Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk for cardiovascular disease

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 138-146

  Kohli, Puja ^a   Balachandran, Jay S ^a   Malhotra, Atul ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular; Heart; Hypoxemia; Lung; Sleep apnea; Vascular

Indexed keywords

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; APNEA HYPOPNEA INDEX; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVERSION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DENTAL EQUIPMENT; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPOXEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NONHUMAN; NONREM SLEEP; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREDICTION; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REM SLEEP; RESPIRATION CONTROL; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; THERAPY EFFECT; THORAX PRESSURE; TONSILLECTOMY; UVULOPALATOPHARYNGOPLASTY;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOUTH PROTECTORS; POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 79955890426     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0161-8     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Malhotra A, White DP. Obstructive sleep apnoea. Lancet. 2002;360(9328):237-245. (Pubitemid 34804656)
2. Caples SM, Gami AS, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea. Annals of internal medicine. 2005;142(3):187-197. (Pubitemid 40189111)
3. Rosthchild, et al. Production of the anginal syndrome by induced general anoxemia. American heart journal. 1933;8:729-744.
4. Barach, et al. The physiologic action of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the coronary circulation as shown by the blood gas and electrocardiogram studies. American heart journal. 1941;22:13-34.
5. Khatri IM, Freis ED. Hemodynamic changes during sleep. J Appl Physiol. 1967;22(5):867-873.
6. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Mark AL, Abboud FM. Sympatheticnerve activity during sleep in normal subjects. The New England journal of medicine. 1993;328(5):303-307. (Pubitemid 23035328)
7. Guilleminault C, Pool P, Motta J, Gillis AM. Sinus arrest during REM sleep in young adults. The New England journal of medicine. 1984;311(16):1006- 1010. (Pubitemid 14008813)
8. Pickering TG, Johnston J, Honour AJ. Comparison of the effects of sleep, exercise and autonomic drugs on ventricular extrasystoles, using ambulatory monitoring of electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. The American journal of medicine. 1978;65(4):575-583. (Pubitemid 9054938)
9. Punjabi NM. The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2008;5(2):136-143. (Pubitemid 351237871)
10. Punjabi NM, Newman AB, Young TB, Resnick HE, Sanders MH. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: an outcome-based definition of hypopneas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(10):1150-1155. This study investigated the criteria used to define breathing abnormalities during sleep. Many prior recommendations had been based on expert opinion rather than outcome data. These data provided evidence for the current definitions and initiated a discussion regarding the predictive value of various OSA definitions for predicting different outcome measures.
11. Young T, Peppard P, Gottlieb D. The epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002;165:1217-1239.
12. Sharma SK, Ahluwalia G. Epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in India. The Indian journal of medical research. 2010;131:171-175.
13. Gottlieb DJ, et al. Relation of sleepiness to respiratory disturbance index: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(2):502-507. (Pubitemid 29084872)
14. Jellinek H, Krenn H, Oczenski W, Veit F, Schwarz S, Fitzgerald R. Influence of positive airway pressure on the pressure gradient for venous return in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000;88:926-932.
15. Fessler HE. Heart-lung interactions: applications in the critically ill. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(1):226-237.
16. Malhotra A, Muse V, Mark E. Clinical Pathological Case. New Engl. J. Med. 2002:in press.
17. Marrone O, Bellia V, Ferrara G, Milone F, Romano L, Salvaggio A, Stallone A, Bonsignore G. Transmural pressure measurements. Importance in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apneas. Chest. 1989;95(2):338-342.
18. Gomez A, Mink S. Interaction between effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on altering left ventricular relaxation and chamber stiffness in dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146(2):313-320.
19. Kusuoka H, Weisfeldt ML, Zweier JL, Jacobus WE, Marban E. Mechanism of early contractile failure during hypoxia in intact ferret heart: evidence for modulation of maximal Ca2+-activated force by inorganic phosphate. Circulation research. 1986;59(3):270-282. (Pubitemid 17178121)
20. Horner RL, Brooks D, Kozar LF, Gan K, Phillipson EA. Respiratory-related heart rate variability persists during central apnea in dogs: mechanisms and implications. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78(6):2003-2013.
21. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1995;96(4):1897-1904.
22. Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Phillipson EA. Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model . Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997;99(1):106-109. (Pubitemid 27058300)
23. Lavie L. Oxidative stress - a unifying paradigm in obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2009;51(4):303-312. This is an excellent review regarding the basic science underlying oxidative stress and how sleep apnea mechanisms, including hypoxemia with re-oxygenation, may contribute to oxidative stress.
24. Atkeson A, Yeh SY, Malhotra A, Jelic S. Endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2009;51(5):351-362.
25. Rahangdale S, Yim Yeh S, Novack V, Stevenson K, Barnard M, Furman M, Malhotra A. The influence of intermittent hypoxemia on platelet activation in obese obstructive sleep apnea patients,. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. in press.
26. Foster GD, Sanders MH, Millman R, Zammit G, Borradaile KE, Newman AB, Wadden TA, Kelley D, Wing RR, Sunyer FX, Darcey V, Kuna ST. Obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 2009;32(6):1017-1019.
27. Punjabi N, Sorkin J, Katzel L, Goldberg A, Schwartz A, Smith P. Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir and Crit Care Med. 2002;165:677-682. (Pubitemid 34194756)
28. Aronsohn RS, Whitmore H, Van Cauter E, Tasali E. Impact of untreated obstructive sleep apnea on glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(5):507-513. This study shows the impact of sleep apnea on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The data show worsening glycemic control with increasing sleep apnea severity.
29. Pimenta E, Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Sleep apnea, aldosterone, and resistant hypertension. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2009;51(5):371-380.
30. Peppard P, Young, T, Palta, M, Skatrud, J. Prospective study of the association between sleep disordered breathing and hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;342:1378-1384.
31. O'Connor GT, Caffo B, Newman AB, Quan SF, Rapoport DM, Redline S, Resnick HE, Samet J, Shahar E. Prospective study of sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(12):1159-1164.
32. Logan A, Tkacova R, Perlikowski S, Leung R, Tisler A, Floras J, Bradley T. Refractory hypertension and sleep apnoea: effect of CPAP on blood pressure and baroreflex. Europ. Respir. J. 2003;21:241-247.
33. Wright J, Johns R, Watt I, Melville A, Sheldon T. Health effects of obstructive sleep apnoea and the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure: a systematic review of the research evidence. Bmj. 1997;314(7084):851-860. (Pubitemid 27182017)
34. Leung RS, Bradley TD. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(12):2147-2165. (Pubitemid 34032928)
35. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jr., Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Jr., Roccella EJ. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama. 2003;289(19):2560- 2572. (Pubitemid 37430158)
36. Pepperell JC, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Crosthwaite N, Mullins R, Jenkinson C, Stradling JR, Davies RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9302):204-210. (Pubitemid 34113817)
37. Campos-Rodriguez F, Grilo-Reina A, Perez-Ronchel J, Merino- Sanchez M, Gonzalez-Benitez MA, Beltran-Robles M, Almeida- Gonzalez C. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ambulatory BP in patients with sleep apnea and hypertension: a placebo-controlled trial. Chest. 2006;129(6):1459-1467. (Pubitemid 43894973)
38. Robinson GV, Smith DM, Langford BA, Davies RJ, Stradling JR. Continuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patients. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(6):1229-1235. (Pubitemid 44914309)
39. Barbe F, Duran-Cantolla J, Capote F, de la Pena M, Chiner E, Masa JF, Gonzalez M, Marin JM, Garcia-Rio F, de Atauri JD, Teran J, Mayos M, Monasterio C, del Campo F, Gomez S, de la Torre MS, Martinez M, Montserrat JM. Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(7):718-726.
40. Gotsopoulos H, Kelly JJ, Cistulli PA. Oral appliance therapy reduces blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, controlled trial. Sleep. 2004;27(5):934-941. (Pubitemid 39095726)
41. Pepin JL, Tamisier R, Barone-Rochette G, Launois SH, Levy P, Baguet JP. Comparison of continuous positive airway pressure and valsartan in hypertensive patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(7):954-960.
42. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET, Newman AB, Javier Nieto F, O'Connor GT, Boland LL, Schwartz JE, Samet JM. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(1):19-25. (Pubitemid 32095247)
43. MacDonald M, Fang J, Pittman SD, White DP, Malhotra A. The current prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in congestive heart failure patients treated with beta-blockers. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(1):38-42. (Pubitemid 352038668)
44. Sajkov D, Cowie RJ, Thornton AT, Espinoza HA, McEvoy RD. Pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(2 Pt 1):416-422. (Pubitemid 24068989)
45. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoeahypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet. 2005;365 (9464):1046-1053. (Pubitemid 40386782)
46. Kaneko Y, Floras J, Usui K, Plante J, Tkacova R, Kubo T, Ando S, Bradley T. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. New Engl. J. Med. 2003;348:1233-1241.
47. Mansfield D, Gollogly N, Kaye D, Richardson M, Bergin P, Naughton M. Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004;169:361-366.
48. Sajkov D, McEvoy RD. Obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2009;51 (5):363-370.
49. Gami AS, Howard DE, Olson EJ, Somers VK. Day-night pattern of sudden death in obstructive sleep apnea. The New England journal of medicine. 2005;352(12):1206-1214.
50. Buchner NJ, Sanner BM, Borgel J, Rump LC. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(12):1274-1280. (Pubitemid 350256482)
51. Platt AB, Kuna ST, Field SH, Chen Z, Gupta R, Roche DF, Christie JD, Asch DA. Adherence to sleep apnea therapy and use of lipid-lowering drugs: a study of the healthy-user effect. Chest. 2010;137(1):102-108. This study shows that the use of statins is higher in patients adherent with CPAP as compared to patients non-adherent with CPAP. The findings provide reason for pause in the interpretation of observational studies in which CPAP adherence is associated with improved outcome and further they emphasize the need for randomized trials.
52. Mehra R, Benjamin EJ, Shahar E, Gottlieb DJ, Nawabit R, Kirchner HL, Sahadevan J, Redline S. Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(8):910-916.
53. Garrigue S, Pepin JL, Defaye P, Murgatroyd F, Poezevara Y, Clementy J, Levy P. High prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in patients with long-term pacing: the European Multicenter Polysomnographic Study. Circulation. 2007;115(13):1703-1709. (Pubitemid 46648606)
54. Gami AS, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Olson EJ, Nykodym J, Kara T, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;49(5):565-571. (Pubitemid 46177437)
55. Gami AS, Pressman G, Caples SM, Kanagala R, Gard JJ, Davison DE, Malouf JF, Ammash NM, Friedman PA, Somers VK. Association of atrial fibrillation and obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation. 2004;110(4):364-367. (Pubitemid 38993843)
56. Djonlagic I, Malhotra A. Risk of stroke from sleep apnea in men and women. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2010;10 (8):1267-1271.
57. Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, Eves L. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet. 1981;1(8225):862-865. (Pubitemid 11099316)
58. Kezirian EJ, Malhotra A, Goldberg AN, White DP. Changes in obstructive sleep apnea severity, biomarkers, and quality of life after multilevel surgery. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(7):1481-1488.
59. Weaver EM, Maynard C, Yueh B. Survival of veterans with sleep apnea: continuous positive airway pressure versus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(6):659-665. (Pubitemid 38881216)
60. Foster GD, Borradaile KE, Sanders MH, Millman R, Zammit G, Newman AB, Wadden TA, Kelley D, Wing RR, Pi-Sunyer FX, Reboussin D, Kuna ST. A randomized study on the effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(17):1619-1626.
61. Oksenberg A, Silverberg DS, Arons E, Radwan H. Positional vs nonpositional obstructive sleep apnea patients: anthropomorphic, nocturnal polysomnographic, and multiple sleep latency test data. Chest. 1997;112(3):629-639. (Pubitemid 27410697)
62. H. Klar Yaggi, M. D., M.P.H., John Concato, M.D., M.P.H., Walter N. Kernan, M.D., Judith H. Lichtman, Ph.D., M.P.H., Lawrence M. Brass, M.D., and Vahid Mohsenin, M.D. (2005). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for Stroke and Death." N Engl J Med 353: 2034-2041.
63. Gottlieb DJ, Yenokyan G, Newman AB, O'Connor GT, Punjabi NM, Quan SF, Redline S, Resnick HE, Tong EK, Diener-West M, Shahar E. Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study. Circulation 2010, 122(4):352-360.
64. Susan Redline, Gayane Yenokyan, Daniel J. Gottlieb, Eyal Shahar, George T. O'Connor, Helaine E. Resnick, Marie Diener- West, Mark H. Sanders, Philip A. Wolf, Estella M. Geraghty, Tauqeer Ali, Michael Lebowitz, and Naresh M: Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea and Incident Stroke: The Sleep Heart Health Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010, 182:269-277.
65. Bradley TD, Floras JS: Obstructive sleep apnea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet 2009, 373:82-93.