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Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 515-526

Development of a scalable synthesis of (S)-3-fluoromethyl-γ- butyrolactone, building block for Carmegliptin's Lactam moiety

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING BLOCKES; BUTYROLACTONES; FURTHER DEVELOPMENT; SCALABLE SYNTHESIS; STEREO-SELECTIVE; TERT-BUTYL GLYCIDYL ETHER;

EID: 79957496940     PISSN: 10836160     EISSN: 1520586X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/op200019k     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (66)
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    • The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons route to hydroxymethyl butenolide 6 is known; see
    • The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons route to hydroxymethyl butenolide 6 is known; see: Gadir, S. A.; Smith, Y.; Taha, A. A.; Thaller, V. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1986, 222
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    • Gadir, S.A.1    Smith, Y.2    Taha, A.A.3    Thaller, V.4
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    • A sample of (R)- 7 prepared in-house by the Evans route suffered from ∼90% racemization upon standing at ambient temperature for three weeks; Dr. P. Mattei, personal communication.
    • Mori, K.; Chiba, N. Liebigs Ann. Chem 1989, 957 A sample of (R)- 7 prepared in-house by the Evans route suffered from ∼90% racemization upon standing at ambient temperature for three weeks; Dr. P. Mattei, personal communication.
    • (1989) Liebigs Ann. Chem , pp. 957
    • Mori, K.1    Chiba, N.2
  • 19
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    • Asymmetric hydrogenation of hydroxymethyl butenolide 6 was reported to lead to material of very low ee, likely due to the propensity of the optically active product 7 to racemize (cf. reference 8c).
    • Asymmetric hydrogenation of hydroxymethyl butenolide 6 was reported to lead to material of very low ee, likely due to the propensity of the optically active product 7 to racemize (cf. reference 8c).
  • 20
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    • Commercial material was used, or the ylide was prepared and isolated from [(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide in a NaOH/DCM two-phase system.
    • Commercial material was used, or the ylide was prepared and isolated from [(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide in a NaOH/DCM two-phase system.
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    • 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone (12) in substance exists mainly in the dimeric hemiacetal form unless freshly distilled; see
    • 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone (12) in substance exists mainly in the dimeric hemiacetal form unless freshly distilled; see: Fischer, H. O. L.; Mildbrand, H. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B 1924, 57B, 707
    • (1924) Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B , vol.57 , pp. 707
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    • The monomer/dimer ratio had no influence on the reaction.
    • Yoda, H.; Mizutani, M.; Takabe, K. Synlett 1998, 855 The monomer/dimer ratio had no influence on the reaction.
    • (1998) Synlett , pp. 855
    • Yoda, H.1    Mizutani, M.2    Takabe, K.3
  • 24
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    • 4 in MeOH) was less selective and led to material that was difficult to purify by distillation or crystallization.
    • 4 in MeOH) was less selective and led to material that was difficult to purify by distillation or crystallization.
  • 25
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    • 2 t- Bu and ester cleavage-cyclization with 0.25 M HCl in methanol. Hydroxymethyl butenolide 6 was obtained in 73% yield over two steps after chromatography which proved inevitable.
    • 2 t- Bu and ester cleavage-cyclization with 0.25 M HCl in methanol. Hydroxymethyl butenolide 6 was obtained in 73% yield over two steps after chromatography which proved inevitable.
  • 26
  • 28
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    • For a review see
    • For a review see: Haufe, G. J. Fluorine Chem. 2004, 125, 875
    • (2004) J. Fluorine Chem. , vol.125 , pp. 875
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    • The primary alcohol rac- 16 is slightly less volatile than the secondary alcohol rac- 15. Pure samples of rac- 15 and rac- 16 were obtained by chromatography.
    • The primary alcohol rac- 16 is slightly less volatile than the secondary alcohol rac- 15. Pure samples of rac- 15 and rac- 16 were obtained by chromatography.
  • 31
    • 79957496530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further polar solvents such as DMF, DMA, NMP, DMPU, and DMSO proved poor in terms of chemoselectivity and yields and/or rates.
    • Further polar solvents such as DMF, DMA, NMP, DMPU, and DMSO proved poor in terms of chemoselectivity and yields and/or rates.
  • 34
    • 79957530591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 necessitated an aqueous workup and exhaustive extraction of 19 with ethyl acetate leading to high volume factors.
    • 4 necessitated an aqueous workup and exhaustive extraction of 19 with ethyl acetate leading to high volume factors.
  • 35
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    • 3 led to unsatisfactory conversions and/or yields.
    • 3 led to unsatisfactory conversions and/or yields.
  • 36
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    • More than 250 strains produced the undesired enantiomer (R)- 3, many with 100% conversion and ee values >98%. Screenings were performed in a 24 deep-well format at 0.1% w/v substrate concentration.
    • More than 250 strains produced the undesired enantiomer (R)- 3, many with 100% conversion and ee values >98%. Screenings were performed in a 24 deep-well format at 0.1% w/v substrate concentration.
  • 37
    • 79957468447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iridium catalysts in a short screening afforded only low conversions and enantioselectivities.
    • Iridium catalysts in a short screening afforded only low conversions and enantioselectivities.
  • 40
  • 41
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    • 2(COD)] and the bisphosphine ligand in the presence of the starting material 13 and MeOH (40 °C, 2 h). Only marginal ee differences were observed in cases where both the preformed and the in situ prepared catalyst were evaluated.
    • 2(COD)] and the bisphosphine ligand in the presence of the starting material 13 and MeOH (40 °C, 2 h). Only marginal ee differences were observed in cases where both the preformed and the in situ prepared catalyst were evaluated.
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    • 2, 40 °C, 20 h, DCM) provided 92% ee, equal to the ee obtained for 13.
    • 2, 40 °C, 20 h, DCM) provided 92% ee, equal to the ee obtained for 13.
  • 46
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    • For an independent synthesis based on a microbial Bayer-Villiger oxidation of 3-benzyloxy-cyclobutanone see
    • For an independent synthesis based on a microbial Bayer-Villiger oxidation of 3-benzyloxy-cyclobutanone see: Mazzini, C.; Lebetron, J.; Alphand, V.; Furstoss., R. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5215
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    • Mazzini, C.1    Lebetron, J.2    Alphand, V.3    Furstoss, R.4
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    • For a synthesis of (R)- 27 starting from (R)-paraconic acid ((R)- 11) see
    • For a synthesis of (R)- 27 starting from (R)-paraconic acid ((R)- 11) see: Mori, K. Tetrahedron 1983, 39, 3107
    • (1983) Tetrahedron , vol.39 , pp. 3107
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    • For the preparation of optically active (S)- tert -butyl glycidyl ether see:;, (Volume Date 2006).
    • For the preparation of optically active (S)- tert -butyl glycidyl ether see: Thakur, S. S.; Li, W.-J.; Shin, C.-K.; Kim, G.-J. Chirality 2005, (Volume Date 2006), 18, 37.
    • (2005) Chirality , vol.18 , pp. 37
    • Thakur, S.S.1    Li, W.-J.2    Shin, C.-K.3    Kim, G.-J.4
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    • The lower boiling (S)- 14 was separated from the higher-boiling (R)- tert -butyl glyceryl ether by distillation.
    • The lower boiling (S)- 14 was separated from the higher-boiling (R)- tert -butyl glyceryl ether by distillation.
  • 53
    • 79957503029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When the reaction mixture was warmed up and stirred at ambient temperature, increasing racemization was observed (1 h: 0.75%; 24 h: 23% (S)- 28 formation).
    • When the reaction mixture was warmed up and stirred at ambient temperature, increasing racemization was observed (1 h: 0.75%; 24 h: 23% (S)- 28 formation).
  • 54
    • 79957457804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 or DIPEA (5 mol%). As solution in DCM (R)- 28 was stable at ambient temperature for two days without any additive. Although the corresponding mesylate, tosylate and nosylate derivatives were stable compounds, only the triflate (R)- 28 was sufficiently reactive to effect a selective and efficient malonate substitution.
    • 3 or DIPEA (5 mol%). As solution in DCM (R)- 28 was stable at ambient temperature for two days without any additive. Although the corresponding mesylate, tosylate and nosylate derivatives were stable compounds, only the triflate (R)- 28 was sufficiently reactive to effect a selective and efficient malonate substitution.
  • 55
    • 79957439290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In order to minimize HF elimination to the cyclopropane side product (S)- 29a, the excess of sodium dimethyl malonate (1.1 equiv) was kept as low as possible. With ≥2 equiv sodium dimethyl malonate, the intermediate (S) - 29 was completely converted into (S)- 29a.
    • In order to minimize HF elimination to the cyclopropane side product (S)- 29a, the excess of sodium dimethyl malonate (1.1 equiv) was kept as low as possible. With ≥2 equiv sodium dimethyl malonate, the intermediate (S)-29 was completely converted into (S)- 29a.
  • 56
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    • 4
    • 4.
  • 57
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    • The additive DMI was superior to DMPU and preferred over the highly toxic HMPA; cf.
    • The additive DMI was superior to DMPU and preferred over the highly toxic HMPA; cf.: Al Abed, Y.; Zaman, F.; Shekhani, M. S.; Fatima, A.; Voelter, W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 3305
    • (1992) Tetrahedron Lett. , vol.33 , pp. 3305
    • Al Abed, Y.1    Zaman, F.2    Shekhani, M.S.3    Fatima, A.4    Voelter, W.5
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    • 79957443386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (R) -Glycidyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (R)- 33 was offered in bulk quantity by an external supplier.
    • (R) -Glycidyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (R)- 33 was offered in bulk quantity by an external supplier.
  • 63
    • 79957525018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3) or thermal conditions (GC, ≥200 °C) the lactones 30 and 35 partially eliminate HX providing cyclopropanolactone 34.
    • 3) or thermal conditions (GC, ≥200 °C) the lactones 30 and 35 partially eliminate HX providing cyclopropanolactone 34.
  • 64
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    • 3N • 3HF were performed in HF-resistant perfluoro-alkoxy-copolymer PFA-flasks (Supplier: Bohlender GmbH, Waltersberg 8, D-97947 Grünsfeld).
    • 3N • 3HF were performed in HF-resistant perfluoro-alkoxy-copolymer PFA-flasks (Supplier: Bohlender GmbH, Waltersberg 8, D-97947 Grünsfeld).
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    • (Hüls AG). U.S. Patent 5,463,111.
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    • Cf. Steffen, K.-D.1
  • 66
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    • 4 (S)- 29a is further converted into cyclopropanolactone 34 and hydroxymethyl lactone 7 which were observed as trace byproducts.
    • 4 (S)- 29a is further converted into cyclopropanolactone 34 and hydroxymethyl lactone 7 which were observed as trace byproducts.


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