Growth and the regulation of myotomal muscle mass in teleost fish

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 214, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1617-1628

  Johnston, Ian A ^a   Bower, Neil I ^a   Macqueen, Daniel J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Muscle fibre; Muscle gene paralogue; Muscle growth model; Muscle protein breakdown; Muscle protein synthesis; Myoblast fusion; Myogenic precursor cell

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; FISH; GENE DUPLICATION; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTOLOGY; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; FISHES; GENE DUPLICATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

MAMMALIA; TELEOSTEI;

EID: 79955627441     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.038620     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Altringham, J. D. and Johnston, I. A. (1990). Modelling muscle power output in a swimming fish. J. Exp. Biol. 148, 395-402. (Pubitemid 20092522)
2. Amali, A. A., Lin, C. L., Chen, Y. H., Wang, W. L., Gong, H. Y., Lee, C. Y., Ko, Y. L., Lu, J. K., Her, G. M., Chen, I. I. et al. (2004). Up-regulation of muscle specific transcription factors during embryonic somitogenesis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) by knock-down of myostatin I. Dev. Dyn. 229, 847-856. (Pubitemid 38429113)
3. Andrews, J. L., Zhang, X., McCarthy, J. J., McDearmon, E. L., Hornberger, T. A., Russell, B., Campbell, K. S., Arbogast, S., Reid, M. B., Walker, J. R. et al. (2010). Clock and Bmal1 regulate MyoD and are necessary for maintenance of skeletal muscle phenotype and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 19090-19095.
4. Bar, N. S. and Radde, N. (2009). Long-term prediction of fish growth under varying ambient temperature using a multiscale dynamic model. BMC Syst. Biol. 3,107.
5. Bar, N. S., Sigholt, T., Shearer, K. D. and Krogdahl, Å. (2007). A dynamic model of nutrient pathways, growth and body composition in fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64, 1669-1682. (Pubitemid 351229339)
6. Barresi, M. J., D'Angelo, J. A. D., Hernandez, L. P. and Devoto, S. H. (2001). Distinct mechanisms regulate slow-muscle development. Curr. Biol. 11, 1432-1438. (Pubitemid 32863193)
7. Baxendale, S., Davison, C., Muxworthy, C., Wolff, C., Ingham, P. W. and Roy, S. (2004). The B-cell maturation factor Blimp-1 specifies vertebrate slow-twitch muscle fiber identity in response to Hedgehog signaling. Nat. Genet. 36, 88-93. (Pubitemid 38056213)
8. Bessarab, D. A., Chong, S. W., Srinivas, B. P. and Korzh, V. (2008). Six1a is required for the onset of fast muscle differentiation in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 323, 216-228.
9. Biga, P. R. and Goetz, F. W. (2006). Zebrafish and giant Danio as models for muscle growth: Determinate vs indeterminate growth as determined by moprphometric analysis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Comp. Physiol. 291, R1327-R1337.
10. Bird, A. (2002). DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 16, 6-21. (Pubitemid 34049633)
11. Bower, N. I. and Johnston, I. A. (2010a). Transcriptional regulation of the IGF signalling pathway by amino acids and insulin-like growth factors during myogenesis in Atlantic salmon. PLoS ONE 5, e11100.
12. Bower, N. I. and Johnston, I. A. (2010b). Paralogs of Atlantic salmon myoblast determination genes are distinctly regulated in proliferating and differentiating myogenic cells. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Comp. Physiol. 298, R1615-R1626.
13. Bower, N. I. and Johnston, I. A. (2010c). Discovery and characterisation of nutritionally regulated genes associated with muscle growth in Atlantic salmon. Physiol. Genomics 42A, 114-130.
14. Bower, N. I., Li, X., Taylor, R. and Johnston, I. A. (2008). Switching to fast growth: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in skeletal muscle of Atlantic salmon. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 3859-3870.
15. Bushati, N. and Cohen, S. M. (2007). microRNA functions. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 23, 175-205.
16. Chauvigne, F., Gabillard, J. C., Weil, C. and Rescan, P.-Y. (2003). Effect of refeeding on IGFI, IGFII, IGF receptors, FGF2 and myostatin mRNA expression in rainbow trout myotomal muscle. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 132, 209-215. (Pubitemid 36694054)
17. Cleveland, B. M. and Weber, G. M. (2010). Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin and leucine on protein turnover and ubiquitin ligase expression in rainbow trout primary myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Comp. Physiol. 298, R341-R350.
18. Coolican, S. A., Samuel, D. S., Ewton, D. Z., McWade, F. J. and Florini, J. R. (1997). The mitogenic and myogenic actions of insulin-like growth factors utilize distinct signalling pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6653-6662. (Pubitemid 27118151)
19. Dai, W., Kamei, H., Zhao, Y., Ding, J., Du, Z. and Duan, C. (2010). Duplicated zebrafish insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 genes with split functional domains: Evidence for evolutionary conserved IGF binding, nuclear localization, and transactivation activity. FASEB J. 24, 2020-2029.
20. Davie, A., Minghetti, M. and Migaud, H. (2009). Seasonal variations in clock-gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Chronobiol. Int. 26, 379-395.
21. Demonbreun, A. R., Posey, A. D., Heretis, K., Swaggart, K. A., Earley, J. U., Pytel, P. and McNully, E. M. (2010). Myoferlin is responsible for insulin-like growth factor response and muscle growth. FASEB J. 24, 1284-1295.
22. Devlin, R. H., Yesaki, T. Y., Biagi, C. A., Donaldson, E. M., Swanson, P. and Chan, W. K. (1994). Extraordinary salmon growth. Nature 371, 209-210.
23. Devlin, R. H., Sakhrani, D., Tymchuk, W. E., Rise, M. L. and Goh, B. (2009). Domestication and growth hormone transgenesis causes similar changes in gene expression in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 3047-3052.
24. Devoto, S. H., Melancon, E., Eisen, J. S. and Westerfield, M. (1996). Identification of separate slow and fast muscle precursors in vivo, prior to somite formation. Development 122, 3371-3380. (Pubitemid 26395980)
25. Diaz, M., Vraskou, Y., Gutierrez, J. and Planas, V. (2009). Expression of rainbow trout glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 during in vitro muscle cell differentiation and regulation by insulin and IGF-I. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Comp. Physiol. 296, R794-R800.
26. Du, S. J., Li, H., Bian, Y. and Zhong, Y. (2008). Heat-shock protein 90alpha1 is required for organized myofibril assembly in skeletal muscles of zebrafish embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 554-559. (Pubitemid 351171746)
27. Duan, C., Ren, H. and Gao, S. (2010). Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors and IGF-binding proteins: Roles in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. Gen. Comp. Physiol. 167, 344-351.
28. Egginton, S. and Sidell, B. D. (1989). Thermal acclimation induces adaptive changes in subcellular structure of fish skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Comp. Physiol. 256, R1-R9.
29. Elworthy, S., Hargrave, M., Knight, R., Mebus, K. and Ingham, P. W. (2008). Expression of multiple slow myosin heavy chain genes reveals a diversity of zebrafish slow twitch muscle fibres with differing requirements for Hedgehog and Prdm1 activity. Development 135, 2115-2126. (Pubitemid 352015146)
30. Engert, J. C., Berglund, E. B. and Rosenthal, N. (1996). Proliferation proceeds differentiation in IGF stimulated myogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 135, 431-440. (Pubitemid 26359336)
31. Gabillard, J. C., Ralliere, C., Sabin, N. and Rescan, P.-Y. (2010). The production of fluorescent transgenic trout to study in vitro myogenic cell differentiation. BMC Biotechnol. 10, e39.
32. Glass, D. J. (2005). Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37, 1974-1984. (Pubitemid 41206815)
33. Goll, D. E., Thompson, V. F., Li, H., Wei, W. and Cong, J. (2003). The calpain system. Physiol. Rev. 83, 731-801. (Pubitemid 36828925)
34. Hardie, D. G. (2004). AMPK and Raptor: Matching cell growth to energy supply. Mol. Cell 30, 263-265.
35. Hawkins, T. A., Haramis, A.-P., Etard, C., Prodromou, C., Vaughan, C. K., Ashworth, R., Ray, S., Behra, M., Holder, N., Talbot et al. (2008). The ATPasedependent chaperoning activity of Hsp90a regulates thick filament formation and integration during skeletal muscle myofibrillogenesis. Development 135, 1147-1156. (Pubitemid 351578143)
36. Henry, C. A. and Amacher, S. L. (2004). Zebrafish slow muscle cell migration induces a wave of fast muscle morphogenesis. Dev. Cell 7, 917-923. (Pubitemid 39654735)
37. Hinits, Y. and Hughes, S. M. (2007). Mef2s are required for thick filament formation in nascent muscle fibres. Development 134, 2511-2519. (Pubitemid 47074145)
38. Hinits, Y., Osborn, D. P. and Hughes, S. M. (2009). Differential requirements for myogenic regulatory factors distinguish medial and lateral somitic, cranial and fin muscle fibre populations. Development 136, 403-414.
39. Hirsinger, E., Stellabotte, F., Devoto, S. H. and Westerfield, M. (2004). Hedgehog signaling is required for commitment but not initial induction of slow muscle precursors. Dev. Biol. 275, 142-157.
40. Hollway, G. E., Bryson-Richardson, R. J., Berger, S., Cole, N. J., Hall, T. E. and Currie, P. D. (2007). Whole-somite rotation generates muscle progenitor cell compartments in the developing zebrafish embryo. Dev. Cell 12, 207-219. (Pubitemid 46172905)
41. Horsley, V., Friday, B. B., Matteson, S., Kegley, K. M., Gephart, J. and Pavlath, G. K. (2001). Regulation of the growth of multinucleated cells by an NFATC2-dependent pathway. J. Cell Biol. 153, 329-338. (Pubitemid 34280219)
42. Jaillon, O., Aury, J. M., Brunet, F., Petit, J. L., Stange-Thomann, N., Mauceli, E., Bouneau, L., Fischer, C., Ozouf-Costaz, C., Bernot, A. et al. (2004). Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature 431, 946-957. (Pubitemid 39434410)
43. Johnston, I. A. (1982). Capillarization, oxygen diffusion distances and mitochondrial content of carp muscles following acclimation to summer and winter temperatures. Cell Tissue Res. 222, 325-337. (Pubitemid 12151828)
44. Johnston, I. A. and Temple, G. K. (2002). Thermal plasticity of skeletal muscle phenotype in ectothermic vertebrates and its significance for locomotory behavior. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2305-2322.
45. Johnston, I. A., Davison, W. and Goldspink, G. (1977). Energy metabolism of carp swimming muscles. J. Comp. Physiol. 114, 203-216.
46. Johnston, I. A., Manthri, S., Smart, A., Campbell, P., Nickell, D. and Alderson, R. (2003a). Plasticity of muscle fibre number in seawater stages of Atlantic salmon in response to photoperiod manipulation. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 3425-3435. (Pubitemid 37298551)
47. Johnston, I. A., Manthri, S., Alderson, R., Smart, A., Campbell, P., Nickell, D., Robertson, B., Paxton, C. G. M. and Burt, M. L. (2003b). Freshwater environment affects growth rate and muscle fibre recruitment in seawater stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1337-1351. (Pubitemid 36530793)
48. Johnston, I. A., Fernández, D. A., Calvo, J., North, A. W., Abercromby, M. and Garland, T., Jr (2003c). Reduction in muscle fibre number during the adaptive radiation of notothenioid fishes: A phylogenetic perspective. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2595-2609. (Pubitemid 37042040)
49. Johnston, I. A., Abercromby, M., Vieira, V. L. A., Sigursteindó ttir, R. J., Kristjánsson, B., Sibthorpe, D. and Skúlason, S. (2004). Rapid evolution of muscle fibre number in post-glacial populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4343-4360. (Pubitemid 40078365)
50. Johnston, I. A., Abercromby, M. and Andersen, Ø. (2005). Loss of muscle fibres in a landlocked dwarf Atlantic salmon population. Biol. Lett. 1, 419-422. (Pubitemid 41796584)
51. Johnston, I. A., Lee, H.-T., Macqueen, D. J., Paranthaman, K., Kawashima, C., Anwar, A., Kinghorn, J. R. and Dalmay, T. (2009). Embryonic temperature affects muscle fibre recruitment in adult zebrafish: Genome-wide changes in gene and microRNA expression associated with the transition from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth phenotypes. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1781-1793.
52. Kahn, B. B., Alquier, T., Carling, D. and Hardie, D. G. (2005). AMP-activated protein kinase: Ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism. Cell Metab. 1, 15-25. (Pubitemid 43960587)
53. Kamei, H., Lu, L., Jiao, S., Li, Y., Gyrup, C., Laursen, L. S., Oxvig, C., Zhou, J. and Duan, C. (2008). Duplication and diversification of the hypoxia-inducible IGFBP-1 gene in zebrafish. PLoS ONE 3, e3091.
54. Kawauchi, H. and Sower, S. A. (2006). The dawn and evolution of hormones in the adenohypothesis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 148, 3-14.
55. Koumans, J. T. M., Akster, H. A., Brooms, G. H. R., Lemmens, C. J. J. and Osse, J. W. M. (1994). Numbers of myonuclei and of myosatellite cells in red and white axial muscle during growth of carp Cyprinus carpio L. (Teleostei). J. Fish Biol. 44, 391-408. (Pubitemid 2053734)
56. Kulczykowska, E. and Sánchez-Vázquez, F. J. (2010). Neurohormonal regulation of feed intake and response to nutrients in fish: Aspects of feeding rhythm and stress. Aquacult. Res. 41, 654-667.
57. Lamia, K. A., Sachdeva, U. M., DiTacchio, L., Williams, E. C., Alvarez, J. G., Egan, D. F., Vasquez, D. S., Juguilon, H., Panda, S., Shaw, R. J. et al. (2009). AMPK regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation. Science 326, 437-440.
58. Lee, C. Y., Hu, S. Y., Gong, H. Y., Chen, M. H. C., Lu, J. K. and Wu, J. L. (2009). Suppresion of myostatin with vector-based RNA interference causes a doublemuscle effect in transgenic zebrafish. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 387, 766-771.
59. LeMoine, C. M., Genge, C. E. and Moyes, C. D. (2008). Role of the PGC-1 family in metabolic adaptations of goldfish to diet and temperature. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 1448-1455. (Pubitemid 351954827)
60. Liang, C.-S., Ikeda, D., Kinoshita, S., Shimuzu, A., Sasaki, T., Asakawa, S., Shimizu, N. and Watabe, S. (2008). Myocyte enhancer factor 2 regulates expression of medaka Oryzias latipes fast skeletal myosin heavy chain genes in a temperature-dependent manner. Gene 407, 42-53. (Pubitemid 350251653)
61. Liew, H. P., Choski, S. P., Wong, K. N. and Roy, S. (2008). Specification of vertebrate slow-twitch muscle fiber fate by the transcriptional regulator Blimp1. Dev. Biol. 324, 226-235. (Pubitemid 50323604)
62. Macqueen, D. J. and Johnston, I. A. (2006). A novel salmonid myoD gene is distinctly regulated during development and probably arose by duplication after the genome tetraploidization. FEBS Lett. 580, 4996-5002. (Pubitemid 44332368)
63. Macqueen, D. J. and Johnston, I. A. (2008). An update on MyoD evolution in teleosts and a proposed nomenclature to accommodate the tetraploidization of different vertebrate genomes. PLoS ONE 3, e1567.
64. Macqueen, D. J., Robb, D. H. F., Olsen, T., Melstveit, L., Paxton, C. G. M. and Johnston, I. A. (2008). Temperature until the 'eyed stage' of embryogenesis programmes the growth trajectory and muscle phenotype of adult Atlantic salmon. Biol. Lett. 4, 294-298. (Pubitemid 351652355)
65. Macqueen, D. J., Kristjánsson, B. K. and Johnston, I. A. (2010a). Salmonid genomes have a remarkably expanded akirin family, co-expressed with genes from conserved pathways governing skeletal muscle growth and catabolism. Physiol. Genomics 42, 134-148.
66. Macqueen, D. J., Bower, N. I. and Johnston, I. A. (2010b). Positioning the expanded akirin gene family of Atlantic salmon within the transcriptional networks controlling myogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 400, 599-605.
67. Macqueen, D. J., Delbridge, M. L., Manthri, S. and Johnston, I. A. (2010c). A newly classified vertebrate calpain protease, directly ancestral to CAPN1 and 2, episodically evolved a restricted physiological function in placental mammals. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27, 1886-1902.
68. Margetic, S., Gazzola, C., Pegg, G. and Hill, R. (2002). Leptin: A review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int. J. Obes. Metab. Disord. 26, 1407-1433. (Pubitemid 36007818)
69. Marschallinger, J., Obermayer, A., Sänger, A. M., Stoiber, W. and Steinbacher, P. (2009). Postembryonic fast muscle growth of teleost fish depends upon a nonuniformly distributed population of mitotically active Pax7+ precursor cells. Dev. Dyn. 238, 2442-2448.
70. Maves, L., Waskiewicz, A. J., Paul, B., Cao, Y., Tyler, A., Moens, C. B. and Tapscott, S. J. (2007). Pbx homeodomain proteins direct Myod activity to promote fast-muscle differentiation. Development 134, 3371-3382. (Pubitemid 350018437)
71. Medeiros, E. F., Phelps, M. P., Fuentes, F. D. and Bradley, T. M. (2009). Over expression of follistatin in trout stimulates increased muscling. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297, R235-R242.
72. Miller, B. H., McDearmon, E. L., Panda, S., Hayes, K. R., Zhang, J., Andrews, J. L., Antoch, M. P., Walker, J. R., Esser, K. A., Hogenesch, J. B. et al. (2007). Circadian and CLOCK-controlled regulation of the mouse transcriptome and cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 3342-3347. (Pubitemid 46364161)
73. Mishima, Y., Abreu-Goodger, C., Stahlhut, C., Shou, C., Cheng, C., Gerstein, M., Enright, A. J. and Giraldez, A. J. (2009). Zebrafish miR-1 and miR-133 shape muscle gene expression and regulate sarcomeric actin organization. Genes Dev. 23, 619-632.
74. Montseratt, N., Gabillard, J. C., Capilla, E., Navarro, M. I. and Gutiérrez, J. (2007). Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and muscle regulatory factors in the compensatory growth of the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 150, 462-472. (Pubitemid 46049815)
75. Moore, C. A., Parkin, C. A., Bidet, Y. and Ingham, P. W. (2007). A role for the myoblast city homologues Dock1 and Dock5 and the adaptor proteins Crk and Crklike in zebrafish myoblast fusion. Development 134, 3145-3153. (Pubitemid 47506153)
76. Nam, Y. K., Noh, J. K., Cho, Y. S., Cho, H. J., Cho, K. N., Kim, C. G. and Kim, D. S. (2001). Dramatically accelerated growth and extraordinary gigantism of transgenic mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis. Transgenic Res. 10, 353-362. (Pubitemid 32835837)
77. Nicklin, P., Bergman, P., Zhang, B., Triantafellow, E., Wang, H., Nyfeler, B., Yang, H., Hild, M., Kung, C., Wilson, C. et al. (2009). Bidirectional transport of amino acids regulates mTor and autophagy. Cell 136, 521-534.
78. Orczewska, J. I., Hartleben, G. and O'Brien, K. M. (2010). The molecular basis of aerobic metabolic remodeling differs between ozidative muscle and liver of threespine sticklebacks in response to cold acclimation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 299, R352-R364.
79. Patterson, S. E., Mook, L. B. and Devoto, S. H. (2008). Growth in the larval zebrafish pectoral fin and trunk musculature. Dev. Dyn. 237, 307-315. (Pubitemid 351312104)
80. Pedersen, B. K. and Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol. Rev. 88, 1379-1406.
81. Ren, H., Accili, D. and Duan, C. (2010). Hypoxia converts the myogenic action of insulin-like growth factors into mitogenic action by differentially regulating multiple signaling pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 5857-5862.
82. Rescan, P.-Y., Montfort, J., Ralliére, C., Le Cam, A., Esquerre, D. and Hugot, K. (2007). Dynamic gene expression in fish muscle during recovery growth induced by a fasting-refeeding schedule. BMC Genomics 8, 438.
83. Richardson, B. E., Nowak, S. J. and Baylies, M. K. (2008). Myoblast fusion in fly and vertebrates: New genes, new processes and new perspectives. Traffic 9, 1050-1059. (Pubitemid 351916882)
84. Rodgers, B. D. and Garikipati, D. K. (2008). Clinical, agricultural, and evolutionary biology of myostatin: A comparative review. Endocr. Rev. 5, 513-534.
85. Rosenthal, S. M. and Cheng, Z. Q. (1995). Opposing early and late effects of insulinlike growth factor I on differentiation and the cell cycle retinoblastoma protein in skeletal myoblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10307-10311.
86. Rowlerson, A., Radaelli, G., Mascarello, F. and Veggetti, A. (1997). Re-generation of skeletal muscle in two teleost fish: Sparus aurata and Brachydanio rerio. Cell Tissue Res. 289, 311-322. (Pubitemid 27326655)
87. Sáinz, N., Rodríguez, A., Catalán, V., Becerril, S., Ramírez, B., Gómez-Ambrosi, J. and Frühbeck, G. (2009). Leptin administration favors muscle mass accretion by decreasing FoxO3a and increasing PGC-1αin ob/ob mice. PLoS ONE 4, e6808.
88. Salem, M., Kenney, P. B., Rexroad, C. E. and Yao, J. (2006). Microarray gene expression analysis in atrophying rainbow trout muscle: A unique non-mammalian muscle degradation model. Physiol. Genomics 28, 33-45. (Pubitemid 46702015)
89. Sánchez, J. A., López-Olmeda, J. F., Blanco-Vives, B. and Sánchez-Vázquez, F. J. (2009). Effects of feeding schedule on locomotor activity rhythms and stress response in sea bream. Physiol. Behav. 98, 125-129.
90. Sanger, J. W., Wang, J., Holloway, B., Du, A. and Sanger, J. M. (2009). Myofibrillogenesis in skeletal muscle fibres in zebrafish. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66, 556-566.
91. Schlueter, P. J., Royer, T., Farah, M. H., Laser, B., Chan, S. J., Steiner, D. F. and Duan, C. M. (2006). Gene duplication and functional divergence of the zebrafish insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. FASEB J. 20, 1230-1232.
92. Seiliez, I., Gabillard, J. C., Skiba-Cassy, S., Garcia-Serrana, D., Gitierrez, J., Kaushik, S., Panserat, S. and Tesseraud, S. (2008). An in vivo and in vitro assessment of TOR signaling cascade in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Comp. Physiol. 295, R329-R335.
93. Seiliez, I., Gutierrez, J., Salmerón, C., Skiba-Cassy, S., Chauvin, C., Dias, K., Kaushik, S., Tesseraud, S. and Panserat, S. (2010). An in vivo and in vitro assessment of autophagy-related gene expression in muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 157B, 258-266.
94. Serrano, A. L., Baeza-Raja, B., Perdiguero, E., Jardi, M. and Munoz-Canoves, P. (2008). Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell Metab. 7, 33-44.
95. Sohn, R. L., Huang, P., Kawahara, G., Mitchell, M., Guyon, J., Kaluri, R., Kunkel, L. M. and Gussoni, E. (2009). A role for nephrin, a renal protein, in vertebrate skeletal muscle fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 9274-9279.
96. Srinivas, B. P., Woo, J., Leong, W. Y. and Roy, S. (2007). A conserved molecular pathway mediates myoblast fusion in insects and vertebrates. Nat. Genet. 39, 781-786. (Pubitemid 46848598)
97. Stellabotte, F., Dobbs-McAuliffe, B., Fernandez, D. A., Feng, X. and Devoto, S. H. (2007). Dynamic somite rearrangements lead to distinct waves of myotome growth. Development 134, 1253-1257. (Pubitemid 46706032)
98. Stickland, N. C., White, R. N., Mescall, P. E., Crook, A. R. and Thorpe, J. E. (1988). The effect of temperature on myogenesis in embryonic development of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Anat. Embryol. 178, 323-333.
99. Tan, X., Rotllant, J., Li, H., DeDeyne, P. and Du, S. J. (2006). SmyD1, a histone methyltransferase, is required for myofibrillar organization and muscle contraction in zebrafish embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 2713-2718.
100. Tong, J. F., Yan, X., Zhu, M. J. and Du, M. (2009). AMP-activated protein kinase enhances the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases despite its activation of IGF-1/Akt signaling in C2C12 myotubes. J. Cell. Biochem. 108, 458-468.
101. van Leeuwen, J. L., van der Meulen, T., Schipper, H. and Kranenbarg, S. (2008). A functional analysis of myotomal muscle-fibre reorientation in developing zebrafish Danio rerio. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 1289-1304. (Pubitemid 351747337)
102. Veggetti, A., Mascarello, F., Scapolo, P. A., Rowlerson, A. and Carnevali, M. D. C. (1993). Muscle growth and myosin isoform transitions during development of a small teleost fish, Poecilia reticulate (Peters) (Antheriniformes, Poeciliidae) -a histochemical, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric study. Anat. Embryol. 187, 353-361. (Pubitemid 23183695)
103. Videler, J. L. (1993). Fish swimming. Fish and Fisheries Series 10, 260 pp. London: Chapman and Hall.
104. Vieira, E., Nilsson, E. C., Nerstedt, A., Ormestad, M., Long, Y. C., Garcia-Roves, P. M., Zierath, J. R. and Mahlapuu, M. (2008). Relationship between AMPK and the transcriptional balance of clock-related genes in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, E1032-E1037.
105. Watabe, S., Hwang, G. C., Nakaya, M., Guo, X. F. and Okamoto, Y. (1992). Fast skeletal myosin isoforms in thermally acclimated carp. J. Biochem. 111, 113-122.
106. White, Y. A., Kyle, J. T. and Wood, A. W. (2009). Targeted gene knockdown in zebrafish reveals distinct intraembryonic functions for insulin-like growth factor II signaling. Endocrinology 150, 4366-4375.
107. Williamson, D. L., Butler, D. C. and Alway, S. E. (2009). AMPK inhibits myoblast differentiation through a PGC-1 alpha-dependent mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 297, E304-E314.
108. Wilson, E. M. and Rotwein, P. (2006). Control of MyoD function during initiation of muscle differentiation by an autocrine signaling pathway activated by insulin-like growth factor-II. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 29962-29971. (Pubitemid 44537004)
109. Witt, S. H., Granzier, H., Witt, C. C. and Labeit, S. (2005). MURF-1 and MURF-2 target a specific sub-set of myofibrillar proteins redundantly: Towards understanding MURF-dependent ubiquitination. J. Mol. Biol. 350, 713-722. (Pubitemid 40848669)
110. Wolff, C., Roy, S. and Ingham, P. W. (2003). Multiple muscle cell identities induced by distinct levels and timing of hedgehog activity in the zebrafish embryo. Curr. Biol. 13, 1169-1181. (Pubitemid 36872939)
111. Wood, A. W., Duan, C. and Bern, H. A. (2005). Insulin-like growth factor signalling in fish. Int. Rev. Cytol. 243, 215-285. (Pubitemid 41557301)
112. Xu, C., Wu, G., Zohar, Y. and Du, S.-J. (2003). Analysis of myostatin gene structure, expression and function in zebrafish. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 4067-4079. (Pubitemid 37488923)
113. Zhou, J., Li, W., Kamei, H. and Duan, C. (2008). Duplication of the IGFBP-2 gene in teleost fish: Protein structure and functionality conservation and gene expression divergence. PLoS ONE 3, e3926.