The enduring and evolving relationship between social class and breast cancer burden: A review of the literature

Cancer Epidemiology

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 217-234

  Klassen, Ann C ^a,b,c   Smith, Katherine C ^b,c,d  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Epidemiology; SES; Social class; Women

Indexed keywords

BREAST CANCER; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; MEDLINE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL CLASS;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; COST OF ILLNESS; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 79956051074     PISSN: 18777821     EISSN: 1877783X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.02.009     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. van Loon A.J.M., Burg J., Goldbohm R.A., van den Brandt P.A. Differences in cancer incidence and mortality among socio-economic groups. Scand J Soc Med 1995, 23:110-120.
2. Vainshtein J. Disparities in breast cancer incidence across racial/ethnic strata and socioeconomic status: a systematic review. J Natl Med Assoc 2008, 100:833-839.
3. Faggiano F., Partanen T., Kogevinas M., Boffetta P. Socioeconomic differences in cancer incidence and mortality. IARC Sci Publ 1997, (138):65-176.
4. World cancer report 2003, IARC Press, Lyon. B.W. Stewart, P. Kleihues (Eds.).
5. Newman L.A., Griffith K.A., Jatoi I., Simon M.S., Crowe J.P., Colditz G.A. Meta-analysis of survival in African-American and white American patients with breast cancer: ethnicity compared with socioeconomic status. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:1342-1349.
6. OMalley C.D., Le G.M., Glaser S.L., Shema S.J., West D.W. Socioeconomic status and breast carcinoma survival in four racial/ethic groups. Cancer 2003, 97:1303-1311.
7. Woods L.M., Rachet B., Coleman M.P. Origins of socio-economic inequalities in cancer survival: a review. Ann Oncol 2006, 17:5-19.
8. Bigby J.A., Holmes M.D. Disparities across the breast cancer continuum. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16:35-44.
9. Tucker R.C. The Marx-Engels reader 1978, WW Norton, NY. 2nd ed.
10. Wright E.O. Approaches to class analysis 2005, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
11. Allen K. The social lens: an invitation to social and sociological theory 2007, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA.
12. Acker J. Class questions: feminist answers 2005, Alta Mira Press, Lantham, MD.
13. Bologh R. Love or greatness: Max Weber and masculine thinking, a feminist inquiry 1990, Unwin Hyman, Boston.
14. Gimenez M. Capitalism and the oppression of women: Marxism revisited. Sci Soc 2005, 69(1):11-32.
15. Haug M. Measurement in social stratification. Annu Rev Sociol 1977, 3:51-77.
16. Krieger N., Williams D.R., Moss N.E. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies and guidelines. Annu Rev Publ Health 1997, 18:341-378.
17. Sorenson A. Women, family and class. Annu Rev Sociol 1994, 20-47.
18. Gilbert D. The American class structure in an age of growing inequality 2008, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, pp. 34.
19. Collins P.H. Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment 2000, Routledge, NY.
20. Hankinson S., Hunter D. Breast cancer. Textbook of cancer epidemiology 2002, Oxford University Press, New York. H.O. Adami, D. Hunter, D. Trichopoulos (Eds.).
21. WCRF/AICR, World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Food and nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective 2007, AICR, Washington, DC.
22. IARC, The International Agency for Research on Cancer. Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy. IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyons: IARC, 2007; 91.
23. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002, 360:187-195. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer.
24. Gao Y.T., Shu X.O., Dai Q., Potter J.D., Brinton L.A., Wen W., et al. Association of menstrual and reproductive factors with breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai breast cancer study. Int J Cancer 2000, 87:295-300.
25. Kurkure A.P., Yeole B.B. Social inequalities in cancer with special reference to South Asian countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006, 7(January-March (1)):36-40.
26. Datta K., Biswas J. Influence of dietary habits, physical activity, and affluence factors on breast cancer in East India-a case-control study. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2009, 10:219-222.
27. Dey S., Boffetta A., Vrennan P., Soliman A., Mathew A. Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India. Int J Cancer 2009, 125:1663-1670.
28. Pakseresht S., Ingle G.K., Bahadur A.K., Ramteke V.K., Singh M.M., Garg S., et al. Risk factors with breast cancer among women in Delhi. Indian J Cancer 2009, 46:132-138.
29. Dosemeci M., Hayes R.B., Vetter R., Hoover R.N., Tucker M., Engin K., et al. Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 1993, 4(July (4)):313-321.
30. Bhurgri Y., Kayani N., Faridi N., Pervez S., Usman A., Bhurgri H., et al. Patho-epidemiology of breast cancer in Karachi 1995-1997. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2007, 8:215-220.
31. Huo D., Adebamowo C.A., Ogundiran T.O., Akang E.E., Campbell O., Adenipekun A., et al. Parity and breast feeding are protective against breast cancer in Nigerian women. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:992-996.
32. Adebamowo C.A., Ogundiran T.O., Adenipekun A.A., Oyesegun R.A., Campbell O.B., Akang E.U., et al. Obesity and height in urban Nigerian women with breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol 2003, 13:455-461.
33. Cuello C., Correa P., Haenszel W. Socio-economic class differences in cancer incidence in Cali, Colombia. Int J Cancer 1982, 29(June (6)):637-643.
34. Gomes A.L., Guimarães M.D., Gomes C.C., Chaves I.G., Gobbi H., Camargos A.F. Risk factors for breast cancer among pre- or post-menopausal women in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001, 52(3):173-179.
35. Rimpelä A.H., Pukkala E.I. Cancers of affluence: positive social class gradient and rising incidence trend in some cancer forms. Soc Sci Med 1987, 24(7):601-606.
36. Pukkala E., Weiderpass E. Time trends in socio-economic differences in incidence rates of cancers of the breast and female genital organs (Finland, 1971-1995). Int J Cancer 1999, 81(March (1)):56-61.
37. Vidarsdottir H., Gunnarsdottir H.K., Olafsdottir E.J., Olafsdottir G.H., Pukkala E., Tryggvadottir L. Cancer risk by education in Iceland; a census-based cohort study. Acta Oncol 2008, 47:385-390.
38. Braaten T., Weiderpass E., Kumle M., Lund E. Explaining the socioeconomic variation in cancer risk in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14(November (11 Pt 1)):2591-2597.
39. Robsahm T.E., Tretli S. Weak associations between sociodemographic factors and breast cancer: possible effects of early detection. Eur J Cancer Prev 2005, 14(February (1)):7-12.
40. Cabrera C., Helgesson O., Wedel H., Björkelund C., Bengtsson C., Lissner L. Socioeconomic status and mortality in Swedish women: opposing trends for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Epidemiology 2001, 12(September (5)):532-536.
41. Moradi T., Adami H.O., Bergström R., Gridley G., Wolk A., Gerhardsson M., et al. Occupational physical activity and risk for breast cancer in a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 1999, 10(October (5)):423-430.
42. Granstrom C., Sundquist J., Hemminki K. Population attributable risks for breast cancer in Swedish women by morphological type. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008, 111:559-568.
43. Hussain S.K., Altieri A., Sundquist J., Hemminki K. Influence of education level on breast cancer risk and survival in Sweden between 1990 and 2004. Int J Cancer 2008, 122:165-169.
44. Ewertz M. Risk of breast cancer in relation to social factors in Denmark. Acta Oncol 1988, 27:787-792.
45. Osler M., Klebak S. Social differences in health in an affluent Danish county. Scand J Soc Med 1998, 26(4):289-292.
46. Danø H., Hansen K.D., Jensen P., Petersen J.H., Jacobsen R., Ewertz M., et al. Fertility pattern does not explain social gradient in breast cancer in Denmark. Int J Cancer 2004, 111(3):451-456.
47. Høyer A.P., Engholm G. Serum lipids and breast cancer risk: a cohort study of 5,207 Danish women. Cancer Causes Control 1992, 3(September (5)):403-408.
48. Kruk J. Association of lifestyle and other risk factors with breast cancer according to menopausal status: a case-control study in the Region of Western Pomerania (Poland). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007, 8(4):513-524.
49. Geyer S. Social inequalities in the incidence and case fatality of cancers of the lung, the stomach, the bowels, and the breast. Cancer Causes Control 2008, 19(9):965-974.
50. de Kok I.M., van Lenthe F.J., Avendano M., Louwman M., Coebergh J.W., Mackenbach J.P. Childhood social class and cancer incidence: results of the globe study. Soc Sci Med 2008, 66(March (5)):1131-1139.
51. Louwman W.J., van Lenthe F.J., Coebergh J.W., Mackenbach J.P. Behaviour partly explains educational differences in cancer incidence in the south-eastern Netherlands: the longitudinal GLOBE study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004, 13(2):119-125.
52. Van Loon A.J., Goldbohm R.A., Van den Brandt P.A. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence: a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 1994, 23(5):899-905.
53. Melchior M., Goldberg M., Krieger N., Kawachi I., Menvielle G., Zins M., et al. Occupational class, occupational mobility and cancer incidence among middle-aged men and women: a prospective study of the French GAZEL cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16(5):515-524.
54. Marshall B., Chevalier A., Garillon C., Goldberg M., Coing F. Socioeconomic status, social mobility and cancer occurrence during working life: a case-control study among French electricity and gas workers. Cancer Causes Control 1999, 10(6):495-502.
55. Ocaña-Riola R., Sánchez-Cantalejo C., Rosell J., Sánchez-Cantalejo E., Daponte A. Socio-economic level, farming activities and risk of cancer in small areas of Southern Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 2004, 19(7):643-650.
56. Parazzini F., La Vecchia C., Negri E., Franceschi S., Bocciolone L. Menstrual and reproductive factors and breast cancer in women with family history of the disease. Int J Cancer 1992, 51(5):677-681.
57. Faggiano F., Zanetti R., Costa G. Cancer risk and social inequalities in Italy. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994, 48(5):447-452.
58. Barbone F., Filiberti R., Franceschi S., Talamini R., Conti E., Montella M., et al. Socioeconomic status, migration and the risk of breast cancer in Italy. Int J Epidemiol 1996, 25(3):479-487.
59. Spadea T., D'Errico A., Demaria M., Faggiano F., Pasian S., Zanetti R., et al. Educational Inequities in cancer incidence in Turin, Italy. Eur J Cancer Prev 2009, 18:169-178.
60. Pollock A.M., Vickers N. Breast, lung and colorectal cancer incidence and survival in South Thames Region, 1987-1992: the effect of social deprivation. J Public Health Med 1997, 19(3):288-294.
61. Rowan S. Trends in cancer incidence by deprivation, England and Wales, 1990-2002. Health Stat Q 2007, (36):24-35. [Winter].
62. McCormack V.A., Mangtani P., Bhakta D., McMichael A.J., dos Santos Silva I. Heterogeneity of breast cancer risk within the South Asian female population in England: a population-based case-control study of first-generation migrants. Br J Cancer 2004, 90(1):160-166.
63. Simpson J., Roman E., Law G., Pannett B. Women's occupation and cancer: preliminary analysis of cancer registrations in England and Wales, 1971-1990. Am J Ind Med 1999, 36(1):172-185.
64. Brown J., Harding S., Bethune A., Rosato M. Incidence of health of the nation cancers by social class. Popul Trends 1997, (90). pp. 40-7, 49-77 [Winter].
65. Shack L., Jordan C., Thomson C.S., Mak V., Moller H. Variation in the incidence of breast, lung, cervical and malignant melanoma of skin by socioeconomic group in England. BMC Cancer 2008, 8:271. for UK Association of Cancer Registries.
66. Lawlor D.A., Smith G.D., Ebrahim S. Hyperinsulinaemia and increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2004, 15(3):267-275.
67. Mackillop W.J., Zhang-Salomons J., Boyd C.J., Groome P.A. Associations between community income and cancer incidence in Canada and the United States. Cancer 2000, 89(4):901-912.
68. Paffenbarger R.S., Kampert J.B., Chang H.G. Characteristics that predict risk of breast cancer before and after the menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1980, 112(August (2)):258-268.
69. Krieger N. Social class and the black/white crossover in the age-specific incidence of breast cancer: a study linking census-derived data to population-based registry records. Am J Epidemiol 1990, 131(5):804-814.
70. Krieger N., Quesenberry C., Peng T., Horn-Ross P., Stewart S., Brown S., et al. Social class, race/ethnicity, and incidence of breast, cervix, colon, lung, and prostate cancer among Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White residents of the San Francisco Bay Area, 1988-92 (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1999, 10(6):525-537.
71. Reynolds P., Hurley S.E., Quach A.T., Rosen H., Von Behren J., Hertz A., et al. Regional variations in breast cancer incidence among California women, 1988-1997. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16(2):139-150.
72. Robert S.A., Strombom I., Trentham-Dietz A., Hampton J.M., McElroy J.A., Newcomb P.A., et al. Socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer: distinguishing individual- and community-level effects. Epidemiology 2004, 15(4):442-450.
73. Chen J.T., Coull B.A., Waterman P.D., Schwartz J., Krieger N. Methodologic implications of social inequalities for analyzing health disparities in large spatiotemporal data sets: an example using breast cancer incidence data (Northern and Southern California, 1988-2002). Stat Med 2008, 27:3957-3983.
74. Webster T.F., Hoffman K., Weinberg J., Vieira V., Aschengrau A. Community and individual-level socioeconomic status and breast cancer risk: multilevel modeling on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:1125-1129.
75. Hausauer A.k., Keegan T.H.M., Chang E.T., Glaser S.L., Howe H., Clarke C.A. Recent trends in breast cancer incidence in US white women by county-level urban/rural and poverty status. BMC Med 2009, 7:31.
76. Torio C.M., Klassen A.C., Curriero F.C., Caballero B., Helzlsouer K. The modifying effect of social class on the relationship between body mass index and breast cancer incidence. Am J Public Health 2010, 100:146-151.
77. Clegg L.X., Reichman M.E., Miller B.A., Hankey B.F., Singh G.K., Lin Y.D., et al. Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis: selected findings from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Cancer Causes Control 2009, 20:417-435.
78. Harper S., Lynch J., Meersman S.C., Breen N., Davis W.W., Riechman M.C. Trends in area-socioeconomic and race-ethnic disparities in breast cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, screening, mortality, and survival among women ages 50 and over (1987-2005). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009, 18:121-131.
79. Aziz Z., Sana S., Skram M., Saeed A. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer survival in Pakistani women. JPMA 2004, 54:448-453.
80. Aziz Z., Iqbal J., Akram M. Effect of social class disparities on disease stage, quality of treatment and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients from developing countries. Breast J 2008, 14(July-August (4)):372-375. FCPS.
81. Bouchardy C., Verkooijen H.M., Fioretta G. Social class is an important and independent prognostic factor of breast cancer mortality. Int J Cancer 2006, 119(September (5)):1145-1151.
82. Taylor A., Cheng K.K. Social deprivation and breast cancer. J Publ Health Med 2003, 25(September (3)):228-233.
83. Kaffashian F., Godward S., Davies T., Solomon L., McCann J., Duffy S.W. Socioeconomic effects on breast cancer survival: proportion attributable to stage and morphology. Br J Cancer 2003, 89(9):1693-1696.
84. Thomson C.S., Hole D.J., Twelves C.J., Brewster D.H., Black R.J. Scottish Cancer Therapy Network. Prognostic factors in women with breast cancer: distribution by socioeconomic status and effect on differences in survival. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001, 55(5):308-315.
85. Gordon N.H. Association of education and income with estrogen receptor status in primary breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 142(8):796-803.
86. Krieger N., van den Eeden S.K., Zava D., Okamoto A. Race/ethnicity, social class, and prevalence of breast cancer prognostic biomarkers: a study of white, black, and Asian women in the San Francisco bay area. Ethn Dis 1997, 7(2):137-149.
87. Brown M., Tsodikov A., Bauer K.R., Parise C.A., Caggiano V. The role of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in the survival of women with estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative, invasive breast cancer: the California Cancer Registry, 1999-2004. Cancer 2008, 112(4):737-747.
88. Parise C.A., Bauer K.R., Brown M.M., Caggiano V. Breast cancer subtypes as defined by the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) among women with invasive breast cancer in California, 1999-2004. Breast J 2009, 15:593-602.
89. Yang R., Cheung M.C., Franceschi D., Hurley J., Huang Y., Livingstone A.S., et al. African-American and low-socioeconomic status patients have a worse prognosis for invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma: do screening criteria need to change?. J Am Coll Surg 2009, 208:853-870.
90. Krieger N., Chen J.T., Ware J.H., Kaddour A. Race/ethnicity and breast cancer estrogen receptor status: impact of class, missing data, and modeling assumptions. Cancer Causes Control 2008, 19:1305-1318.
91. Khang Y.H., Lynch J.W., Kaplan G.A. Health inequalities in Korea: age- and sex-specific educational differences in the 10 leading causes of death. Int J Epidemiol 2004, 33(2):299-308.
92. Bouchardy C., Parkin D.M., Khlat M., Mirra A.P., Kogevinas M., De Lima F.D., et al. Education and mortality from cancer in São Paulo, Brazil. Ann Epidemiol 1993, 3(1):64-70.
93. Strand B.H., Kunst A., Huisman M., Menvielle G., Glickman M., Bopp M., et al. The reversed social gradient: higher breast cancer mortality in the higher educated compared to lower educated. A comparison of 11 European populations during the 1990s. Eur J Cancer 2007, 43:1200-1207.
94. Martikainen P., Valkonen T. Diminishing educational differences in breast cancer mortality among Finnish women: a registry-based 25-year follow-up. Am J Publ Health 2000, 90:277-280.
95. Strand B.H., Kunst A. Childhood socioeconomic position and cause-specific mortality in early adulthood. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 165(1):85-93.
96. Lawlor D.A., Sterne J.A., Tynelius P., Davey Smith G., Rasmussen F. Association of childhood socioeconomic position with cause-specific mortality in a prospective record linkage study of 1,839,384 individuals. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 164(9):907-915.
97. Weires M., Bermejo J.L., Sundquist K., Sundquist J., Hemminki K. Socioeconomic status and overall and cause-specific mortality in Sweden. BMC Publ Health 2008, 8:340.
98. Menvielle G., Luce D., Geoffroy-Perez B., Chastang J.F., Leclerc A. Social inequalities and cancer mortality in France, 1975-1990. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16(5):501-513.
99. Menvielle G., Le Clerc A., Chastang J.F., Luce D. Social inequalities in breast cancer mortality among French women: disappearing educational disparities from 1968 to 1996. B J Cancer 2006, 94:152-155.
100. Pollán M., Ramis R., Aragonés N., Pérez-Gómez B., Gómez D., Lope V., et al. Municipal distribution of breast cancer mortality among women in Spain. BMC Cancer 2007, 7:78.
101. Michelozzi P., Perucci C.A., Forastiere F., Fusco D., Ancona C., Dell'Orco V. Inequality in health: socioeconomic differentials in mortality in Rome, 1990-95. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999, 53(11):687-693.
102. Green A., Beral V., Moser K. Mortality in women in relation to their childbearing history. BMJ 1988, 297(6645):391-395.
103. Power C., Hyppönen E., Smith G.D. Socioeconomic position in childhood and early adult life and risk of mortality: a prospective study of the mothers of the 1958 British birth cohort. Am J Publ Health 2005, 95(8):1396-1402.
104. Langford A., Johnson B., Al-Hamad A. Social inequalities in female mortality by region and by selected causes of death, England and Wales, 2001-2003. Health Stat Q 2009, 44:7-26.
105. Wagener D.K., Schatzkin A. Temporal trends in the socioeconomic gradient for breast cancer mortality among US women. Am J Publ Health 1994, 84:1003-1006.
106. Albano J.D., Ward E., Jemal A., Anderson R., Cokkinides V.E., Murray T., et al. Cancer mortality in the United States by education level and race. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99(18):1384-1394.
107. Kim C., Eby E., Piette J.D. Is education associated with mortality for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease among black and white women?. Gene Med 2005, 2(1):13-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16115594?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum.
108. Yabroff K.R., Gordis L. Assessment of a national health interview survey-based method of measuring community socioeconomic status. Ann Epidemiol 2003, 13(10):721-726.
109. Steenland K., Henley J., Thun M. All-cause and cause-specific death rates by educational status for two million people in two American Cancer Society cohorts, 1959-1996. Am J Epidemiol. 2002, 156(1):11-21.
110. Steenland K., Hu S., Walker J. All-cause and cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status among employed persons in 27 US states, 1984-1997. Am J Publ Health 2004, 94(6):1037-1042.
111. Tian N., Wilson J.G., Zhan F.B. Female breast cancer mortality clusters within racial groups in the United States. Health Place 2010, 16:209-218.
112. Holford T.R. Understanding the effects of age, period, and cohort on incidence and mortality rates. Annu Rev Publ Health 1991, 12:425-427.
113. McKenzie F., Jeffreys M. Do lifestyle or social factors explain ethnic/racial inequalities in breast cancer survival?. Epidemiol Rev 2009, 31:52-66.
114. Walker A.R.P., Adam F., Walker B.F. World pandemic of obesity: the situation in Southern African populations. Public Heath 2001, 115:368-372.
115. Batnitzky A. Obesity and household roles: gender and social class in Morocco. Sociol Health Illness 2008, 30:445-462.
116. Link B.G., Phelan J.C., Miech R., Westin E.L. The resources that matter: fundamental social causes of health disparities and the challenge of intelligence. J Health Soc Behav 2008, 49(March (1)):72-91.
117. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Press Release No. 182, World Cancer Day 2008. Lyon, France, 4/2/2008.
118. Lerner B.H. The breast cancer wars: hope, fear, and the pursuit of a cure in twentieth-century America 2001, Oxford University Press, NY.
119. Hall S.A., Rockhill B. Race, poverty, affluence, and breast cancer. Am J Publ Health 2002, 92. 1559 (l).