Does ethnic diversity erode trust? Putnams hunkering down thesis reconsidered

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 57-82

  Sturgis, Patrick ^a   Brunton Smith, Ian ^a   Read, Sanna ^b   Allum, Nick ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79957493757     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: 14692112     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123410000281     Document Type: Article

References (146)

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10. For our purposes here, we include only studies that have directly investigated the association between area-level ethnic diversity and trust. Thus, we exclude studies that have approached the same substantive question but without using independently collected area-level measures of diversity (e.g. Peter Nannestad, 'What Have We Learned About Generalized Trust, If Anything?' Annual Review of Political Science, 11(2008), 413-36;
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24. H. Schuman and S. Presser, Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording and Context (New York: Academic Press, 1981). Self-reported diversity measures are susceptible to the alternative explanation that those who are less trusting of ethnic out-groups overestimate the level of ethnic heterogeneity in their neighbourhood, a possibility that can be discounted when using census-based measures of diversity merged with the survey micro-data.
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52. Putnam (2000) makes the same distinction but labels the different types of trust as 'thick' and 'thin' respectively. Bowling Alone: 'The collapse and revival of American Community' (New York: Simon and Schuster).
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62. Putnam's account differentiates 'inter-' from 'intra-' ethnic trust but how this relates to the 'thick/thin', 'generalized/particularized' distinction is not clear.
63. Costa and Kahn, 'Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective';
64. Anderson and Paskeviciute, 'How Ethnic and Linguistic Heterogeneity Influence the Prospects for Civil Society';
65. Marschall and Stolle, 'Race and the City'.
66. Soroka, Helliwell and Johnston, 'Measuring and Modelling Interpersonal Trust'.
67. Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum'.
68. Leigh, 'Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity'.
69. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust. As might be anticipated from the fact that neighbours will generally comprise a mix of known and unknown others, the TiN item has moderate loadings on both a 'trust in strangers' and a 'trust in friends and family' component, though the highest loading is on the latter dimension.
70. Patrick Sturgis and Patten Smith, 'Assessing the Validity of Generalized Trust Questions: What Kind of Trust Are We Measuring?' International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2010), 74-92.
71. See also, Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust.
72. Marschall and Stolle, 'Race and the City'.
73. Leigh, 'Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity';
74. Soroka, Helliwell and Johnston, 'Measuring and Modelling Interpersonal Trust';
75. Costa and Kahn, 'Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity'.
76. Marc Hooghe, Tim Reeskens, Dietland Stolle and Ann Trappers, 'Ethnic Diversity, Trust and Ethnocentrism and Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of 21 European Countries' (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, 2006).
77. Anderson and Paskeviciute, 'How Ethnic and Linguistic Heterogeneity Influence the Prospects for Civil Society'.
78. Robert Putnam, 'The Strange Disappearance of Civic America', The American Prospect, 24(1996), 7-24;
79. Costa and Kahn, 'Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective';
80. Anderson and Paskeviciute, 'How Ethnic and Linguistic Heterogeneity Influence the Prospects for Civil Society';
81. Stolle, Soroka and Johnston, 'When Does Diversity Erode Trust?';
82. Stephen Knack and Phillip Keefer, 'Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(1997), 1251-88;
83. Leigh, 'Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity'.
84. J. Cohen, 'The Earth Is Round (P<.05) ', American Psychologist, 49(1994), 997-1003
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86. In fact, this is itself likely to be an over-estimate. Putnam later reports that when the non-independence between sample units is accounted for in a multi-level model, the coefficient is 'slightly lower', although he does not say by how much (Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum', p. 158).
87. See also Pennant, 'Diversity, Trust and Community Participation in England';
88. Leigh, 'Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity'.
89. Soroka, Helliwell, and Johnston, 'Measuring and Modelling Interpersonal Trust'.
90. The TPS is funded by the Department for Culture, Media, and Sport (see http://www.culture. gov. uk/4828.aspx).
91. See Joel Williams, 'Taking Part: The National Survey of Culture, Leisure and Sport (2005-06), Final Technical Report' (London: Department for Culture, Media, and Sport, 2006).
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93. Where there is more than one household at an address, a single household is selected at random.
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99. See, for example: C. Hale, P. Pack and J. Salkfeld, 'The Structural Determinants of Fear of Crime: An Analysis Using Census and Crime Survey Data from England and Wales', International Review of Victimology, 3(1994), 211-33;
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104. H. F. Kaiser, 'A Second-Generation Little Jiffy', Psychometrika, 35(1970), 401-15.
105. Johnston et al., 'Fractal Factors? Scale, Factor Analyses and Neighbourhood Effects';
106. C. Propper et al., 'Local Neighbourhood and Mental Health: Evidence from the UK', ESRC Research Methods Programme Working Paper 6 (2005).
107. Pearson correlation = 0.981 (p < 0.001).
108. cf. Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum'.
109. For all MSOAs, the correlation between the 1991 and 2001 Herfindahl indices is 0.971.
110. The Institute of Public Policy Research estimates that the total number of post-2004 immigrants from Eastern Europe was 550, 000 (see Naomi Pollard, Maria Latorre and Sriskandarajah Dhananjayan, 'Floodgates or Turnstiles: Post EU-Enlargement Migration Flows to (and from) the UK' (London: IPPR, 2008).
111. Alesina and Ferrera, 'Who Trusts Others?';
112. Delhey and Newton, 'Who Trusts?';
113. Delhey and Newton, 'Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust';
114. Yaojun Li, Andrew Pickles and Mike Savage, 'Social Capital and Social Trust in Britain', European Sociological Review, 21(2005), 109-23. (Pubitemid 41238601)
115. Twenty per cent of respondents provided no answer to the earnings question, and therefore this was imputed using a hot-deck procedure in STATA 10. See Adrian Mander and David Clayton, 'Hotdeck Imputation', Stata Technical Bulletin, 9(2000), 32-34.
116. Morris Rosenberg, 'Misanthropy and Political Ideology', American Sociological Review 21(1956), 690-95.
117. Harvey Goldstein, Multilevel Statistical Models 3rd Edition, 3rd edn (London: Arnold, 2003);
118. J. Hox, Multilevel Analysis. Techniques and Applications. (Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002).
119. Hox, Multilevel Analysis. Techniques and Applications (Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002).
120. See Sophia Rabe-Hesketh and Anders Skrondal, Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata, 2nd edn (College Station, Tex.: Stata Press, 2008).
121. Models are estimated in STATA 10 using the xtmixed and xtmelogit commands. See Rabe-Hesketh and Skrondal, Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata, 2nd edn.
122. Putnam identifies television as the 'mysterious anti-civic X-ray' responsible for the precipitate decline in trust and other indicators of social capital in the United States since the 1950s (Putnam, 'The Strange Disappearance of Civic America').
123. Stolle, Soroka and Johnston, 'When Does Diversity Erode Trust?'
124. In multi-level models, level-2 fixed effects can only explain variability at that level while level-1 fixed effects can explain variability at both levels if the mean of explanatory variable is not equal across level-2 units (Hox, Multilevel Analysis. Techniques and Applications).
125. Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum';
126. Goodhart, 'Too Diverse?'
127. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust;
128. Hardin, 'Conceptions and Explanations of Trust';
129. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
130. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust;
131. Newton, 'Social and Political Trust'.
132. Marschall and Stolle, 'Race and the City';
133. Leigh, 'Trust, Inequality and Ethnic Heterogeneity';
134. Soroka, Helliwell and Johnston, 'Measuring and Modelling Interpersonal Trust';
135. Costa and Kahn, 'Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity';
136. Hooghe et al., 'Ethnic Diversity, Trust and Ethnocentrism and Europe';
137. Anderson and Paskeviciute, 'How Ethnic and Linguistic Heterogeneity Influence the Prospects for Civil Society'.
138. Stolle, Soroka and Johnston, 'When Does Diversity Erode Trust?';
139. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust.
140. Putnam, Bowling Alone;
141. Paxton, 'Not All Association Memberships Increase Trust'.
142. Sturgis and Smith, 'Assessing the Validity of Generalized Trust Questions: What Kind of Trust Are We Measuring?';
143. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust.
144. Stolle, Soroka and Johnston, 'When Does Diversity Erode Trust?'
145. Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum' (emphasis added).
146. Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum', p. 165.