Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences

The Lancet

Volumn 373, Issue 9657, 2009, Pages 82-93

  Bradley, T Douglas ^a,b,c   Floras, John S ^b,c  

^a TORONTO REHABILITATION INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROSTIMULATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; STROKE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 58049158570     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61622-0     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Remmers J.E., deGroot W.J., Sauerland E.K., and Anch A.M. Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol 44 (1978) 931-938
2. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. Sleep 22 (1999) 667-689
3. Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., Skatrud J., Weber S., and Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 1230-1235
4. Guilleminault C., Cummiskey J., and Dement W.C. Sleep apnea syndrome: recent advances. Adv Intern Med 26 (1980) 347-372
5. Wright J., Johns R., Watt I., Melville A., and Sheldon T. Health effects of obstructive sleep apnoea and the effectiveness of continuous positive airways pressure: a systematic review of the research evidence. BMJ 314 (1997) 851-860
6. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Lin H.M., et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 608-613
7. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Have T.T., Tyson K., and Kales A. Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 (1998) 144-148
8. Ferrier K., Campbell A., Yee B., et al. Sleep-disordered breathing occurs frequently in stable outpatients with congestive heart failure. Chest 128 (2005) 2116-2122
9. Javaheri S. Sleep disorders in systolic heart failure: a prospective study of 100 male patients. The final report. Int J Cardiol 106 (2006) 21-28
10. Wang H., Parker J.D., Newton G.E., et al. Influence of obstructive sleep apnea on mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007) 1625-1631
11. Arzt M., Young T., Finn L., Skatrud J.B., and Bradley T.D. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 1447-1451
12. Munoz R., Duran-Cantolla J., Martinez-Vila E., et al. Severe sleep apnea and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly. Stroke 37 (2006) 2317-2321
13. Peppard P.E., Young T., Palta M., and Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1378-1384
14. Shahar E., Whitney C.W., Redline S., et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 19-25
15. Young T., Peppard P., Palta M., et al. Population-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension. Arch Intern Med 157 (1997) 1746-1752
16. White D.P., Weil J.V., and Zwillich C.W. Metabolic rate and breathing during sleep. J Appl Physiol 59 (1985) 384-391
17. Mancia G. Autonomic modulation of the cardiovascular system during sleep. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 347-349
18. Hornyak M., Cejnar M., Elam M., Matousek M., and Wallin B.G. Sympathetic muscle nerve activity during sleep in man. Brain 114 (1991) 1281-1295
19. Guilleminault C., Connolly S.J., and Winkle R.A. Cardiac arrhythmia and conduction disturbances during sleep in 400 patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Cardiol 52 (1983) 490-494
20. Bonsignore M.R., Romano S., Marrone O., Chiodi M., and Bonsignore G. Different heart rate patterns in obstructive apneas during NREM sleep. Sleep 20 (1997) 1167-1174
21. Kato H., Menon A.S., and Slutsky A.S. Mechanisms mediating the heart rate response to hypoxemia. Circulation 77 (1988) 407-414
22. Zwillich C., Devlin T., White D., Douglas N., Weil J., and Martin R. Bradycardia during sleep apnea. Characteristics and mechanism. J Clin Invest 69 (1982) 1286-1292
23. Tkacova R., Rankin F., Fitzgerald F.S., Floras J.S., and Bradley T.D. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on obstructive sleep apnea and left ventricular afterload in patients with heart failure. Circulation 98 (1998) 2269-2275
24. Stoohs R., and Guilleminault C. Cardiovascular changes associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 72 (1992) 583-589
25. Kusuoka H., Weisfeldt M.L., Zweier J.L., Jacobus W.E., and Marban E. Mechanism of early contractile failure during hypoxia in intact ferret heart: evidence for modulation of maximal Ca2+-activated force by inorganic phosphate. Circ Res 59 (1986) 270-282
26. Cargill R.I., Kiely D.G., and Lipworth B.J. Adverse effects of hypoxaemia on diastolic filling in humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 89 (1995) 165-169
27. Sullivan C.E., Issa F.G., Berthon-Jones M., and Eves L. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1 (1981) 862-865
28. Somers V.K., Dyken M.E., Clary M.P., and Abboud F.M. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 96 (1995) 1897-1904
29. Horner R.L., Brooks D., Kozar L.F., Tse S., and Phillipson E.A. Immediate effects of arousal from sleep on cardiac autonomic outflow in the absence of breathing in dogs. J Appl Physiol 79 (1995) 151-162
30. Brooks D., Horner R.L., Kozar L.F., Render-Teixeira C.L., and Phillipson E.A. Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. J Clin Invest 99 (1997) 106-109
31. Arabi Y., Morgan B.J., Goodman B., Puleo D.S., Xie A., and Skatrud J.B. Daytime blood pressure elevation after nocturnal hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 87 (1999) 689-698
32. Narkiewicz K., Montano N., Cogliati C., van de Borne P.J., Dyken M.E., and Somers V.K. Altered cardiovascular variability in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 98 (1998) 1071-1077
33. Dyugovskaya L., Lavie P., and Lavie L. Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 934-939
34. Schulz R., Mahmoudi S., Hattar K., et al. Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 566-570
35. Yokoe T., Minoguchi K., Matsuo H., et al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Circulation 107 (2003) 1129-1134
36. Ryan S., Taylor C.T., and McNicholas W.T. Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Circulation 112 (2005) 2660-2667
37. Ryan S., Taylor C.T., and McNicholas W.T. Predictors of elevated nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent genes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006) 824-830
38. Vongpatanasin W., Thomas G.D., Schwartz R., et al. C-reactive protein causes downregulation of vascular angiotensin subtype 2 receptors and systolic hypertension in mice. Circulation 115 (2007) 1020-1028
39. Kato M., Roberts-Thomson P., Phillips B.G., et al. Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 102 (2000) 2607-2610
40. Imadojemu V.A., Gleeson K., Quraishi S.A., Kunselman A.R., Sinoway L.I., and Leuenberger U.A. Impaired vasodilator responses in obstructive sleep apnea are improved with continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 950-953
41. Ip M.S., Lam B., Chan L.Y., et al. Circulating nitric oxide is suppressed in obstructive sleep apnea and is reversed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 2166-2171
42. Bedwell S., Dean R.T., and Jessup W. The action of defined oxygen-centred free radicals on human low-density lipoprotein. Biochem J 262 (1989) 707-712
43. Faller D.V. Endothelial cell responses to hypoxic stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 26 (1999) 74-84
44. El-Solh A.A., Mador M.J., Sikka P., Dhillon R.S., Amsterdam D., and Grant B.J. Adhesion molecules in patients with coronary artery disease and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 121 (2002) 1541-1547
45. Carlson J.T., Rangemark C., and Hedner J.A. Attenuated endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with sleep apnoea. J Hypertens 14 (1996) 577-584
46. Fletcher E.C., Lesske J., Culman J., Miller C.C., and Unger T. Sympathetic denervation blocks blood pressure elevation in episodic hypoxia. Hypertension 20 (1992) 612-619
47. Fletcher E.C., Proctor M., Yu J., et al. Pulmonary edema develops after recurrent obstructive apneas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 1688-1696
48. Parker J.D., Brooks D., Kozar L.F., et al. Acute and chronic effects of airway obstruction on canine left ventricular performance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 1888-1896
49. Bokinsky G., Miller M., Ault K., Husband P., and Mitchell J. Spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation during obstructive sleep apnea and its response to therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. A preliminary investigation. Chest 108 (1995) 625-630
50. Steiner S., Jax T., Evers S., Hennersdorf M., Schwalen A., and Strauer B.E. Altered blood rheology in obstructive sleep apnea as a mediator of cardiovascular risk. Cardiology 104 (2005) 92-96
51. Rangemark C., Hedner J.A., Carlson J.T., Gleerup G., and Winther K. Platelet function and fibrinolytic activity in hypertensive and normotensive sleep apnea patients. Sleep 18 (1995) 188-194
52. Chin K., Ohi M., Kita H., et al. Effects of NCPAP therapy on fibrinogen levels in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 (1996) 1972-1976
53. Balfors E.M., and Franklin K.A. Impairment of cerebral perfusion during obstructive sleep apneas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 (1994) 1587-1591
54. Klingelhofer J., Hajak G., Sander D., Schulz-Varszegi M., Ruther E., and Conrad B. Assessment of intracranial hemodynamics in sleep apnea syndrome. Stroke 23 (1992) 1427-1433
55. Drager L.F., Bortolotto L.A., Lorenzi M.C., Figueiredo A.C., Krieger E.M., and Lorenzi-Filho G. Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 613-618
56. Minoguchi K., Yokoe T., Tazaki T., et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 625-630
57. Minoguchi K., Yokoe T., Tazaki T., et al. Silent brain infarction and platelet activation in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 (2007) 612-617
58. Young T., Shahar E., Nieto F.J., et al. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Arch Intern Med 162 (2002) 893-900
59. Duran J., Esnaola S., Rubio R., and Iztueta A. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 685-689
60. Ip M.S., Lam B., Lauder I.J., et al. A community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese men in Hong Kong. Chest 119 (2001) 62-69
61. Young T., Skatrud J., and Peppard P.E. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA 291 (2004) 2013-2016
62. Young T., Evans L., Finn L., and Palta M. Estimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-aged men and women. Sleep 20 (1997) 705-706
63. Peppard P.E., Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., and Skatrud J. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 284 (2000) 3015-3021
64. Ryan C.M., and Bradley T.D. Pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 99 (2005) 2440-2450
65. Li K.K., Kushida C., Powell N.B., Riley R.W., and Guilleminault C. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a comparison between Far-East Asian and white men. Laryngoscope 110 (2000) 1689-1693
66. Buxbaum S.G., Elston R.C., Tishler P.V., and Redline S. Genetics of the apnea hypopnea index in Caucasians and African Americans: I. Segregation analysis. Genet Epidemiol 22 (2002) 243-253
67. Fletcher E.C., DeBehnke R.D., Lovoi M.S., and Gorin A.B. Undiagnosed sleep apnea in patients with essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 103 (1985) 190-195
68. Logan A.G., Perlikowski S.M., Mente A., et al. High prevalence of unrecognized sleep apnoea in drug-resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 19 (2001) 2271-2277
69. Chan J., Sanderson J., Chan W., et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in diastolic heart failure. Chest 111 (1997) 1488-1493
70. Peker Y., Kraiczi H., Hedner J., Loth S., Johansson A., and Bende M. An independent association between obstructive sleep apnoea and coronary artery disease. Eur Respir J 14 (1999) 179-184
71. Mooe T., Franklin K.A., Holmstrom K., Rabben T., and Wiklund U. Sleep-disordered breathing and coronary artery disease: long-term prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 1910-1913
72. Bassetti C., and Aldrich M.S. Sleep apnea in acute cerebrovascular diseases: final report on 128 patients. Sleep 22 (1999) 217-223
73. Good D.C., Henkle J.Q., Gelber D., Welsh J., and Verhulst S. Sleep-disordered breathing and poor functional outcome after stroke. Stroke 27 (1996) 252-259
74. Kaneko Y., Hajek V.E., Zivanovic V., Raboud J., and Bradley T.D. Relationship of sleep apnea to functional capacity and length of hospitalization following stroke. Sleep 26 (2003) 293-297
75. Nieto F.J., Young T.B., Lind B.K., et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 283 (2000) 1829-1836
76. Punjabi N.M., Sorkin J.D., Katzel L.I., Goldberg A.P., Schwartz A.R., and Smith P.L. Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 677-682
77. Punjabi N.M., Shahar E., Redline S., Gottlieb D.J., Givelber R., and Resnick H.E. Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 160 (2004) 521-530
78. Reichmuth K.J., Austin D., Skatrud J.B., and Young T. Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 1590-1595
79. Mehra R., Benjamin E.J., Shahar E., et al. Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 910-916
80. Flemons W.W., Remmers J.E., and Gillis A.M. Sleep apnea and cardiac arrhythmias. Is there a relationship?. Am Rev Respir Dis 148 (1993) 618-621
81. Fletcher E.C., Lesske J., Behm R., Miller III C.C., Stauss H., and Unger T. Carotid chemoreceptors, systemic blood pressure, and chronic episodic hypoxia mimicking sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 72 (1992) 1978-1984
82. Stamler J., Stamler R., and Neaton J.D. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks. US population data. Arch Intern Med 153 (1993) 598-615
83. Pratt-Ubunama M.N., Nishizaka M.K., Boedefeld R.L., Cofield S.S., Harding S.M., and Calhoun D.A. Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension. Chest 131 (2007) 453-459
84. Marney A.M., and Brown N.J. Aldosterone and end-organ damage. Clin Sci (Lond) 113 (2007) 267-278
85. Oltmanns K.M., Gehring H., Rudolf S., et al. Hypoxia causes glucose intolerance in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169 (2004) 1231-1237
86. Spiegel K., Leproult R., and Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354 (1999) 1435-1439
87. Ip M.S., Lam B., Ng M.M., Lam W.K., Tsang K.W., and Lam K.S. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 670-676
88. Savransky V., Nanayakkara A., Li J., et al. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 (2007) 1290-1297
89. Mooe T., Rabben T., Wiklund U., Franklin K.A., and Eriksson P. Sleep-disordered breathing in women: occurrence and association with coronary artery disease. Am J Med 101 (1996) 251-256
90. Mooe T., Rabben T., Wiklund U., Franklin K.A., and Eriksson P. Sleep-disordered breathing in men with coronary artery disease. Chest 109 (1996) 659-663
91. Marin J.M., Carrizo S.J., Vicente E., and Agusti A.G. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365 (2005) 1046-1053
92. Buchner N.J., Sanner B.M., Borgel J., and Rump L.C. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 (2007) 1274-1280
93. Scharf S.M., Graver L.M., and Balaban K. Cardiovascular effects of periodic occlusions of the upper airways in dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 146 (1992) 321-329
94. Bradley T.D., Hall M.J., Ando S., and Floras J.S. Hemodynamic effects of simulated obstructive apneas in humans with and without heart failure. Chest 119 (2001) 1827-1835
95. Scharf S.M., Bianco J.A., Tow D.E., and Brown R. The effects of large negative intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 63 (1981) 871-875
96. Franklin K.A., Nilsson J.B., Sahlin C., and Näslund U. Sleep apnoea and nocturnal angina. Lancet 345 (1995) 1085-1087
97. Peker Y., Hedner J., Kraiczi H., and Loth S. Respiratory disturbance index: an independent predictor of mortality in coronary artery disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 81-86
98. Yumino D., Tsurumi Y., Takagi A., Suzuki K., and Kasanuki H. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on clinical and angiographic outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007) 26-30
99. Milleron O., Pilliere R., Foucher A., et al. Benefits of obstructive sleep apnoea treatment in coronary artery disease: a long-term follow-up study. Eur Heart J 25 (2004) 728-734
100. Doherty L.S., Kiely J.L., Swan V., and McNicholas W.T. Long-term effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 127 (2005) 2076-2084
101. Nakashima H., Katayama T., Takagi C., et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea inhibits the recovery of left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 27 (2006) 2317-2322
102. Sin D.D., Fitzgerald F., Parker J.D., Newton G., Floras J.S., and Bradley T.D. Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 1101-1106
103. Arzt M., and Bradley T.D. Treatment of sleep apnea in heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 1300-1308
104. Yumino D., and Bradley T.D. Central sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Proc Am Thor Soc 5 (2008) 226-236
105. Arzt M., Young T., Finn L., et al. Sleepiness and sleep in patients with both systolic heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 166 (2006) 1716-1722
106. Chiu K.L., Ryan C.M., Shiota S., et al. Fluid shift by lower body positive pressure increases pharyngeal resistance in healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006) 1378-1383
107. Shiota S., Ryan C.M., Chiu K.L., et al. Alterations in upper airway cross-sectional area in response to lower body positive pressure in healthy subjects. Thorax 62 (2007) 868-872
108. Floras J.S., and Bradley T.D. Treating obstructive sleep apnea: is there more to the story than 2 millimeters of mercury?. Hypertension 50 (2007) 289-291
109. Arias M.A., Garcia-Rio F., Alonso-Fernandez A., Mediano O., Martinez I., and Villamor J. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects left ventricular diastolic function: effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in men. Circulation 112 (2005) 375-383
110. Niroumand M., Kuperstein R., Sasson Z., and Hanly P.J. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on left ventricular mass and diastolic function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 1632-1636
111. Noda A., Okada T., Yasuma F., Nakashima N., and Yokota M. Cardiac hypertrophy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 107 (1995) 1538-1544
112. Amin R.S., Kimball T.R., Bean J.A., et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and abnormal ventricular geometry in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 1395-1399
113. Usui K., Parker J.D., Newton G.E., Floras J.S., Ryan C.M., and Bradley T.D. Left ventricular structural adaptations to obstructive sleep apnea in dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 1170-1175
114. Sampol G., Romero O., Salas A., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and thoracic aorta dissection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 1528-1531
115. Young M.E. The circadian clock within the heart: potential influence on myocardial gene expression, metabolism, and function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290 (2006) H1-H16
116. Yoshinaga K., Burwash I.G., Leech J.A., et al. The effects of continuous positive airway pressure on myocardial energetics in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007) 450-458
117. Sin D.D., Fitzgerald F., Parker J.D., et al. Relationship of systolic BP to obstructive sleep apnea in patients with heart failure. Chest 123 (2003) 1536-1543
118. Spaak J., Egri Z.J., Kubo T., et al. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during wakefulness in heart failure patients with and without sleep apnea. Hypertension 46 (2005) 1327-1332
119. Roche F., Xuong A.N., Court-Fortune I., et al. Relationship among the severity of sleep apnea syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, and autonomic imbalance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26 (2003) 669-677
120. Tilkian A.G., Guilleminault C., Schroeder J.S., Lehrman K.L., Simmons F.B., and Dement W.C. Sleep-induced apnea syndrome. Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and their reversal after tracheostomy. Am J Med 63 (1977) 348-358
121. Simantirakis E.N., Schiza S.I., Marketou M.E., et al. Severe bradyarrhythmias in patients with sleep apnoea: the effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment: a long-term evaluation using an insertable loop recorder. Eur Heart J 25 (2004) 1070-1076
122. Grimm W., Hoffmann J., Menz V., et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of sinus node function and atrioventricular conduction in patients with prolonged ventricular asystole during obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol 77 (1996) 1310-1314
123. Leung R.S., Huber M.A., Rogge T., Maimon N., Chiu K.L., and Bradley T.D. Association between atrial fibrillation and central sleep apnea. Sleep 28 (2005) 1543-1546
124. Kanagala R., Murali N.S., Friedman P.A., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 107 (2003) 2589-2594
125. Gami A.S., Hodge D.O., Herges R.M., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007) 565-571
126. Gami A.S., Howard D.E., Olson E.J., and Somers V.K. Day-night pattern of sudden death in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1206-1214
127. Gonzalez-Rothi R.J., Foresman G.E., and Block A.J. Do patients with sleep apnea die in their sleep?. Chest 94 (1988) 531-538
128. Yaggi H.K., Concato J., Kernan W.N., Lichtman J.H., Brass L.M., and Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 2034-2041
129. Ferguson K.A., Ono T., Lowe A.A., Keenan S.P., and Fleetham J.A. A randomized crossover study of an oral appliance vs nasal-continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 109 (1996) 1269-1275
130. Oliven A., O'Hearn D.J., Boudewyns A., et al. Upper airway response to electrical stimulation of the genioglossus in obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 95 (2003) 2023-2029
131. Sher A.E. Upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev 6 (2002) 195-212
132. Garrigue S., Bordier P., Jais P., et al. Benefit of atrial pacing in sleep apnea syndrome. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 404-412
133. Krahn A.D., Yee R., Erickson M.K., et al. Physiologic pacing in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective, randomized crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006) 379-383
134. Luthje L., Unterberg-Buchwald C., Dajani D., Vollmann D., Hasenfuss G., and Andreas S. Atrial overdrive pacing in patients with sleep apnea with implanted pacemaker. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 118-122
135. Pepin J.L., Defaye P., Garrigue S., Poezevara Y., and Levy P. Overdrive atrial pacing does not improve obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 25 (2005) 343-347
136. Barnes M., McEvoy R.D., Banks S., et al. Efficacy of positive airway pressure and oral appliance in mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 656-664
137. Gotsopoulos H., Kelly J.J., and Cistulli P.A. Oral appliance therapy reduces blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, controlled trial. Sleep 27 (2004) 934-941
138. Robinson G.V., Smith D.M., Langford B.A., Davies R.J., and Stradling J.R. Continuous positive airway pressure does not reduce blood pressure in nonsleepy hypertensive OSA patients. Eur Respir J 27 (2006) 1229-1235
139. Kaneko Y., Floras J.S., Usui K., et al. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 1233-1241
140. Mansfield D.R., Gollogly N.C., Kaye D.M., Richardson M., Bergin P., and Naughton M.T. Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169 (2004) 361-366
141. Usui K., Bradley T.D., Spaak J., et al. Inhibition of awake sympathetic nerve activity of heart failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea by nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005) 2008-2011
142. Gilman M.P., Floras J.S., Usui K., Kaneko Y., Leung R.S., and Bradley T.D. Continuous positive airway pressure increases heart rate variability in heart failure patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Sci (Lond) 114 (2008) 243-249
143. Ryan C.M., Usui K., Floras J.S., and Bradley T.D. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ventricular ectopy in heart failure patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax 60 (2005) 781-785
144. Egea C.J., Aizpuru F., Pinto J.A., et al. Cardiac function after CPAP therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and sleep apnea: a multicenter study. Sleep Med (2007) 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.06.018 published online September 27.
145. West S.D., Nicoll D.J., Wallace T.M., Matthews D.R., and Stradling J.R. Effect of CPAP on insulin resistance and HbA1c in men with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes. Thorax 62 (2007) 969-974
146. Sandberg O., Franklin K.A., Bucht G., Eriksson S., and Gustafson Y. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in stroke patients with sleep apnoea: a randomized treatment study. Eur Respir J 18 (2001) 630-634
147. Hsu C.Y., Vennelle M., Li H.Y., Engleman H.M., Dennis M.S., and Douglas N.J. Sleep-disordered breathing after stroke: a randomised controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (2006) 1143-1149
148. Dimsdale J.E., Loredo J.S., and Profant J. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure: a placebo trial. Hypertension 35 (2000) 144-147
149. Faccenda J.F., Mackay T.W., Boon N.A., and Douglas N.J. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 344-348
150. Pepperell J.C., Ramdassingh-Dow S., Crosthwaite N., et al. Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trial. Lancet 359 (2002) 204-210
151. Becker H.F., Jerrentrup A., Ploch T., et al. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 107 (2003) 68-73
152. Campos-Rodriguez F., Grilo-Reina A., Perez-Ronchel J., et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on ambulatory BP in patients with sleep apnea and hypertension: a placebo-controlled trial. Chest 129 (2006) 1459-1467
153. Norman D., Loredo J.S., Nelesen R.A., et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure versus supplemental oxygen on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 47 (2006) 840-845
154. Bazzano L.A., Khan Z., Reynolds K., and He J. Effect of nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension 50 (2007) 417-423
155. Haentjens P., Van Meerhaeghe A., Moscariello A., et al. The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: evidence from a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 757-764
156. Alajmi M., Mulgrew A.T., Fox J., et al. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lung 185 (2007) 67-72
157. Drager L.F., Bortolotto L.A., Figueiredo A.C., Krieger E.M., and Lorenzi G.F. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 (2007) 706-712
158. Ruttanaumpawan P., Gilman M.P., Usui K., Floras J.S., and Bradley T.D. Sustained effect of continuous positive airway pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in congestive heart failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Hypertens 26 (2008) 1163-1168
159. Bradley T.D., Logan A.G., Kimoff R.J., et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 2025-2033
160. Smith P.L., Gold A.R., Meyers D.A., Haponik E.F., and Bleecker E.R. Weight loss in mildly to moderately obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Intern Med 103 (1985) 850-855
161. Barbe F., Mayoralas L.R., Duran J., et al. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea but no daytime sleepiness. a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 134 (2001) 1015-1023