviewed address funding).
77. SCHOOL NUTRITION ASSOCIATION, FROM CUPCAKES TO CARROTS: LOCALWELLNESS POLICIES ONE YEAR LATER 13-15 (2007).
78. Id. at 13.
79. Moag-Stahlberg, supra note 58, at 567.
80. See generally Belansky, supra note 6
81. see also Metos, supra note 58, at 370.
82. Metos, supra note 58, at 370.
83. Id.
84. Id.
85. Belansky, supra note 6, at S154.
86. Id. (noting that, of the districts surveyed, three assembled a diverse external committee, six assembled an internal committee, and the remaining three assigned the task to a single individual).
87. Id. at S155-56.
88. ROBERTWOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION, LOCAL SCHOOLWELLNESS POLICIES: HOWARE SCHOOLS IMPLEMENTING THE CONGRESSIONAL MANDATE? 5 (2009).
89. Id.
90. See generally Carol Heard Longley & Jeannie Sneed, Effects of Federal Legislation on Wellness Policy Formation in School Districts in the United States, 109 J. AM. DIETETIC ASS'N 95 (2009).
91. Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923).
92. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110 (Jan. 8, 2002) (codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 6314-18).
93. Melnyk, supra note 12, at 110.
94. HILTJE OUDE LUTTIKHUIS ET AL., INTERVENTIONS FOR TREATING OBESITY IN CHILDREN (REVIEW) 5-17 (2009).
95. Debbie I. Chang et al., A Statewide Strategy to Battle Child Obesity in Delaware, 29 HEALTH AFFAIRS 481, 485 (2010).
96. Id. at 482.
97. Id.
98. Id.
99. Id. at 486.
100. Id. (noting that household awareness of the 5-2-1-Almost None program increased from 5% to 19% between 2006 and 2008, and that the percentage of children who were engaged in one or more hours of physical activity daily rose from 10% to 26%).
101. Satcher, supra note 15.
102. Id.
103. Marion Nestle, Food Marketing and Childhood Obesity-A Matter of Policy, 354 NEW ENG. J. MED. 2527, 2529 (2006).
104. 21 C.F.R. § 1140 (2010).
105. See generally C. Hawkes, Self-Regulation of Food Advertising: What It Can, Could and Cannot Do to Discourage Unhealthy Eating Habits Among Children, 30 NUTRITION BULL. 374 (2005).
106. Cheryl L. Hayne et al., Regulating Environments to Reduce Obesity, 25 J. PUB. HEALTH POL'Y 391, 399 (2004) (proposing vending machines limit unhealthy food choices).
107. See generally Debra Etelson et al., Childhood Obesity: Do Parents Recognize this Health Risk?, 11 OBESITY RESEARCH 1362 (2003).
108. Story, supra note 5.
109. Id.
110. Id.
111. See generally No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110 (Jan. 8, 2002) (codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 6361-68).
112. Story, supra note 5.
113. Belansky, supra note 6, at S155.
114. Story, supra note 5.
115. Id.
116. Belansky, supra note 6, at S152.
117. Id. at S155-56.
118. 23 C.F.R. § 1345.1-2 (2010).
119. 23 U.S.C. § 405 (2006).
120. 23 C.F.R. § 1345.5-6 (2010).
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123. Story, supra note 5.
124. South Dakota v. Dole, 283 U.S. 203 (1987).