Sleep Apnea, Aldosterone, and Resistant Hypertension

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 371-380

  Pimenta, Eduardo ^a,b   Calhoun, David A ^a,b   Oparil, Suzanne ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTO DANTE PAZZANESE DE CARDIOLOGIA   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENDOTHELIN 1; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SODIUM; SPIRONOLACTONE;

ADENOMA; ADIPOCYTE; ADRENAL TUMOR; ADRENALECTOMY; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; ALDOSTERONE URINE LEVEL; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHEMORECEPTOR; COMORBIDITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GENE DELETION; GENE INSERTION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN SATURATION; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT COUNSELING; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SODIUM RETENTION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; VASODILATATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADRENALECTOMY; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS; ANIMALS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE; COUNSELING; DIET, REDUCING; DIET, SODIUM-RESTRICTED; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; HYPERTENSION; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 60649111919     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.02.004     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Grote L., Ploch T., Heitmann J., et al. Sleep-related breathing disorder is an independent risk factor for systemic hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 1875-1882
2. Peppard P.E., Young T., Palta M., et al. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1378-1384
3. Lavie P., Herer P., and Hoffstein V. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: population study. BMJ 320 (2000) 479-482
4. Lavie P., and Hoffstein V. Sleep apnea syndrome: a possible contributing factor to resistant hypertension. Sleep 24 (2001) 721-725
5. Logan A.G., Perlikowski S.M., Mente A., et al. High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 19 (2001) 2271-2277
6. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 42 (2003) 1206-1252
7. Calhoun D.A., Nishizaka M.K., Zaman M.A., et al. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 40 (2002) 892-896
8. Pimenta E., and Calhoun D.A. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Hypertens 8 (2006) 887-893
9. Goodfriend T.L., and Calhoun D.A. Resistant hypertension, obesity, sleep apnea, and aldosterone: theory and therapy. Hypertension 43 (2004) 518-524
10. Calhoun D.A., Nishizaka M.K., Zaman M.A., et al. Aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea. Chest 125 (2004) 112-117
11. Pratt-Ubunama M.N., Nishizaka M.K., Boedefeld R.L., et al. Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension. Chest 131 (2007) 453-459
12. Gallay B.J., Ahmad S., Xu L., et al. Screening for primary aldosteronism without discontinuing hypertensive medications: plasma aldosterone-renin ratio. Am J Kidney Dis 37 (2001) 699-705
13. Eide I.K., Torjesen P.A., Drolsum A., et al. Low-renin status in therapy-resistant hypertension: a clue to efficient treatment. J Hypertens 22 (2004) 2217-2226
14. Strauch B., Zelinka T., Hampf M., et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in moderate to severe hypertension in the Central Europe region. J Hum Hypertens 17 (2003) 349-352
15. Rossi G.P., Bernini G., Caliumi C., et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 2293-2300
16. Young T., Peppard P.E., and Gottlieb D.J. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 1217-1239
17. Nieto F.J., Young T.B., Lind B.K., et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. JAMA 283 (2000) 1829-1836
18. Hirshkowitz M., Karacan I., Gurakar A., et al. Hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and occult sleep apnea. Sleep 12 (1989) 223-232
19. Worsnop C.J., Naughton M.T., Barter C.E., et al. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in hypertensives. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 (1998) 111-115
20. Strohl K.P., and Redline S. Recognition of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 154 (1996) 279-289
21. Lavie P., Ben-Yosef R., and Rubin A.E. Prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome among patients with essential hypertension. Am Heart J 108 (1984) 373-376
22. Bramlage P., Pittrow D., Wittchen H.U., et al. Hypertension in overweight and obese primary care patients is highly prevalent and poorly controlled. Am J Hypertens 17 (2004) 904-910
23. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Evans J.C., Larson M.G., et al. Differential control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure: factors associated with lack of blood pressure control in the community. Hypertension. 36 (2000) 594-599
24. Goodfriend T.L., Egan B.M., and Kelley D.E. Aldosterone in obesity. Endocr Res 24 (1998) 789-796
25. Somers V.K., Dyken M.E., Clary M.P., et al. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 96 (1995) 1897-1904
26. Esler M., Straznicky N., Eikelis N., et al. Mechanisms of sympathetic activation in obesity-related hypertension. Hypertension 48 (2006) 787-796
27. Grassi G., Facchini A., Trevano F.Q., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea-dependent and -independent adrenergic activation in obesity. Hypertension 46 (2005) 321-325
28. Brilla C.G., and Weber K.T. Mineralocorticoid excess, dietary sodium, and myocardial fibrosis. J Lab Clin Med 120 (1992) 893-901
29. Sato A., and Saruta T. Aldosterone-induced organ damage: plasma aldosterone level and inappropriate salt status. Hypertens Res 27 (2004) 303-310
30. Rocha R., Rudolph A.E., Frierdich G.E., et al. Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283 (2002) H1802-H1810
31. Pimenta E., Gaddam K.K., Pratt-Ubunama M.N., et al. Relation of dietary salt and aldosterone to urinary protein excretion in subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 51 (2008) 339-344
32. Yucel A., Unlu M., Haktanir A., et al. Evaluation of the upper airway cross-sectional area changes in different degrees of severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: cephalometric and dynamic CT study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 2624-2629
33. Avrahami E., and Englender M. Relation between CT axial cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 (1995) 135-140
34. Fletcher E.C., Orolinova N., and Bader M. Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: the renin-angiotensin system. J Appl Physiol 92 (2002) 627-633
35. Fletcher E.C., Bao G., and Li R. Renin activity and blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia. Hypertension 34 (1999) 309-314
36. Rahmouni K., Correia M.L.G., Haynes W.G., et al. Obesity-associated hypertension: new insights into mechanisms. Hypertension 45 (2005) 9-14
37. Yamauchi M., Nakano H., Maekawa J., et al. Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 127 (2005) 1674-1679
38. Christou K., Markoulis N., Moulas A.N., et al. Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) as an index of oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Breath 7 (2003) 105-110
39. Kato M., Roberts-Thomson P., Phillips B.G., et al. Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 102 (2000) 2607-2610
40. Kraiczi H., Caidahl K., Samuelsson A., et al. Impairment of vascular endothelial function and left ventricular filling: association with the severity of apnea-induced hypoxemia during sleep. Chest 119 (2001) 1085-1091
41. Nishizaka M.K., Zaman M.A., Green S.A., et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation in hypertensive subjects with hyperaldosteronism. Circulation 109 (2004) 2857-2861
42. Gjorup P.H., Sadauskiene L., Wessels J., et al. Abnormally increased endothelin-1 in plasma during the night in obstructive sleep apnea: relation to blood pressure and severity of disease. Am J Hypertens 20 (2007) 44-52
43. Bostrom K.B., Hedner J., Melander O., et al. Interaction between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and obstructive sleep apnoea as a mechanism for hypertension. J Hypertens 25 (2007) 779-783
44. Gami A.S., and Somers V.K. Obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. In: Oparil S., and Weber M.A. (Eds). Hypertension, A Companion to Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. 2nd ed. (2005), Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA 765-773
45. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep 22 (1999) 667-689
46. Mattsson C., and Young W.F. Primary aldosteronism: diagnostic and treatment strategies. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2 (2006) 198-208
47. Nishizaka M.K., Pratt-Ubunama M., Zaman M.A., et al. Validity of plasma aldosterone-to-renin activity ratio in African American and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 18 (2005) 805-812
48. Harman W.M., Wynne J.W., and Block A.J. The effect of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in morbidly obese men. Chest 82 (1982) 291-294
49. Kansanen M., Vanninen E., Tuunainen A., et al. The effect of a very low-calorie diet-induced weight loss on the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea and autonomic nervous function in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Clin Physiol 18 (1998) 377-385
50. Tuck M.L., Sowers J., Dornfeld L., et al. The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone levels in obese patients. N Engl J Med 304 (1981) 930-933
51. Ho J.T., Keogh J.B., Bornstein S.R., et al. Moderate weight loss reduces renin and aldosterone but does not influence basal or stimulated pituitary-adrenal axis function. Horm Metab Res 39 (2007) 694-699
52. Alajmi M., Mulgrew A.T., Fox J., et al. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lung 185 (2007) 67-72
53. Haentjens P., Van Meerhaeghe A., Moscariello M., et al. The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: evidence from a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 757-764
54. Bazzano L.A., Khan Z., Reynolds K., et al. Effect of nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension 50 (2007) 417-423
55. Logan A.G., Tkacova R., Perlikowski S.M., et al. Refractory hypertension and sleep apnoea: effect of CPAP on blood pressure and baroreflex. Eur Respir J 21 (2003) 241-247
56. Follenius M., Krieger J., Krauth M.O., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment: peripheral and central effects on plasma renin activity and aldosterone. Sleep 14 (1991) 211-217
57. Saarelainen S., Hasan J., Siitonen S., et al. Effect of nasal CPAP treatment on plasma volume, aldosterone and 24-h blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res 5 (1996) 181-185
58. Meston N., Davies R.J., Mullins R., et al. Endocrine effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in male patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Intern Med 254 (2003) 447-454
59. Moller D.S., Lind P., Strunge B., et al. Abnormal vasoactive hormones and 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Hypertens 16 (2003) 274-280
60. Pimenta E., and Calhoun D.A. Resistant hypertension and aldosteronism. Curr Hypertens Rep 9 (2007) 353-359
61. Nishizaka M.K., Zaman M.A., and Calhoun D.A. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens 16 (2003) 925-930
62. Chapman N., Dobson J., Wilson S., et al. Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 49 (2007) 839-845