Clinical practice guideline: Tonsillectomy in children

Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

Volumn 144, Issue SUPPL.1, 2011, Pages

  Baugh, Reginald F ^a   Archer, Sanford M ^b   Mitchell, Ron B ^c   Rosenfeld, Richard M ^d   Amin, Raouf ^e   Burns, James J ^f   Darrow, David H ^g   Giordano, Terri ^h   Litman, Ronald S ⁱ   Li, Kasey K ^j   Mannix, Mary Ellen ^k   Schwartz, Richard H ^l   Setzen, Gavin ^m   Wald, Ellen R ⁿ   Wall, Eric ^o   Sandberg, Gemma ^p   Patel, Milesh M ^q  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d LONG ISLAND COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f Baystate Children's Hospital   (United States)

^g EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^h CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^j Sleep Apnea Surgery Center   (United States)

^k James's Project   (United States)

^l Advanced Pediatrics   (United States)

^m Albany ENT and Allergy Services   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^o QUALIS HEALTH   (United States)

^p ENT Disorders Group   (United Kingdom)

^q American Academy of Otolaryngology   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Adenotonsillectomy; Pediatric guideline; Sleep disordered breathing; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CODEINE; DEXAMETHASONE; HYDROCODONE; KETOROLAC; PARACETAMOL; ROFECOXIB;

ADENOIDECTOMY; ADVERSE OUTCOME; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CAREGIVER; CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COUNSELING; DEHYDRATION; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FEVER; GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEART ARREST; HUMAN; LUNG EDEMA; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MEDICAL RECORD; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NASOPHARYNX STENOSIS; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OTALGIA; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PALATOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE; PANEL STUDY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PEDIATRICS; PEROPERATIVE CARE; PHARYNGITIS; PHYSICIAN; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRESCRIPTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENT INFECTION; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SORE THROAT; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TONSIL HYPERTYROPHY; TONSILLECTOMY; TONSILLITIS; TREATMENT INDICATION; VOMITING; ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; INFANT; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RECURRENT DISEASE;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; INFANT; PATIENT SELECTION; RECURRENCE; TONSILLECTOMY; TONSILLITIS;

EID: 79955683383     PISSN: 01945998     EISSN: 10976817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0194599810389949     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Cullen KA, Hall MJ, Golosinskiy A. Ambulatory Surgery in the United States, 2006. National Health Statistics reports no. 11, revised. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2009.
2. Rosenfeld RM, Green RP. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: changing trends. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:187-191. (Pubitemid 20100626)
3. Stewart MG, Friedman EM, Sulek M, et al. Quality of life and health status in pediatric tonsil and adenoid disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:45-48. (Pubitemid 30051491)
4. Goldstein NA, Stewart MG, Witsell DL, et al. Quality of life after tonsillectomy in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:S9-S16. (Pubitemid 350299076)
5. Wei JL, Mayo MS, Smith HJ, et al. Improved behavior and sleep after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133:974-979. (Pubitemid 47607578)
6. Tran KD, Nguyen CD, Weedon J, et al. Child behavior and quality of life in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131:52-57. (Pubitemid 40105462)
7. Li HY, Huang YS, Chen NH, et al. Impact of adenotonsillectomy on behavior in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:1142-1147.
8. Mitchell RB, Kelly J. Behavior, neurocognition and quality-of-life in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:395-406. (Pubitemid 43155180)
9. Stewart MG, Glaze DG, Friedman EM, et al. Quality of life and sleep study findings after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131:308-314. (Pubitemid 40517030)
10. Mitchell RB, Kelly J, Call E, et al. Quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:190-194. (Pubitemid 38182545)
11. De Serres LM, Derkay C, Sie K, et al. Impact of adenotonsillectomy on quality of life in children with obstructive sleep disorders. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128: 489-496. (Pubitemid 34493715)
12. Flanary VA. Long-term effect of adenotonsillectomy on quality of life in pediatric patients. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:1639-1644. (Pubitemid 37210965)
13. Montgomery-Downs HE, O'Brien LM, Gulliver TE, et al. Polysomnographic characteristics in normal preschool and early school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2006;117:741-753. (Pubitemid 46063216)
14. Chervin RD, Ruzicka DL, Giordani BJ, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing, behavior, and cognition in children before and after adenotonsillectomy. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e769-e778. (Pubitemid 46071482)
15. Mora R, Jankowska B, Mora F, et al. Effects of tonsillectomy on speech and voice. J Voice. 2009;23:614-618.
16. Salami A, Jankowska B, Dellepiane M, et al. The impact of tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy on speech and voice. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:1377-1384.
17. Fujihara K, Koltai PJ, Hayashi M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of tonsillectomy for recurrent acute tonsillitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2006;115:365-369. (Pubitemid 43736849)
18. Martens PJ, Need to Know Team, Fransoo R, Burchill C, Burland E. Health status and healthcare use patterns of rural, northern and urban Manitobans: is Romanow right? Healthc Policy. 2006;2:108-127.
19. Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:72-77. (Pubitemid 34048565)
20. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Colborn DK, et al. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in moderately affected children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:7-15. (Pubitemid 34742635)
21. Capper R, Canter RJ. Is there agreement among general practitioners, paediatricians and otolaryngologists about the management of children with recurrent tonsillitis? Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001;26:371-378. (Pubitemid 32995189)
22. Derkay CS. Pediatric otolaryngology procedures in the United States: 1977-1987. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;25:1-12. (Pubitemid 23051635)
23. Erickson BK, Larson DR, St Sauver JL, et al. Changes in incidence and indications of tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy, 1970-2005. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:894-901.
24. Del Mar C. Managing sore throat: a literature review. II. Do antibiotics confer benefit? Med J Aust. 1992;156:644-649.
25. Tarasiuk A, Greenberg-Dotan S, Simon-Tuval T, et al. Elevated morbidity and health care use in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:55-61. (Pubitemid 46105309)
26. Ali NJ, Pitson DJ, Stradling JR. Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4-5 year olds. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:360-366. (Pubitemid 23084587)
27. Urschitz MS, Wolff J, Sokollik C, et al. Nocturnal arterial oxygen saturation and academic performance in a community sample of children. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e204-e209. (Pubitemid 43193800)
28. Basha SBC, Ende K, Szeremeta W. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in the resolution of nocturnal enuresis secondary to obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2005;115: 1101-1103. (Pubitemid 40777011)
29. Goldstein NA, Post JC, Rosenfeld RM, et al. Impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on child behavior. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:494-498. (Pubitemid 30207361)
30. Georgalas C, Tolley N, Kanagalingam J. Measuring quality of life in children with adenotonsillar disease with the Child Health Questionnaire: a first U.K. study. Laryngoscope. 2004; 114:1849-1855. (Pubitemid 39332267)
31. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, et al. Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children: results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:674-683. (Pubitemid 14164642)
32. Friedman M, Wilson M, Lin HC, et al. Updated systematic review of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:800-808.
33. Brietzke SE, Gallagher D. The effectiveness of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:979-984. (Pubitemid 43766558)
34. Mitchell RB, Kelly J. Outcomes and quality of life following adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing in children. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2007;69:345-348. (Pubitemid 350165826)
35. Windfuhr JP, Chen YS, Remmert S. Hemorrhage following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in 15,218 patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:281-286.
36. Johnson LB, Elluru RG, Myer CM. Complications of adenotonsillectomy. Laryngoscope. 2002;112:35-36. (Pubitemid 34856068)
37. Kavanagh KT, Beckford NS. Adenotonsillectomy in children: indications and contraindications. South Med J. 1988;81:507-514.
38. Colclasure JB, Graham SS. Complications of outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a review of 3,340 cases. Ear Nose Throat J. 1990;69:155-160. (Pubitemid 20158509)
39. Wiatrak BJ, Myer CM, Andrews TM. Complications of adenotonsillectomy in children under 3 years of age. Am J Otolaryngol. 1991;12:170-172.
40. McColley SA, April MM, Carroll JL, et al. Respiratory compromise after adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:940-943.
41. Richmond KH, Wetmore RF, Baranak CC. Postoperative complications following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy - who is at risk? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1987;13:117-124.
42. Royal College of Surgeons of England. National prospective tonsillectomy audit: final report of an audit carried out in England and Northern Ireland between July 2003 and September 2004. May 2005. http://www.entuk.org/members/ audits/tonsil/Tonsillectomyauditreport-pdf. Accessed February 3, 2010.
43. Leong SC, Karkos PD, Papouliakos SM, et al. Unusual complications of tonsillectomy: a systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28:419-422. (Pubitemid 350016424)
44. Pratt LW, Gallagher RA. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: incidence and mortality, 1968-1972. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1979;87:159-166. (Pubitemid 9212133)
45. Randall DA, Hoffer ME. Complications of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;118:61-68. (Pubitemid 28086435)
46. Morris LG, Lieberman SM, Reitzen SD, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of malpractice claims after tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:315-320. (Pubitemid 351297721)
47. Richardson MA. Sore throat, tonsillitis, and adenoiditis. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:75-83.
48. Jung KY, Lim HH, Choi G, et al. Age-related changes of IgA immunocytes and serum and salivary IgA after tonsillectomy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996;523:115-119. (Pubitemid 26130562)
49. Brandtzaeg P. Immune functions and immunopathology of palatine and nasopharyngeal tonsils. In: Bernstein JM, Ogra PL, eds. Immunology of the Ear. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:63-106.
50. Brandtzaeg P. Immunology of tonsils and adenoids: everything the ENT surgeon needs to know. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:S69-S76. (Pubitemid 37505968)
51. Friday GA, Paradise JL, Rabin BS, et al. Serum immunoglobulin changes in relation to tonsil and adenoid surgery. Ann Allergy. 1992;69:225-230.
52. Böck A, Popp W, Herkner KR. Tonsillectomy and the immune system: a long-term follow up comparison between tonsillectomized and non-tonsillectomized children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1994;251:423-427. (Pubitemid 24361615)
53. Paulussen CCJ, Claes G, Jorissen M. Adenoids and tonsils, indications for surgery and immunological consequences of surgery. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2000;54:403-408.
54. Kaygusuz I, Gödekmerdan A, Karlidag T, et al. Early stage impacts of tonsillectomy on immune functions of children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:1311-1315. (Pubitemid 37468480)
55. Rosenfeld RM, Shiffman RN. Clinical practice guideline development manual: a quality-driven approach for translating evidence into action. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:S1-S43.
56. Bellussi L, Busoni P, Camaioni A, et al. Appropriateness and safety of tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. http://www.snlg-iss.it/cms/files/LG-en- tonsillectomy-2008.pdf. 2008;1-43. Accessed October 5, 2009.
57. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of sore throat and indications for tonsillectomy: a national clinical guideline. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign117.pdf. Edinburgh, Scotland: SIGN; 2010;1-38. Accessed June 7, 2010.
58. NHS Evidence - Cancer, Cancer Specialist Library search strategies. http://www.library.nhs.uk/cancer/Page.aspx?prv=y&pagename= CSLSEARCHS. Accessed October 5, 2009.
59. Higgins JPT, Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2009. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
60. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, et al. Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines: a proposal from the Conference on Guideline Standardization. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:493-498. (Pubitemid 38124575)
61. Shiffman RN, Dixon J, Brandt C, et al. The GuideLine Implementability Appraisal (GLIA): development of an instrument to identify obstacles to guideline implementation. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005;5:23.
62. American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Policy statement: classifying recommendations for clinical practice guidelines. Pediatrics. 2004;114:874-877.
63. Eddy DM. A Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Policies: The Explicit Approach. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 1992.
64. Choudhry NK, Stelfox HT, Detsky AS. Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. JAMA. 2002;287:612-617. (Pubitemid 34252013)
65. Detsky AS. Sources of bias for authors of clinical practice guidelines. CMAJ. 2006;175:1033, 1035.
66. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, et al. History of recurrent sore throat as an indication for tonsillectomy: predictive limitations of histories that are undocumented. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:409-413. (Pubitemid 8291359)
67. van Staaij BK, van den Akker EH, Rovers MM, et al. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in children with mild symptoms of throat infections or adenotonsillar hypertrophy: open, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;329:651.
68. Burton MJ, Glasziou PP. Tonsillectomy or adeno-tonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD001802.
69. Blakley BW, Magit AE. The role of tonsillectomy in reducing recurrent pharyngitis: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:291-297.
70. van Staaij BK, van den Akker EH, van der Heijden GJ, et al. Adenotonsillectomy for upper respiratory infections: evidence based? Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:19-25.
71. Woolford TJ, Ahmed A, Willatt DJ, et al. Spontaneous resolution of tonsillitis in children on the waiting list for tonsillectomy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2000;25:428-430.
72. Prim MP, de Diego JI, Larrauri M, et al. Spontaneous resolution of recurrent tonsillitis in pediatric patients on the surgical waiting list. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;65:35-38. (Pubitemid 34786333)
73. Fox R, Temple M, Owens D, et al. Does tonsillectomy lead to improved outcomes over and above the effect of time? A longitudinal study. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;11:1197-1200.
74. Wood B, Wong YK, Theodoridis CG. Paediatricians look at children awaiting adenotonsillectomy. Lancet. 1972;2:645-647.
75. Freeland AP, Curley JW. The consequences of delay in tonsil surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1987;20:405-408. (Pubitemid 17119849)
76. James WE, Badger GF, Dingle JH. A study of illnesses in a group of Cleveland families, XIX: the epidemiology of the acquisition of group A streptococci and of associated illness. N Engl J Med. 1960;262:687-694.
77. American Academy of Pediatrics. Group A streptococcal infections. In: Pickering LK, ed. 2009 Redbook - Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009:616-628.
78. Donn AS, Giles ML. Do children waiting for tonsillectomy grow out of their tonsillitis? N Z Med J. 1991;104:161-162.
79. Schwentner I, Schmutzhard J, Schwentner C, Abraham I, Höfer S, Sprinzl GM. The impact of adenotonsillectomy on children's quality of life. Clin Otolaryngol. 2008;33:56-59. (Pubitemid 351300171)
80. Feder HM, Salazar JC. A clinical review of 105 patients with PFAPA (a periodic fever syndrome). Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:178-194.
81. Renko M, Salo E, Putto-Laurila A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of tonsillectomy in periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome. J Pediatr. 2007;151:289-292. (Pubitemid 47284127)
82. Garavello W, Romagnoli M, Gaini RM. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in PFAPA syndrome: a randomized study. J Pediatr. 2009;155:250-253.
83. Johnson RF, Stewart MG. The contemporary approach to diagnosis and management of peritonsillar abscess. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;13:157-160. (Pubitemid 40740918)
84. Herzon FS, Harris P. Mosher Award thesis. Peritonsillar abscess: incidence, current management practices, and a proposal for treatment guidelines. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1-17.
85. Schraff S, McGinn JD, Derkay CS. Peritonsillar abscess in children: a 10-year review of diagnosis and management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;57:213-218. (Pubitemid 32153859)
86. Heubi C, Shott SR. PANDAS: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections - an uncommon, but important indication for tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:837-840. (Pubitemid 36918321)
87. American Thoracic Society. Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:866-878.
88. Carroll JL, McColley SA, Marcus CL, et al. Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Chest. 1995;108:610-618.
89. Melendres MC, Lutz JM, Rubin ED, et al. Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics. 2004;114:768-775. (Pubitemid 41529537)
90. Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989;36:1551-1569. (Pubitemid 20086170)
91. Howard NS, Brietzke SE. Pediatric tonsil size: objective vs subjective measurements correlated to overnight polysomnogram. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:675-681.
92. Arens R, McDonough JM, Corbin AM, et al. Upper airway size analysis by magnetic resonance imaging of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:65-70. (Pubitemid 36015919)
93. Arens R, McDonough JM, Costarino AT, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway structure of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:698-703. (Pubitemid 32801679)
94. Hultcrantz E, Svanholm H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J. Sleep apnea in children without hypertrophy of the tonsils. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1988;27:350-352.
95. Avior G, Fishman G, Leor A, et al. The effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on inattention and impulsivity as measured by the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:367-371. (Pubitemid 39298196)
96. Owens J, Opipari L, Nobile C, et al. Sleep and daytime behavior in children with obstructive sleep apnea and behavioral sleep disorders. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1178-1184. (Pubitemid 28511727)
97. Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics. 1998;102:616-620. (Pubitemid 28409262)
98. Baldassari CM, Mitchell RB, Schubert C, et al. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and quality of life: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:265-273.
99. Aydil U, Işeri E, Kizil Y, et al. Obstructive upper airway problems and primary enuresis nocturna relationship in pediatric patients: reciprocal study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;37:235-239.
100. Brooks LJ, Topol HI. Enuresis in children with sleep apnea. J Pediatr. 2003;142:515-518. (Pubitemid 36623561)
101. Cinar U, Vural C, Cakir B, et al. Nocturnal enuresis and upper airway obstruction. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;59:115-118. (Pubitemid 32506906)
102. Firoozi F, Batniji R, Aslan AR, et al. Resolution of diurnal incontinence and nocturnal enuresis after adenotonsillectomy in children. J Urol. 2006;175:1885-1888.
103. Weissbach A, Leiberman A, Tarasiuk A, et al. Adenotonsilectomy improves enuresis in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:1351-1356. (Pubitemid 43866934)
104. Bonuck KA, Freeman K, Henderson J. Growth and growth biomarker changes after adenotonsillectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94:83-91.
105. Mitchell RB, Kelly J. Child behavior after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:2051-2055. (Pubitemid 44391674)
106. Mitchell RB, Kelly J. Quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for SDB in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:569-572. (Pubitemid 41431847)
107. Puttasiddaiah P, Kumar M, Gopalan P, et al. Tonsillectomy and biopsy for asymptomatic asymmetric tonsillar enlargement: are we right? J Otolaryngol. 2007;36:161-163. (Pubitemid 47477765)
108. Sunkaraneni VS, Jones SE, Prasai A, et al. Is unilateral tonsillar enlargement alone an indication for tonsillectomy? J Laryngol Otol. 2006;120:E21.
109. Cinar F. Significance of asymptomatic tonsil asymmetry. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:101-103. (Pubitemid 38902771)
110. Suen JS, Arnold JE, Brooks LJ. Adenotonsillectomy for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:525-530.
111. Mitchell RB. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcome evaluated by pre- and postoperative polysomnography. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:1844-1854. (Pubitemid 47508721)
112. Section on Pediatric Pulmonology, Subcommittee on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2002;109:704-712.
113. Marcus CL, Omlin KJ, Basinki DJ, et al. Normal polysomnographic values for children and adolescents. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:1235-1239.
114. Uliel S, Tauman R, Greenfeld M, et al. Normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents. Chest. 2004;125:872-878. (Pubitemid 38367276)
115. Traeger N, Schultz B, Pollock AN, et al. Polysomnographic values in children 2-9 years old: additional data and review of the literature. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:22-30. (Pubitemid 40917904)
116. Materia E, Baglio G, Bellussi L, et al. The clinical and organisational appropriateness of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomyan Italian perspective. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69:497-500. (Pubitemid 40342961)
117. Guilleminault C, Palombini L, Pelayo R, et al. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors in prepubertal children: what triggers them? Pediatrics. 2003;111:e17-e25.
118. Guilleminault C, Li K, Khramtsov A, et al. Breathing patterns in prepubertal children with sleep-related breathing disorders. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:153-161. (Pubitemid 38173969)
119. Messner AH. Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea by polysomnography prior to pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125:353-359.
120. Rosen CL, D'Andrea L, Haddad GG. Adult criteria for obstructive sleep apnea do not identify children with serious obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:1231-1234.
121. Miman MC, Kirazli T, Ozyurek R. Doppler echocardiography in adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;54:21-26.
122. Tarasiuk A, Simon T, Tal A, et al. Adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome reduces health care utilization. Pediatrics. 2004;113:351-356. (Pubitemid 38177087)
123. Morton S, Rosen C, Larkin E, et al. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in children with a history of tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Sleep. 2001;24:823-829. (Pubitemid 32979737)
124. Tasker C, Crosby JH, Stradling JR. Evidence for persistence of upper airway narrowing during sleep, 12 years after adenotonsillectomy. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:34-37. (Pubitemid 36307626)
125. Tauman R, Gulliver TE, Krishna J, et al. Persistence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children after adenotonsillectomy. J Pediatr. 2006;149:803-808. (Pubitemid 44809273)
126. Amin R, Anthony L, Somers V, et al. Growth velocity predicts recurrence of sleep-disordered breathing 1 year after adenotonsillectomy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:654-659. (Pubitemid 351442173)
127. Fung E, Cave D, Witmans M, et al. Postoperative respiratory complications and recovery in obese children following adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing: a case-control study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142:898-905.
128. Nixon GM, Kermack AS, Davis GM, Manoukian JJ., et al. Planning adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: the role of overnight oximetry. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e19-e25.
129. Sanders JC, King MA, Mitchell RB, et al. Perioperative complications of adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1115-1121. (Pubitemid 44627335)
130. Wilson K, Lakheeram I, Morielli A, et al. Can assessment for obstructive sleep apnea help predict postadenotonsillectomy respiratory complications? Anesthesiology. 2002;96:313-322. (Pubitemid 34121739)
131. Brown KA, Morin I, Hickey C, et al. Urgent adenotonsillectomy: an analysis of risk factors associated with postoperative respiratory morbidity. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:586-595. (Pubitemid 37051973)
132. Nixon GM, Kermack AS, McGregor CD, et al. Sleep and breathing on the first night after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39:332-338. (Pubitemid 40411533)
133. Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:1081-1093.
134. Statham MM, Elluru RG, Buncher R, et al. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children: prevalence of pulmonary complications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:476-480. (Pubitemid 43742563)
135. Biavati MJ, Manning SC, Phillips DL. Predictive factors for respiratory complications after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:517-521. (Pubitemid 27212849)
136. Gerber ME, O'Connor DM, Adler E, et al. Selected risk factors in pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:811-814. (Pubitemid 26271756)
137. Costa DJ, Mitchell R. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:455-460.
138. Hanasono MM, Lalakea ML, Mikulec AA, et al. Perioperative steroids in tonsillectomy using electrocautery and sharp dissection techniques. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:917-921. (Pubitemid 39045597)
139. Ved SA, Walden TL, Montana J, et al. Vomiting and recovery after outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children: comparison of four anesthetic techniques using nitrous oxide with halothane or propofol. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:4-10.
140. Litman RS, Wu CL, Catanzaro FA. Ondansetron decreases emesis after tonsillectomy in children. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:478-481. (Pubitemid 24079369)
141. Ferrari LR, Donlon JV. Metoclopramide reduces the incidence of vomiting after tonsillectomy in children. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:351-354.
142. Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, et al. Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:652-658. (Pubitemid 29409815)
143. Hill RP, Lubarsky DA, Phillips-Bute B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic antiemetic therapy with ondansetron, droperidol, or placebo. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:958-967. (Pubitemid 30180971)
144. Gan T, Sloan F, Dear GL, et al. How much are patients willing to pay to avoid postoperative nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg. 2001;92:393-400. (Pubitemid 32127625)
145. Splinter WM, Roberts DJ. Dexamethasone decreases vomiting by children after tonsillectomy. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:913-916. (Pubitemid 26365399)
146. April MM, Callan ND, Nowak DM, et al. The effect of intravenous dexamethasone in pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:117-120. (Pubitemid 26056767)
147. Pappas AL, Sukhani R, Hotaling AJ, et al. The effect of preoperative dexamethasone on the immediate and delayed postoperative morbidity in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:57-61. (Pubitemid 28311611)
148. Fazel MR, Yegane-Moghaddam A, Forghani Z, et al. The effect of dexamethasone on postoperative vomiting and oral intake after adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1235-1238. (Pubitemid 47016667)
149. Tom LW, Templeton JJ, Thompson ME, et al. Dexamethasone in adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1996;37:115-120. (Pubitemid 26317291)
150. Czarnetzki C, Elia N, Lysakowski C, et al. Dexamethasone and risk of nausea and vomiting and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2621-2630.
151. Steward DL, Welge JA, Myer CM. Do steroids reduce morbidity of tonsillectomy? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1712-1718. (Pubitemid 32946440)
152. Bolton CM, Myles PS, Nolan T, et al. Prophylaxis of postoperative vomiting in children undergoing tonsillectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97:593-604. (Pubitemid 44593852)
153. Steward DL, Welge J, Myer C. Steroids for improving recovery following tonsillectomy in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003997.
154. Goldman AC, Govindaraj S, Rosenfeld RM. A meta-analysis of dexamethasone use with tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123:682-686.
155. Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ, Lorenzetti BB, et al. Role of lipocortin-1 in the anti-hyperalgesic actions of dexamethasone. Br J Pharmacol. 1997;121:883-888. (Pubitemid 27277781)
156. Hargreaves KM, Costello A. Glucocorticoids suppress levels of immunoreactive bradykinin in inflamed tissue as evaluated by microdialysis probes. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;48:168-172.
157. Hong D, Byers MR, Oswald RJ. Dexamethasone treatment reduces sensory neuropeptides and nerve sprouting reactions in injured teeth. Pain. 1993;55:171-181. (Pubitemid 23323165)
158. Celiker V, Celebi N, Canbay O, et al. Minimum effective dose of dexamethasone after tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14:666-669. (Pubitemid 39070562)
159. Kim MS, Coté CJ, Cristoloveanu C, et al. There is no doseescalation response to dexamethasone (0.0625-1.0 mg/kg) in pediatric tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy patients for preventing vomiting, reducing pain, shortening time to first liquid intake, or the incidence of voice change. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1052-1058.
160. Afman CE, Welge JA, Steward DL. Steroids for post-tonsillectomy pain reduction: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:181-186. (Pubitemid 43187114)
161. Elhakim M, Ali NM, Rashed I, et al. Dexamethasone reduces postoperative vomiting and pain after pediatric tonsillectomy. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50:392-397. (Pubitemid 36748640)
162. Aouad MT, Siddik SS, Rizk LB, et al. The effect of dexamethasone on postoperative vomiting after tonsillectomy. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:636-640. (Pubitemid 32185787)
163. Czarnetzki C, Elia N, Tramer MR. Dexamethasone and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children-reply. JAMA. 2009;301:1765-1766.
164. Telian SA, Handler SD, Fleisher GR, et al. The effect of antibiotic therapy on recovery after tonsillectomy in children: a controlled study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;112:610-615. (Pubitemid 16012333)
165. Colreavy MP, Nanan D, Benamer M, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis post-tonsillectomy: is it of benefit? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999;50:15-22. (Pubitemid 29476504)
166. Krishna P, LaPage MJ, Hughes LF, et al. Current practice patterns in tonsillectomy and perioperative care. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68:779-784. (Pubitemid 38581268)
167. Dhiwakar M, Clement WA, Supriya M, McKerrow W. Antibiotics to reduce post-tonsillectomy morbidity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD005607.
168. Burkart CM, Steward DL. Antibiotics for reduction of posttonsillectomy morbidity: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2005;115: 997-1002. (Pubitemid 40776990)
169. Burton MJ, Isaacson G, Rosenfeld RM. Extracts from The Cochrane Library: tonsillectomy for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:15-18.
170. Dhiwakar M, Eng CY, Selvaraj S, et al. Antibiotics to improve recovery following tonsillectomy: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:357-364. (Pubitemid 43267230)
171. Lode H. Safety and tolerability of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Am J Med. 2010;123:S26-S38.
172. Crandall M, Lammers C, Senders C, et al. Children's tonsillectomy experiences: influencing factors. J Child Health Care. 2009;13:308-321.
173. Kotzer AM, Coy J, LeClaire AD. The effectiveness of a standardized educational program for children using patient-controlled analgesia. J Soc Pediatr Nurs. 1998;3:117-126.
174. Palermo TM, Drotar D. Prediction of children's postoperative pain: the role of presurgical expectations and anticipatory emotions. J Pediatr Psychol. 1996;21:683-698. (Pubitemid 26361903)
175. Crandall M, Lammers C, Senders C, et al. Children's preoperative tonsillectomy pain education: clinical outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:1523-1533.
176. Hollis L, Burton MJ, Millar J. Perioperative local anaesthesia for reducing pain following tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(4):CD001874.
177. Huth MM, Broome ME. A snapshot of children's postoperative tonsillectomy outcomes at home. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2007;12:186-195.
178. Tabaee A, Lin JW, Dupiton V, et al. The role of oral fluid intake following adeno-tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:1159-1164. (Pubitemid 43766765)
179. Park A, Proctor MD, Alder S, et al. Subtotal bipolar tonsillectomy does not decrease postoperative pain compared to total monopolar tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1205-1210. (Pubitemid 47016663)
180. Klemetti S, Kinnunen I, Suominen T, et al. The effect of preoperative fasting on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting in pediatric ambulatory tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:263-273.
181. Egeli E, Harputluoglu U, Ozturk O, et al. Can post-adenotonsillectomy morbidity be reduced by intravenous 24 h hydration in pediatric patients following adenotonsillectomy? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68:1047-1051. (Pubitemid 38979820)
182. Zagólski O. Do diet and activity restrictions influence recovery after adenoidectomy and partial tonsillectomy? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:407-411.
183. Brodsky L, Radomski K, Gendler J. The effect of post-operative instructions on recovery after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;25:133-140. (Pubitemid 23051648)
184. Wilson ME, Helgadóttir HL. Patterns of pain and analgesic use in 3- to 7-year-old children after tonsillectomy. Pain Manag Nurs. 2006;7:159-166. (Pubitemid 44824852)
185. Fortier MA, MacLaren JE, Martin SR, et al. Pediatric pain after ambulatory surgery: where's the medication? Pediatrics. 2009;124:e588-e595.
186. Wiggins SA, Foster RL. Pain after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: "ouch it did hurt bad." Pain Manag Nurs. 2007;8:156-165.
187. Warnock FF, Lander J. The painful (and costly) facts about children's tonsillectomy day surgery. AARN News Lett. 1998;54:17.
188. Swallow J, Briggs M, Semple P. Pain at home: children's experience of tonsillectomy. J Child Health Care. 2000;4:93-98.
189. Unsworth V, Franck LS, Choonara I. Parental assessment and management of children's postoperative pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Child Health Care. 2007;11:186-194.
190. Sutters KA, Miaskowski C, Holdridge-Zeuner DW, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of scheduled dosing of acetaminophen and hydrocodone for the management of postoperative pain in children after tonsillectomy. Clin J Pain. 2010;26:95-103.
191. Fedorowicz Z, Al-Muharraqi MA, Nasser M, Al-Harthy N. Oral rinses, mouthwashes and sprays for improving recovery following tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD007806.
192. Sutters KA, Miaskowski C, Holdridge-Zeuner D, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of a scheduled oral analgesic dosing regimen for the management of postoperative pain in children following tonsillectomy. Pain. 2004;110:49-55. (Pubitemid 38953267)
193. Moir MS, Bair E, Shinnick P, et al. Acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1824-1827.
194. Toms L, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Single dose oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) with codeine for postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD001547.
195. Williams DG, Patel A, Howard RF. Pharmacogenetics of codeine metabolism in an urban population of children and its implications for analgesic reliability. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:839-845. (Pubitemid 35460521)
196. Fagerlund TH, Braaten O. No pain relief from codeine...? An introduction to pharmacogenomics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:140-149. (Pubitemid 32115682)
197. Ciszkowski C, Madadi P, Phillips MS, et al. Codeine, ultrarapid- metabolism genotype, and postoperative death. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:827-828.
198. Anderson BJ, Holford NH, Woollard GA, et al. Perioperative pharmacodynamics of acetaminophen analgesia in children. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:411-421. (Pubitemid 29071508)
199. Owczarzak V, Haddad J. Comparison of oral versus rectal administration of acetaminophen with codeine in postoperative pediatric adenotonsillectomy patients. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:1485-1488. (Pubitemid 44181469)
200. Harley EH, Dattolo RA. Ibuprofen for tonsillectomy pain in children: efficacy and complications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;119:492-496. (Pubitemid 28525072)
201. Marret E, Flahault A, Samama CM, et al. Effects of postoperative, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs on bleeding risk after tonsillectomy: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:1497-1502. (Pubitemid 36622488)
202. Cardwell ME, Siviter G, Smith AF. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD003591.
203. Judkins JH, Dray TG, Hubbell RN. Intraoperative ketorolac and posttonsillectomy bleeding. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:937-940. (Pubitemid 26304229)
204. Bailey R, Sinha C, Burgess LP. Ketorolac tromethamine and hemorrhage in tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, double- blind study. Laryngoscope. 1997;107:166-169. (Pubitemid 27076674)
205. Pillai Riddell RR, Craig KD. Time-contingent schedules for postoperative analgesia: a review of the literature. J Pain. 2003;4:169-175. (Pubitemid 36676948)
206. Rømsing J, Hertel S, Harder A, et al. Examination of acetaminophen for outpatient management of postoperative pain in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 1998;8:235-239. (Pubitemid 28242273)
207. Bean-Lijewski JD, Kruitbosch SH, Hutchinson L, et al. Posttonsillectomy pain management in children: can we do better? Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2007;137:545-551. (Pubitemid 47454663)
208. Helgadóttir HL, Wilson ME. Temperament and pain in 3 to 7-year-old children undergoing tonsillectomy. J Pediatr Nurs. 2004;19:204-213. (Pubitemid 38748582)
209. Sutters KA, Miaskowski C. Inadequate pain management and associated morbidity in children at home after tonsillectomy. J Pediatr Nurs. 1997;12:178-185.
210. Hamers JP, Abu-Saad HH. Children's pain at home following (adeno) tonsillectomy. Eur J Pain. 2002;6:213-219.
211. MacLaren JE, Kain ZN. Prevalence and predictors of significant sleep disturbances in children undergoing ambulatory tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33:248-257.
212. Fortier MA, Del Rosario AM, Rosenbaum A, et al. Beyond pain: predictors of postoperative maladaptive behavior change in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010;20:445-453.
213. Rosbe KW, Jones D, Jalisi S, et al. Efficacy of postoperative follow-up telephone calls for patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:718-721. (Pubitemid 30399646)
214. Jones DT, Yoon MJ, Licameli G. Effectiveness of postoperative follow-up telephone interviews for patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy: a retrospective study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133:1091-1095. (Pubitemid 350157019)
215. McClelland L, Jones NS. Tonsillectomy: haemorrhaging ideas. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119:753-758. (Pubitemid 41502908)
216. Pinder DK, Hilton MP. Dissection versus diathermy for tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD002211.
217. Mowatt G, Cook JA, Fraser C, et al. Systematic review of the safety of electrosurgery for tonsillectomy. Clin Otolaryngol. 2006;31:95-102.
218. Haddow K, Montague ML, Hussain SS. Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage: prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of cold dissection versus bipolar diathermy dissection. J Laryngol Otol. 2006;120:450-454. (Pubitemid 46832906)
219. Lee MS, Montague ML, Hussain SS. Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage: cold versus hot dissection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:833-836. (Pubitemid 39575936)
220. Gendy S, O'Leary M, Colreavy M, et al. Tonsillectomy - cold dissection vs. hot dissection: a prospective study. Ir Med J. 2005;98:243-244.
221. O'Leary S, Vorrath J. Postoperative bleeding after diathermy and dissection tonsillectomy. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:591-594. (Pubitemid 40530005)
222. Leinbach RF, Markwell SJ, Colliver JA, et al. Hot versus cold tonsillectomy: a systematic review of the literature. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:360-364. (Pubitemid 37248948)
223. Burton MJ, Doree C. Coblation versus other surgical techniques for tonsillectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD004619.
224. Glade RS, Pearson SE, Zalzal GH, et al. Coblation adenotonsillectomy: an improvement over electrocautery technique? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134:852-855.
225. Neumann C, Street I, Lowe D, et al. Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy: a systematic review of evidence for postoperative hemorrhage. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:378-384. (Pubitemid 47320871)
226. Krishna S, Hughes LF, Lin SY. Postoperative hemorrhage with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use after tonsillectomy: a metaanalysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129: 1086-1089. (Pubitemid 37248307)
227. Møiniche S, Rømsing J, Dahl JB, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of operative site bleeding after tonsillectomy: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2003; 96:68-77. (Pubitemid 36050041)
228. Iyer S, DeFoor W, Grocela J, et al. The use of perioperative antibiotics in tonsillectomy: does it decrease morbidity? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:853-861.
229. Clavisi O. Does antibiotic and or steroid therapy reduce pain and secondary hemorrhaging after tonsillectomy? Clayton, Victoria: Center for Clinical Effectiveness; 2000.