Cancer mortality in the United States by education level and race

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 99, Issue 18, 2007, Pages 1384-1394

  Albano, Jessica D ^a,b   Ward, Elizabeth ^a   Jemal, Ahmedin ^a   Anderson, Robert ^c   Cokkinides, Vilma E ^a   Murray, Taylor ^a   Henley, Jane ^a   Liff, Jonathan ^d   Thun, Michael J ^a  

^a AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS   (United States)

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CALCULATION; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; COLON CANCER; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DEATH CERTIFICATE; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RACE DIFFERENCE; RECTUM CANCER; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED STATES; VITAL STATISTICS; AFRICAN AMERICAN; BREAST TUMOR; CAUCASIAN; COLORECTAL TUMOR; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNOLOGY; LUNG TUMOR; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; NEOPLASM; PROSTATE TUMOR; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX RATIO; STATISTICS;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ETHNIC GROUPS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; ODDS RATIO; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34748922923     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: 14602105     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm127     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Huisman M, Kunst AE, Bopp M, Borgan J-K, Barrell C, Costa G, et al. Educational inequalities in cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations. Lancet 2005;365:493-500.
2. Faggiano F, Partanen T, Kogevinas M, Boffetta P. Socioeconomic differences in cancer incidence and mortality. In: Kogevinas M, Pearce N, Susser M, Boffetta P, editors. IARC Scientific Publications No. 138: social inequalities and cancer. Lyon (France):International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997.
3. Singh G, Miller B, Hankey B, Fruer E, Pickle L. Changing area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1998: part I - all cancers among men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:904-15.
4. Singh G, Miller B, Hankey B. Changing area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1998: part II - lung and colorectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:916-25.
5. Singh G, Miller B, Hankey B, Edwards B. Area socioeconomic variations in U.S. cancer incidence, mortality, stage, treatment, and survival, 1975-1999 Vol NIH Publication No. 03-5417. Bethesda (MD):National Cancer Institute; 2003.
6. Steenland K, Henley J, Calle E, Thun M. Individual- and area-level socioeconomic status variables as predictors of mortality in a cohort of 179,383 persons. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:1047-56.
7. Steenland K, Henley J, Thun M. All-cause and cause-specific death rates by educational status for two million people in two American Cancer Society cohorts, 1959-1996. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:11-21.
8. Steenland K, Rodriguez C, Mondul A, Calle EE, Thun M. Prostate cancer incidence and survival in relation to education (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2004;15:939-45.
9. Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnoson N, Schmitt C. A mortality study of 1.3 million persons by demographic, social, and economic factors: 1979-1985 follow-up. U.S. National Longitudinal Mortality Study. (NIH Publication No. 92-3297). Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute;1992.
10. Sterling T, Rosenbaum W, Weinkam J. Income, race, and mortality. J Natl Med Assoc 1993;85:906-11.
11. Sorlie P, Rogot E, Anderson R, Johnson NJ, Backlund E. Black-white mortality differences by family income. Lancet 1992;340:346-50.
12. Howard G, Anderson R, Russell G, Howard V, Burke G. Race, socioeconomic status, and cause-specific mortality. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:214-23.
13. Krieger N, Quesenberry C, Peng T, Horn-Ross P, Stewart S, Brown S, et al. Social class, race/ethnicity, and incidence of breast, cervix, colon, lung, and prostate cancer among Asian, black, Hispanic, and white residents of the San Francisco Bay Area, 1988-92 (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1999;10:525-37.
14. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Yin R, Coull BA. Race/ethnicity and changing US socioeconomic gradients in breast cancer incidence: California and Massachusetts, 1978-2002 (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:217-26.
15. Kim C, Eby E, Piette JD. Is education associated with mortality for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease among black and white women? Gend Med 2005;2:13-8.
16. Heck K, Wagener D, Schatzkin A, Devesa S, Breen N. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer mortality, 1989 through 1993: an analysis of education data from death certificates. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1218-22.
17. National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm. [Last accessed September 20, 2006.]
18. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of disease and related health problems: 10th revision. Geneva (Switzerland) : World Health Organization; 1992.
19. Sorlie P, Johnson N. Validity of education information on the death certificate. Epidemiology 1996;7:437-9.
20. Shai D, Rosenwaike I. Errors in reporting education on the death certificate: some findings for older male decedents from New York State and Utah. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:188-92.
21. Sorlie P, Rogot E, Johnson N. Validity of demographic characteristics on the death certificate. Epidemiology 1992;3:181-4.
22. Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: a summary of current research, 1999. Vital Health Stat 2 1999:1-13.
23. Educational attainment in the United States: March 2001 detailed tables ( PPL-157 ). Current Population Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/ppl-157.html. [Last accessed April 15, 2007.]
24. Arias E, Anderson R, Hsiang-Ching K, Murphy S, Kochanek K. Deaths: final data for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2003;52:1-115.
25. US Department of Health and Human Services. Vital statistics of the United States: mortality, 1999 technical appendix. Hyattsville (MD) : Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 2004.
26. National Center for Health Statistics. Data file documentation, National Health Interview Survey, 2000 (machine-readable data file and documentation). Hyattsville (MD):National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2000. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
27. Research Triangle Institute. SUDAAN user's manual, release 9.0. Research. Triangle Park (NC):Research Triangle Institute; 2002.
28. Liu L, Cozen W, Bernstein L, Ross RK, Deapen D. Changing relationship between socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:705-9.
29. Chang VW, Lauderdale DS. Income disparities in body mass index and obesity in the United States, 1971-2002. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2122-8.
30. Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH, John EM, Gallagher RP, Howe GR, et al. Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:652-61.
31. Krstev S, Baris D, Stewart P, Dosemeci M, Swanson GM, Greenberg RS, et al. Occupational risk factors and prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites. Am J Ind Med 1998;34:421-30.
32. Kitagawa E, Hauser P. Differential mortality in the United States: a study in socioeconomic epidemiology. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1973.
33. Polednak A. Black-white differences in survival from late-stage prostate cancer. Ethn Dis 2003;13:220-5.
34. Gilligan T. Social disparities and prostate cancer: mapping the gaps in our knowledge. Cancer Causes Control 2005;16:45-53.
35. Sanderson M, Coker AL, Perez A, Du XL, Peltz G, Fadden MK. A multilevel analysis of socioeconomic status and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol 2006;16:901-7.
36. Devesa S, Diamond E. Association of breast cancer and cervical cancer incidence with income and education among whites and blacks. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:515-28.
37. Chu KC, Tarone RE, Kessler LG, Ries LA, Hankey BF, Miller BA, et al. Recent trends in US breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1571-9.
38. Bigby J, Holmes MD. Disparities across the breast cancer continuum. Cancer Causes Control 2005;16:35-44.
39. Wagener D, Schatzkin A. Temporal trends in the socioeconomic gradient for breast cancer mortality among US women. Am J Public Health 1994;84:1003-6.
40. Menvielle G, Leclerc A, Chastang JF, Luce D. Social inequalities in breast cancer mortality among French women: disappearing educational disparities from 1968 to 1996. Br J Cancer 2006;94:152-5.
41. Martikainen P, Valkonen T. Diminishing educational differences in breast cancer mortality among Finnish women: a register-based 25-year follow-up. Am J Public Health 2000;90:277-80.
42. Faggiano F, Lemma P, Costa G, Gnavi R, Pagnanelli F. Cancer mortality by educational level in Italy. Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:311-20.
43. Levine RS, Foster JE, Fullilove RE, Briggs NC, Hull PC, Husaini BA, et al. Black-white inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933-1999; implications for healthy people 2010. Public Health Rep 2001;116:474-83.
44. Mackenbach JP, Bos V, Anderson O, Cardano M, Costa G, Harding S, et al. Widening socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in six Western European countries. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:830-7.
45. Feldman JJ, Makuc DM, Kleinman JC, Coroni-Huntley J. National trends in educational differentials in mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:919-33.
46. Singh GK, Siahpush M. Increasing inequalities in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adults aged 26-64 years by area socioeconomic status, 1969-1998. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:600-13.
47. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2005 with chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville (MD):US Department of Health and Human Service; 2005.
48. American Cancer Society. Cancer prevention and early detection facts and figures 2005; Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society; 2005.
49. Jemal A, Clegg L, Ward E, Ries LA, Wu X, Jamison PM, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2001, with a special feature regarding survival. Cancer 2004;101:3.
50. Mulligan CR, Meram AD, Proctor CD, Wu H, Zhu K, Marrogi AJ. Unlimited access to care: effect on racial disparity and prognostic factors in lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:25-31.
51. Brown M, Potosky A, Thompson G, Kessler L. The knowledge and use of screening tests for colorectal and prostate cancer: data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey. Prev Med 1990;19:562-74.
52. Cokkinides V, Chao A, Smith R, Vernon S, Thun M. Correlates of underutilization of colorectal cancer screening among US adults, age 50 years and older. Prev Med 2003;36:85-91.
53. Krieger N, Williams D, Moss N. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health 1997;18:341-78.
54. Winkleby M, Cubbin C. Influence of individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status on mortality among black, Mexican-American and white women and men in the United States. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:444-52.
55. Hayward MD, Gorman BK. The long arm of childhood: the influence of early-life social conditions on men's mortality. Demography 2004;41:87-107.