Pathogenesis of occult chronic hepatitis B virus infection

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 17, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1543-1548

  de la Fuente, Rocio Aller ^a   Gutiérrez, María L ^b   Garcia Samaniego, Javier ^c   Fernández Rodriguez, Conrado ^b   Lledó, Jose Luis ^b   Castellano, Gregorio ^d  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSITARIO DE VALLADOLID   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO FUNDACIÓN ALCORCÓN   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Anti HBc alone; Hepadnaviral hepatitis; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis b virus DNA; Occult hepatitis B virus infection; Occult viral persistence; Primary occult infection; Secondary occult infection; Virus reactivation

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; VIRUS DNA;

ARTICLE; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION; HEPADNAVIRUS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NEWBORN INFECTION; NONHUMAN; OCCULT CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; SEROLOGY; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS HEPATITIS; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WOODCHUCK HEPATITIS VIRUS;

EID: 79955941992     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1543     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1733-1745
2. Bréchot C, Hadchouel M, Scotto J, Fonck M, Potet F, Vyas GN, Tiollais P. State of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and -negative liver diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 3906-3910
3. Thiers V, Nakajima E, Kremsdorf D, Mack D, Schellekens H, Driss F, Goudeau A, Wands J, Sninsky J, Tiollais P. Transmission of hepatitis B from hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects. Lancet 1988; 2: 1273-1276
4. Wang JT, Wang TH, Sheu JC, Shih LN, Lin JT, Chen DS. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in plasma of volunteer blood donors negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 397-399
5. Loriot MA, Marcellin P, Bismuth E, Martinot-Peignoux M, Boyer N, Degott C, Erlinger S, Benhamou JP. Demonstration of hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the serum and the liver after spontaneous or therapeutically induced HBeAg to anti-HBe or HBsAg to anti-HBs seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1992; 15: 32-36
6. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11: 97-107
7. de Franchis R, Hadengue A, Lau G, Lavanchy D, Lok A, McIntyre N, Mele A, Paumgartner G, Pietrangelo A, Rodés J, Rosenberg W, Valla D. EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. 13-14 September, 2002 Geneva, Switzerland. Consensus statement (long version). J Hepatol 2003; 39 Suppl 1: S3-S25
8. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 529-538
9. Chen YC, Sheen IS, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1084-1089
10. Yuen MF, Wong DK, Yuan HJ, Sum SM, Lai CL. HBsAg seroclearance in Chinese patients receiving lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4882-4884
11. Chu CM, Liaw YF. HBsAg seroclearance in asymptomatic carriers of high endemic areas: appreciably high rates during a long-term follow-up. Hepatology 2007; 45: 1187-1192
12. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2007; 45: 507-539
13. Bréchot C, Thiers V, Kremsdorf D, Nalpas B, Pol S, Paterlini-Bréchot P. Persistent hepatitis B virus infection in subjects without hepatitis B surface antigen: clinically significant or purely "occult"? Hepatology 2001; 34: 194-203
14. Michalak TI. Occult persistence and lymphotropism of hepadnaviral infection: insights from the woodchuck viral hepatitis model. Immunol Rev 2000; 174: 98-111
15. Torbenson M, Thomas DL. Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 479-486
16. Raimondo G, Pollicino T, Cacciola I, Squadrito G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 160-170
17. Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI. Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: experimental findings and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5682-5686
18. Minuk GY, Sun DF, Uhanova J, Zhang M, Caouette S, Nicolle LE, Gutkin A, Doucette K, Martin B, Giulivi A. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in a North American community- based population. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 480-485
19. Marusawa H, Uemoto S, Hijikata M, Ueda Y, Tanaka K, Shimotohno K, Chiba T. Latent hepatitis B virus infection in healthy individuals with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Hepatology 2000; 31: 488-495
20. Mason AL, Xu L, Guo L, Kuhns M, Perrillo RP. Molecular basis for persistent hepatitis B virus infection in the liver after clearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1736-1742
21. Allain JP. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: implications in transfusion. Vox Sang 2004; 86: 83-91
22. Liu CJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Epidemiology of HBV infection in Asian blood donors: emphasis on occult HBV infection and the role of NAT. J Clin Virol 2006; 36 Suppl 1: S33-S44
23. Liu CJ, Lo SC, Kao JH, Tseng PT, Lai MY, Ni YH, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Transmission of occult hepatitis B virus by transfusion to adult and pediatric recipients in Taiwan. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 39-46
24. Chaudhuri V, Tayal R, Nayak B, Acharya SK, Panda SK. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic liver disease: full-length genome and analysis of mutant surface promoter. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1356-1371
25. Hou J, Wang Z, Cheng J, Lin Y, Lau GK, Sun J, Zhou F, Waters J, Karayiannis P, Luo K. Prevalence of naturally occurring surface gene variants of hepatitis B virus in nonimmunized surface antigen-negative Chinese carriers. Hepatology 2001; 34: 1027-1034
26. Jeantet D, Chemin I, Mandrand B, Tran A, Zoulim F, Merle P, Trepo C, Kay A. Cloning and expression of surface antigens from occult chronic hepatitis B virus infections and their recognition by commercial detection assays. J Med Virol 2004; 73: 508-515
27. Ahn SH, Park YN, Park JY, Chang HY, Lee JM, Shin JE, Han KH, Park C, Moon YM, Chon CY. Long-term clinical and histological outcomes in patients with spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 188-194
28. Chan HL, Tsang SW, Leung NW, Tse CH, Hui Y, Tam JS, Chan FK, Sung JJ. Occult HBV infection in cryptogenic liver cirrhosis in an area with high prevalence of HBV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1211-1215
29. Minuk GY, Sun DF, Greenberg R, Zhang M, Hawkins K, Uhanova J, Gutkin A, Bernstein K, Giulivi A, Osiowy C. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in a North American adult hemodialysis patient population. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1072-1077
30. Candotti D, Allain JP. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 798-809
31. Chemin I, Trépo C. Clinical impact of occult HBV infections. J Clin Virol 2005; 34 Suppl 1: S15-S21
32. Paterlini P, Gerken G, Nakajima E, Terre S, D'Errico A, Grigioni W, Nalpas B, Franco D, Wands J, Kew M. Polymerase chain reaction to detect hepatitis B virus DNA and RNA sequences in primary liver cancers from patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 80-85
33. Tabor E, Hoofnagle JH, Smallwood LA, Drucker JA, Pineda- Tamondong GC, Ni LY, Greenwalt TJ, Barker LF, Gerety RJ. Studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1979; 19: 725-731
34. Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection-natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1118-1129
35. Bock CT, Schwinn S, Locarnini S, Fyfe J, Manns MP, Trautwein C, Zentgraf H. Structural organization of the hepatitis B virus minichromosome. J Mol Biol 2001; 307: 183-196
36. Zoulim F. New insight on hepatitis B virus persistence from the study of intrahepatic viral cccDNA. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 302-308
37. Kreutz C. Molecular, immunological and clinical properties of mutated hepatitis B viruses. J Cell Mol Med 2002; 6: 113-143
38. Chaudhuri V, Tayal R, Nayak B, Acharya SK, Panda SK. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic liver disease: full-length genome and analysis of mutant surface promoter. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1356-1371
39. Hass M, Hannoun C, Kalinina T, Sommer G, Manegold C, Günther S. Functional analysis of hepatitis B virus reactivating in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative individuals. Hepatology 2005; 42: 93-103
40. Pollicino T, Raffa G, Costantino L, Lisa A, Campello C, Squadrito G, Levrero M, Raimondo G. Molecular and functional analysis of occult hepatitis B virus isolates from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2007; 45: 277-285
41. Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI. Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: experimental findings and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5682-5686
42. Fourel G, Couturier J, Wei Y, Apiou F, Tiollais P, Buendia MA. Evidence for long-range oncogene activation by hepadnavirus insertion. EMBO J 1994; 13: 2526-2534
43. Diao J, Churchill ND, Michalak TI. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibition of ligand binding to hepatocytes by woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced autoantibodies to asialoglycoprotein receptor. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1623-1631
44. Michalak TI. Occult persistence and lymphotropism of hepadnaviral infection: insights from the woodchuck viral hepatitis model. Immunol Rev 2000; 174: 98-111
45. Coffin CS, Pham TN, Mulrooney PM, Churchill ND, Michalak TI. Persistence of isolated antibodies to woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen is indicative of occult infection. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1053-1061
46. Penna A, Artini M, Cavalli A, Levrero M, Bertoletti A, Pilli M, Chisari FV, Rehermann B, Del Prete G, Fiaccadori F, Ferrari C. Long-lasting memory T cell responses following selflimited acute hepatitis B. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 1185-1194
47. Rehermann B, Ferrari C, Pasquinelli C, Chisari FV. The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients' recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1104-1108
48. Lok AS, Liang RH, Chiu EK, Wong KL, Chan TK, Todd D. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 182-188
49. Marcellin P, Giostra E, Martinot-Peignoux M, Loriot MA, Jaegle ML, Wolf P, Degott C, Degos F, Benhamou JP. Redevelopment of hepatitis B surface antigen after renal transplantation. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1432-1434
50. Jin YM, Churchill ND, Michalak TI. Protease-activated lymphoid cell and hepatocyte recognition site in the preS1 domain of the large woodchuck hepatitis virus envelope protein. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 (Pt 8): 1837-1846
51. Stoll-Becker S, Repp R, Glebe D, Schaefer S, Kreuder J, Kann M, Lampert F, Gerlich WH. Transcription of hepatitis B virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persistently infected patients. J Virol 1997; 71: 5399-5407
52. Laskus T, Radkowski M, Wang LF, Nowicki M, Rakela J. Detection and sequence analysis of hepatitis B virus integration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Virol 1999; 73: 1235-1238
53. Chemin I, Vermot-Desroches C, Baginski I, Saurin JC, Laurent F, Zoulim F, Bernaud J, Lamelin JP, Hantz O, Rigal D. Selective detection of human hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets by flow cytometry. J Viral Hepat 1994; 1: 39-44
54. Korba BE, Cote PJ, Gerin JL. Mitogen-induced replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. Science 1988; 241: 1213-1216
55. Coffin CS, Michalak TI. Persistence of infectious hepadnavirus in the offspring of woodchuck mothers recovered from viral hepatitis. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 203-212
56. Hui CK, Cheung WW, Zhang HY, Au WY, Yueng YH, Leung AY, Leung N, Luk JM, Lie AK, Kwong YL, Liang R, Lau GK. Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 59-68
57. Madonia S, Orlando A, Scimeca D, Olivo M, Rossi F, Cottone M. Occult hepatitis B and infliximab-induced HBV reactivation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 508-509
58. Chamorro AJ, Casado JL, Bellido D, Moreno S. Reactivation of hepatitis B in an HIV-infected patient with antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen as the only serological marker. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 492-494
59. Lalazar G, Rund D, Shouval D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2007; 136: 699-712