Current concepts and future perspectives on surgical optical imaging in cancer

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  Ntziachristos, Vasilis ^a   Yoo, Jung Sun ^a   Van Dam, Gooitzen M ^b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

cancer; intraoperative imaging; lymph node detection; near infrared fluorescence; optical imaging; resection margin; tumor

Indexed keywords

CANCER; INTRA-OPERATIVE; LYMPH NODE DETECTION; NEAR-INFRARED FLUORESCENCE; OPTICAL IMAGING; RESECTION MARGIN;

CHEMICAL DETECTION; DISEASES; FLUORESCENCE; HEALTH CARE; OPTICAL IMAGE STORAGE; RADIOLOGY; SURGERY; TISSUE;

OPTICAL PROPERTIES;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY; FORECASTING; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEOPLASM;

ANIMALS; FORECASTING; HUMANS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

EID: 79955963190     PISSN: 10833668     EISSN: 15602281     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/1.3523364     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (83)

1. G. E. Moore, W. T. Peyton, S. W. Hunter, and L. French, Sodium fluorescein and radioactive diiodofluorescein in the localization of tumors of the central nervous system., Abstracts World Surg., Obstet., Gynaecol. 5, 351-352 (1940).
2. G. E. Moore, C. M. Caudill, J. F. Marvin, J. B. Aust, S. N. Chou, and G. A. Smith, Clinical and experimental studies of intracranial tumors with fluorescein dyes with an additional note concerning the possible use of K42 and iodine 131 tagged human albumin., Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium. Ther. Nucl. Med. 66, 1-8 (July 1951).
3. M. M. Haglund, M. S. Berger, and D. W. Hochman, Enhanced optical imaging of human gliomas and tumor margins., Neurosurgery 38, 308-317 (February 1996). 10.1097/00006123-199602000-00015 (Pubitemid 26030710)
4. P. Kremer, A. Wunder, H. Sinn, T. Haase, M. Rheinwald, U. Zillmann, F. K. Albert, and S. Kunze, Laser-induced fluorescence detection of malignant gliomas using fluorescein-labeled serum albumin: experimental and preliminary clinical results., Neurol. Res. 22, 481-489 (July 2000). (Pubitemid 30602552)
5. W. Stummer, S. Stocker, S. Wagner, H. Stepp, C. Fritsch, C. Goetz, A. E. Goetz, R. Kiefmann, and H. J. Reulen, Intraoperative detection of malignant gliomas by 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrin fluorescence., Neurosurgery 42, 518-525; discussion 525-526 (March 1998). 10.1097/00006123-199803000-00017 (Pubitemid 28128737)
6. W. Stummer, A. Novotny, H. Stepp, C. Goetz, K. Bise, and H. J. Reulen, Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins: a prospective study in 52 consecutive patients., J. Neurosurg. 93, 1003-1013 (December 2000). 10.3171/jns.2000.93.6. 1003 (Pubitemid 32800611)
7. M. Kabuto, T. Kubota, H. Kobayashi, T. Nakagawa, H. Ishii, H. Takeuchi, R. Kitai, and T. Kodera, Experimental and clinical study of detection of glioma at surgery using fluorescent imaging by a surgical microscope after fluorescein administration., Neurol. Res. 19, 9-16 (February 1997). (Pubitemid 27143654)
8. T. Desmettre, J. Devoisselle, and S. Mordon, Fluorescence properties and metabolic features of indocyanine green (ICG) as related to angiography., Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, 15-27 (2000). 10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00123-5 (Pubitemid 30628686)
9. T. Kuroiwa, Y. Kajimoto, and T. Ohta, Development of a fluorescein operative microscope for use during malignant glioma surgery: a technical note and preliminary report., Surg. Neurol. 50, 41-48; discussion 48-49 (July 1998). 10.1016/S0090-3019(98)00055-X (Pubitemid 28294655)
10. M. M. Haglund, D. W. Hochman, A. M. Spence, and M. S. Berger, Enhanced optical imaging of rat gliomas and tumor margins., Neurosurgery 35, 930-940; discussion 940-941 (November 1994). 10.1227/00006123-199411000-00019
11. C. Holm, M. Mayr, E. Hofter, A. Becker, U. J. Pfeiffer, and W. Muhlbauer, Intraoperative evaluation of skin-flap viability using laser-induced fluorescence of indocyanine green., Br. J. Plast. Surg. 55, 635-644 (December 2002). 10.1054/bjps.2002.3969 (Pubitemid 35469785)
12. K. Kubota, J. Kita, M. Shimoda, K. Rokkaku, M. Kato, Y. Iso, and T. Sawada, Intraoperative assessment of reconstructed vessels in living-donor liver transplantation, using a novel fluorescence imaging technique., J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 13, 100-104 (2006). 10.1007/s00534-005-1014-z
13. M. Takahashi, T. Ishikawa, K. Higashidani, and H. Katoh, SPY: an innovative intra-operative imaging system to evaluate graft patency during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting., Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 3, 479-483 (September 2004). 10.1016/j.icvts.2004.01.018 (Pubitemid 39094738)
14. A. Nakayama, F. del Monte, R. J. Hajjar, and J. V. Frangioni, Functional near-infrared fluorescence imaging for cardiac surgery and targeted gene therapy., Mol. Imaging 1, 365-377 (October 2002). 10.1162/153535002321093972
15. A. M. De Grand and J. V. Frangioni, An operational near-infrared fluorescence imaging system prototype for large animal surgery., Technol. Cancer Res.Treat. 2, 553-562 (December 2003). (Pubitemid 38040617)
16. C. P. Parungo, S. Ohnishi, A. M. De Grand, R. G. Laurence, E. G. Soltesz, Y. L. Colson, P. M. Kang, T. Mihaljevic, L. H. Cohn, and J. V. Frangioni, In vivo optical imaging of pleural space drainage to lymph nodes of prognostic significance., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 11, 1085-1092 (December 2004). 10.1245/ASO.2004.03.054 (Pubitemid 40486655)
17. C. P. Parungo, S. Ohnishi, S. W. Kim, S. Kim, R. G. Laurence, E. G. Soltesz, F. Y. Chen, Y. L. Colson, L. H. Cohn, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, Intraoperative identification of esophageal sentinel lymph nodes with near-infrared fluorescence imaging., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 129, 844-850 (April 2005). (Pubitemid 40487887)
18. E. Tanaka, H. S. Choi, H. Fujii, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, Image-guided oncologic surgery using invisible light: completed pre-clinical development for sentinel lymph node mapping., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 1671-1681 (December 2006). 10.1245/s10434-006-9194-6 (Pubitemid 44951476)
19. W. Stummer, H. Stepp, G. Moller, A. Ehrhardt, M. Leonhard, and H. J. Reulen, Technical principles for protoporphyrin-IX-fluorescence guided microsurgical resection of malignant glioma tissue., Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 140, 995-1000 (1998). 10.1007/s007010050206 (Pubitemid 28508688)
20. W. Stummer, U. Pichlmeier, T. Meinel, O. D. Wiestler, F. Zanella, and H. J. Reulen, Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial., Lancet Oncol. 7, 392-401 (May 2006). 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70665-9
21. W. Stummer, H. Reulen, T. Meinel, U. Pichlmeier, W. Schumacher, J. Tonn, V. Rohde, F. Oppel, B. Turowski, C. Woiciechowsky, K. Franz, and T. Pietsch, Extent of resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: identification of and adjustment for bias., Neurosurgery 62, 564-576 (2008). 10.1227/01.neu. 0000317304.31579.17
22. W. Stummer, J. Tonn, H. Mehdorn, U. Nestler, K. Franz, C. Goetz, A. Bink, and U. Pichlmeier, Counterbalancing risks and gains from extended resections in malignant glioma surgery: a supplemental analysis from the randomized 5-aminolevulinic acid glioma resection study., J. Neurosurg. (April 14, 2010, Epub ahead of print).
23. V. X. Yang, P. J. Muller, P. Herman, and B. C. Wilson, A multispectral fluorescence imaging system: design and initial clinical tests in intra-operative Photofrin-photodynamic therapy of brain tumors., Lasers Surg. Med. 32, 224-232 (2003). 10.1002/lsm.10131 (Pubitemid 36389965)
24. A. Bogaards, A. Varma, S. P. Collens, A. Lin, A. Giles, V. X. Yang, J. M. Bilbao, L. D. Lilge, P. J. Muller, and B. C. Wilson, Increased brain tumor resection using fluorescence image guidance in a preclinical model., Lasers Surg. Med. 35, 181-190 (2004). 10.1002/lsm.20088 (Pubitemid 39332274)
25. R. M. Levenson and J. R. Mansfield, Multispectral imaging in biology and medicine: slices of life., Cytometry A 69, 748-758 (August 1, 2006). (Pubitemid 44469987)
26. S. Troyan, V. Kianzad, S. Gibbs-Strauss, S. Gioux, A. Matsui, R. Oketokoun, L. Ngo, A. Khamene, F. Azar, and J. Frangioni, The FLARE intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system: a first-in-human clinical trial in breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping., Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16 (10), 2943-2952 (2009).
27. G. Themelis, J. Yoo, K. Soh, R. Schulz, and V. Ntziachristos, Real-time intraoperative fluorescence imaging system using light-absorption correction., J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 064012 (2009). 10.1117/1.3259362
28. S. Kim, Y. T. Lim, E. G. Soltesz, A. M. De Grand, J. Lee, A. Nakayama, J. A. Parker, T. Mihaljevic, R. G. Laurence, D. M. Dor, L. H. Cohn, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping., Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 93-97 (January 2004). 10.1038/nbt920 (Pubitemid 38057962)
29. C. P. Parungo, Y. L. Colson, S. W. Kim, S. Kim, L. H. Cohn, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, Sentinel lymph node mapping of the pleural space., Chest 127, 1799-1804 (May 2005). 10.1378/chest.127.5.1799 (Pubitemid 46218810)
30. E. G. Soltesz, S. Kim, R. G. Laurence, A. M. DeGrand, C. P. Parungo, D. M. Dor, L. H. Cohn, M. G. Bawendi, J. V. Frangioni, and T. Mihaljevic, Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping of the lung using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots., Ann. Thorac. Surg. 79, 269-277; discussion 269-277 (January 2005). 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.06.055 (Pubitemid 40037484)
31. P. S. Adusumilli, D. P. Eisenberg, Y. S. Chun, K. W. Ryu, L. Ben-Porat, K. J. Hendershott, M. K. Chan, R. Huq, C. C. Riedl, and Y. Fong, Virally directed fluorescent imaging improves diagnostic sensitivity in the detection of minimal residual disease after potentially curative cytoreductive surgery., J Gastrointest. Surg. 9, 1138-1146; discussion 1146-1147 (November 2005).
32. D. P. Eisenberg, P. S. Adusumilli, K. J. Hendershott, S. Chung, Z. Yu, M. K. Chan, M. Hezel, R. J. Wong, and Y. Fong, Real-time intraoperative detection of breast cancer axillary lymph node metastases using a green fluorescent protein-expressing herpes virus., Ann. Surg. 243, 824-830; discussion 830-832 (June 2006). 10.1097/01.sla.0000219738.56896.c0
33. P. S. Adusumilli, D. P. Eisenberg, B. M. Stiles, S. Chung, M. K. Chan, V. W. Rusch, and Y. Fong, Intraoperative localization of lymph node metastases with a replication-competent herpes simplex virus., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 132, 1179-1188 (November 2006).
34. P. S. Adusumilli, B. M. Stiles, M. K. Chan, D. P. Eisenberg, Z. Yu, S. F. Stanziale, R. Huq, R. J. Wong, V. W. Rusch, and Y. Fong, Real-time diagnostic imaging of tumors and metastases by use of a replication-competent herpes vector to facilitate minimally invasive oncological surgery., FASEB J. 20, 726-728 (April 2006). (Pubitemid 46671195)
35. M. F. Kircher, U. Mahmood, R. S. King, R. Weissleder, and L. Josephson, A multimodal nanoparticle for preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative optical brain tumor delineation., Cancer Res. 63, 8122-8125 (December 1, 2003). (Pubitemid 37549457)
36. Y. Koyama, V. S. Talanov, M. Bernardo, Y. Hama, C. A. Regino, M. W. Brechbiel, P. L. Choyke, and H. Kobayashi, A dendrimer-based nanosized contrast agent dual-labeled for magnetic resonance and optical fluorescence imaging to localize the sentinel lymph node in mice., J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 25, 866-871 (April 2007). 10.1002/jmri.20852 (Pubitemid 46516742)
37. R. Flaumenhaft, E. Tanaka, G. J. Graham, A. M. De Grand, R. G. Laurence, K. Hoshino, R. J. Hajjar, and J. V. Frangioni, Localization and quantification of platelet-rich thrombi in large blood vessels with near-infrared fluorescence imaging., Circulation 115, 84-93 (January 2, 2007). 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106. 643908 (Pubitemid 46058615)
38. A. M. Wu and T. Olafsen, Antibodies for molecular imaging of cancer., Cancer J. 14, 191-197 (2008). 10.1097/PPO.0b013e31817b07ae
39. R. Weissleder and M. Pittet, Imaging in the era of molecular oncology., Nature 452, 580-589 (2008). 10.1038/nature06917 (Pubitemid 351483372)
40. R. Tsien, Building and breeding molecules to spy on cells and tumors., FEBS Lett. 579, 927-932 (February 7, 2005). 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.025 (Pubitemid 40361867)
41. S. Achilefu, Lighting up tumors with receptor-specific optical molecular probes., Technol. Cancer Res. Treat 3, 393-409 (2004). (Pubitemid 39096612)
42. P. Zou, S. Xu, S. Povoski, A. Wang, M. Johnson, E. Martin Jr., V. Subramaniam, R. Xu, and D. Sun, Near-infrared fluorescence labeled anti-tag-72 monoclonal antibodies for tumor imaging in colorectal cancer xenograft mice., Mol. Pharm. 6, 428-440 (2009). 10.1021/mp9000052
43. R. Xu, J. Huang, J. Xu, D. Sun, G. Hinkle, E. Martin, and S. Povoski, Fabrication of indocyanine green encapsulated biodegradable microbubbles for structural and functional imaging of cancer., J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 034020 (2009). 10.1117/1.3147424
44. A. A. Bogdanov, Jr., C. P. Lin, M. Simonova, L. Matuszewski, and R. Weissleder, Cellular activation of the self-quenched fluorescent reporter probe in tumor microenvironment., Neoplasia 4, 228-236 (May-June 2002). 10.1038/sj.neo.7900238 (Pubitemid 34525254)
45. R. Weissleder and V. Ntziachristos, Shedding light onto live molecular targets., Nat. Med. 9, 123-128 (January 2003). 10.1038/nm0103-123 (Pubitemid 36098273)
46. V. Ntziachristos, G. Turner, J. Dunham, S. Windsor, A. Soubret, J. Ripoll, and H. Shih, Planar fluorescence imaging using normalized data., J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 064007 (2005). 10.1117/1.2136148 (Pubitemid 44255960)
47. A. Bogaards, H. J. Sterenborg, J. Trachtenberg, B. C. Wilson, and L. Lilge, In vivo quantification of fluorescent molecular markers in real-time by ratio imaging for diagnostic screening and image-guided surgery., Lasers Surg. Med. 39, 605-613 (August 2007). 10.1002/lsm.20525 (Pubitemid 47502869)
48. N. Pouratian, A. F. Cannestra, N. A. Martin, and A. W. Toga, Intraoperative optical intrinsic signal imaging: a clinical tool for functional brain mapping., Neurosurg. Focus 13, e 1 (October 15, 2002).
49. A. Shmuel and A. Grinvald, Functional organization for direction of motion and its relationship to orientation maps in cat area 18., J. Neurosci. 16, 6945-6964 (November 1, 1996). (Pubitemid 26359375)
50. I. Yazawa, S. Sasaki, H. Mochida, K. Kamino, Y. Momose-Sato, and K. Sato, Developmental changes in trial-to-trial variations in whisker barrel responses studied using intrinsic optical imaging: comparison between normal and de-whiskered rats., J. Neurophysiol. 86, 392-401 (July 2001). (Pubitemid 32623243)
51. M. M. Haglund, G. A. Ojemann, and D. W. Hochman, Optical imaging of epileptiform and functional activity in human cerebral cortex., Nature 358, 668-671 (August 20, 1992). 10.1038/358668a0
52. K. Sato, T. Nariai, S. Sasaki, I. Yazawa, H. Mochida, N. Miyakawa, Y. Momose-Sato, K. Kamino, Y. Ohta, K. Hirakawa, and K. Ohno, Intraoperative intrinsic optical imaging of neuronal activity from subdivisions of the human primary somatosensory cortex., Cereb. Cortex 12, 269-280 (March 2002). 10.1093/cercor/12.3.269 (Pubitemid 34160358)
53. T. H. Schwartz, L. M. Chen, R. M. Friedman, D. D. Spencer, and A. W. Roe, Intraoperative optical imaging of human face cortical topography: a case study., Neuroreport 15, 1527-1531 (June 28, 2004). 10.1097/01.wnr.0000131006. 59315.2f (Pubitemid 38925258)
54. M. M. Haglund and D. W. Hochman, Imaging of intrinsic optical signals in primate cortex during epileptiform activity., Epilepsia 48 (Suppl 4), 65-74 (2007). 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01243.x (Pubitemid 47340750)
55. A. M. Zysk, F. T. Nguyen, A. L. Oldenburg, D. L. Marks, and S. A. Boppart, Optical coherence tomography: a review of clinical development from bench to bedside., J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 051403 (September-October 2007). 10.1117/1.2793736 (Pubitemid 351309585)
56. S. A. Boppart, M. E. Brezinski, C. Pitris, and J. G. Fujimoto, Optical coherence tomography for neurosurgical imaging of human intracortical melanoma., Neurosurgery 43, 834-841 (October 1998). 10.1097/00006123-199810000-00068 (Pubitemid 28436331)
57. A. V. Shakhov, A. B. Terentjeva, V. A. Kamensky, L. B. Snopova, V. M. Gelikonov, F. I. Feldchtein, and A. M. Sergeev, Optical coherence tomography monitoring for laser surgery of laryngeal carcinoma., J. Surg. Oncol. 77, 253-258 (August 2001). 10.1002/jso.1105 (Pubitemid 32744194)
58. S. N. Bagayev, V. M. Gelikonov, G. V. Gelikonov, E. S. Kargapoltsev, R. V. Kuranov, A. M. Razhev, I. V. Turchin, and A. A. Zhupikov, Optical coherence tomography for in situ monitoring of laser corneal ablation., J. Biomed. Opt. 7, 633-642 (October 2002). 10.1117/1.1501891 (Pubitemid 35459947)
59. S. Rais-Bahrami, A. W. Levinson, N. M. Fried, G. A. Lagoda, A. Hristov, Y. Chuang, A. L. Burnett, and L. M. Su, Optical coherence tomography of cavernous nerves: a step toward real-time intraoperative imaging during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy., Urology 72, 198-204 (February 15, 2008).
60. D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, Optical coherence tomography., Science 254, 1178-1181 (November 22, 1991). 10.1126/science.1957169 (Pubitemid 21917444)
61. C. Azzolini, F. Patelli, M. Codenotti, L. Pierro, and R. Brancato, Optical coherence tomography in idiopathic epiretinal macular membrane surgery., Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 9, 206-211 (July-September 1999). (Pubitemid 29493606)
62. S. A. Boppart, W. Luo, D. L. Marks, and K. W. Singletary, Optical coherence tomography: feasibility for basic research and image-guided surgery of breast cancer., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 84, 85-97 (March 2004). 10.1023/B:BREA.0000018401.13609.54 (Pubitemid 38393359)
63. F. T. Nguyen, A. M. Zysk, J. G. Kotynek, F. J. Bellafiore, K. M. Rowland, P. A. Johnson, J. E. Chaney, and S. A. Boppart, Portable real-time optical coherence tomography system for intraoperative imaging and staging of breast cancer., Proc. SPIE 6430, 64300H (2007).
64. E. N. Brown, N. S. Burris, J. Gu, Z. N. Kon, P. Laird, S. Kallam, C. M. Tang, J. M. Schmitt, and R. S. Poston, Thinking inside the graft: applications of optical coherence tomography in coronary artery bypass grafting., J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 051704, (September-October 2007). 10.1117/1.2799521 (Pubitemid 351309598)
65. X. Li, S. Martin, C. Pitris, R. Ghanta, D. L. Stamper, M. Harman, J. G. Fujimoto, and M. E. Brezinski, High-resolution optical coherence tomographic imaging of osteoarthritic cartilage during open knee surgery., Arthritis Res. Ther. 7, R318-323 (2005). 10.1186/ar1491
66. G. Bottiroli, A. C. Croce, D. Locatelli, R. Nano, E. Giombelli, A. Messina, and E. Benericetti, Brain tissue autofluorescence: an aid for intraoperative delineation of tumor resection margins., Cancer Detect. Prev. 22, 330-339 (1998). 10.1046/j.1525-1500.1998.CDOA34.x (Pubitemid 28310126)
67. W. C. Lin, S. A. Toms, M. Johnson, E. D. Jansen, and A. Mahadevan-Jansen, In vivo brain tumor demarcation using optical spectroscopy., Photochem. Photobiol. 73, 396-402 (April 2001).
68. S. A. Toms, W. C. Lin, R. J. Weil, M. D. Johnson, E. D. Jansen, and A. Mahadevan-Jansen, Intraoperative optical spectroscopy identifies infiltrating glioma margins with high sensitivity., Neurosurgery 57, 382-391; discussion 382-391 (October 2005). 10.1227/01.NEU.000176855.39826.2D (Pubitemid 41464062)
69. S. C. Gebhart, R. C. Thompson, and A. Mahadevan-Jansen, Liquid-crystal tunable filter spectral imaging for brain tumor demarcation., Appl. Opt. 46, 1896-1910 (April 1, 2007). 10.1364/AO.46.001896 (Pubitemid 46659558)
70. H. Kim and P. Schulam, The PAKY, HERMES, AESOP, ZEUS, and da Vinci robotic systems., Urol. Clin. North. Am. 31, 659-669 (2004). 10.1016/j.ucl.2004.06.008 (Pubitemid 39330320)
71. S. Wexner, R. Brgamaschi, A. Lacy, J. Udo, H. Brlmann, R. Kennedy, and H. John, The current status of robotic pelvic surgery: results of a multinational interdisciplinary consensus conference., Surg. Endosc. 23, 438-443 (2009). 10.1007/s00464-008-0202-8
72. P. Modi, E. Rodriguez, and W. J. Chitwood, Robot-assisted cardiac surgery., Interact Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 9, 500-505 (2009). 10.1510/icvts.2009.203182
73. L. Mettler, T. Schollmeyer, J. Boggess, J. Magrina, and A. Oleszczuk, Robotic assistance in gynecological oncology., Curr. Opin. Oncol. 20, 581-589 (2008). 10.1097/CCO.0b013e328307c7ec
74. X. Wang, Y. Pang, G. Ku, X. Xie, G. Stoica, and L. V. Wang, Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain., Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 803-806 (July 2003). 10.1038/nbt839 (Pubitemid 36791400)
75. D. Razansky, M. Distel, C. Vinegoni, R. Ma, N. Perrimon, R. Koester, and V. Ntziachristos, Imaging of Mesoscopic Targets using Selective-Plane Optoacoustic Tomography., Nat. Photon. 3, 412-417 (2009). 10.1038/nphoton.2009. 98
76. V. Ntziachristos and D. Razansky, Molecular imaging by means of multi-spectral opto-acoustic tomography (MSOT)., ACR Chem. Rev. 110, 2783-2794 (2010).
77. V. Ntziachristos, Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology., Nat. Methods 7, 603-614 (2010). 10.1038/nmeth.1483
78. C. Kim, K. Song, F. Gao, and L. Wang, Sentinel lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels: noninvasive dual-modality in vivo mapping by using indocyanine green in rats-volumetric spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging and planar fluorescence imaging., Radiology 255, 442-450 (2010). 10.1148/radiol.10090281
79. T. Erpelding, C. Kim, M. Pramanik, L. Jankovic, K. Maslov, Z. Guo, J. Margenthaler, M. Pashley, and L. Wang, Sentinel lymph nodes in the rat: noninvasive photoacoustic and US imaging with a clinical US system., Radiol. 256, 102-110 (2010). 10.1148/radiol.10091772
80. R. Bergamaschi, P. Pessaux, P. Burtin, and J. Arnaud, Abdominoperineal resection for locally recurrent rectal cancer., Tech. Coloproctol 5, 97-102 (2001). 10.1007/PL00012131 (Pubitemid 33054536)
81. L. Gilbeau, G. Kantor, E. Stoeckle, P. Lagarde, L. Thomas, M. Kind, P. Richaud, J. M. Coindre, F. Bonichon, and B. N. Bui, Surgical resection and radiotherapy for primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma., Radiother. Oncol. 65, 137-143 (2002). 10.1016/S0167-8140(02)00283-9 (Pubitemid 35441044)
82. C. Verbeke, D. Leitch, K. V. Menon, M. J. McMahon, P. J. Guillou, and A. Anthoney Redefining the R1 resection in pancreatic cancer., Br. J. Surg. 93, 1232-1237 (2006). 10.1002/bjs.5397 (Pubitemid 44547022)
83. M. K. Bucci, A. Maity, A. J. Janss, J. B. Belasco, M. J. Fisher, Z. A. Tochner, L. Rorke, L. N. Sutton, P. C. Phillips, and H. K. Shu, Near complete surgical resection predicts a favorable outcome in pediatric patients with nonbrainstem, malignant gliomas: results from a single center in the magnetic resonance imaging era., Cancer 101, 817-824 (August 15, 2004). 10.1002/cncr.20422 (Pubitemid 39030940)