New understandings in Streptococcus pyogenes

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 196-202

  Lynskey, Nicola N ^a   Lawrenson, Richard A ^a   Sriskandan, Shiranee ^a  

^a HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

emm1; epidemiology; group A streptococcus; vaccine

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CLINDAMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; LINCOSAMIDE DERIVATIVE; SERINE PROTEINASE; SPYCEP; STREPTOCOCCUS VACCINE; SUPERANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; SEPSIS; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; TONSILLITIS;

GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; VIRULENCE; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 79955521681     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: 14736527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283458f7e     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Beres SB, Carroll RK, Shea PR, et al. Molecular complexity of successive bacterial epidemics deconvoluted by comparative pathogenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:4371-4376.
2. Cunningham MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:470-511. (Pubitemid 30452618)
3. Aziz RK, Kotb M. Rise and persistence of global M1T1 clone of Streptococcus pyogenes. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1511-1517.
4. Smoot JC, Korgenski EK, Daly JA, et al. Molecular analysis of group A streptococcus type emm18 isolates temporally associated with acute rheumatic fever outbreaks in Salt Lake City, Utah. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1805-1810. (Pubitemid 34493161)
5. Smoot LM, McCormick JK, Smoot JC, et al. Characterization of two novel pyrogenic toxin superantigens made by an acute rheumatic fever clone of Streptococcus pyogenes associated with multiple disease outbreaks. Infect Immun 2002; 70:7095-7104. (Pubitemid 35387947)
6. Ardanuy C, Domenech A, Rolo D, et al. Molecular characterization of macrolide- and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from adult patients in Barcelona, Spain (1993-2008). J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:634-643.
7. Steer AC, Batzloff MR, Mulholland K, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal vaccines: facts versus fantasy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22:544-552.
8. McDonald M, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throa' Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4:240-245. (Pubitemid 38407307)
9. Seckeler MD, Barton LL, Brownstein R. The persistent challenge of rheumatic fever in the Northern Mariana Islands. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e226-e229.
10. Le HS, Doloy A, Baumann F, et al. Clinical and microbial characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease in New Caledonia, a region in Oceania with a high incidence of acute rheumatic fever. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:526-530.
11. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990; 336:1167-1171. (Pubitemid 20362914)
12. Luca-Harari B, Darenberg J, Neal S, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of severe Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Europe. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1155-1165
13. Siljander T, Lyytikainen O, Vahakuopus S, et al. Epidemiology, outcome and emm types of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Finland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1229-1235.
14. Henriet S, Kaguelidou F, Bidet P, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infection in children: clinical manifestations and molecular characterization in a French pediatric tertiary care center. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:341-346.
15. Meisal R, Hoiby EA, Caugant DA, Musser JM. Molecular characteristics of pharyngeal and invasive emm3 Streptococcus pyogenes strains from Norway, 1988-2003. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:31-43.
16. Meisal R, Andreasson IK, Hoiby EA, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes isolates causing severe infections in Norway in 2006 to 2007: emm types, multilocus sequence types, and superantigen profiles. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:842-851.
17. Nir-Paz R, Korenman Z, Ron M, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes emm and T types within a decade, 1996-2005: implications for epidemiology and future vaccines. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138:53-60.
18. Tamayo E, Montes M, Garcia-Medina G, et al. Spread of a highly mucoid Streptococcus pyogenes emm3/ST15 clone. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:233.
19. Green NM, Zhang S, Porcella SF, et al. Genome sequence of a serotype M28 strain of group A streptococcus: potential new insights into puerperal sepsis and bacterial disease specificity. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:760-770. (Pubitemid 41193073)
20. Garcia AF, Abe LM, Erdem G, et al. An insert in the covS gene distinguishes a pharyngeal and a blood isolate of Streptococcus pyogenes found in the same individual. Microbiology 2010; 156:3085-3095.
21. Hollands A, Pence MA, Timmer AM, et al. Genetic switch to hypervirulence reduces colonization phenotypes of the globally disseminated group A streptococcus M1T1 clone. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:11-19.
22. Aziz RK, Kansal R, Aronow BJ, et al. Microevolution of group A streptococci in vivo: capturing regulatory networks engaged in sociomicrobiology, niche adaptation, and hypervirulence. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9798.
23. Hasegawa T, Okamoto A, Kamimura T, et al. Detection of invasive protein profile of Streptococcus pyogenes M1 isolates from pharyngitis patients. APMIS 2010; 118:167-178.
24. Kansal RG, Datta V, Aziz RK, et al. Dissection of the molecular basis for hypervirulence of an in vivo-selected phenotype of the widely disseminated M1T1 strain of group A streptococcus bacteria. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:855-865.
25. Walker MJ, Hollands A, Sanderson-Smith ML, et al. DNase Sda1 provides selection pressure for a switch to invasive group A streptococcal infection. Nat Med 2007; 13:981-985. (Pubitemid 47222039)
26. Sosa ME. Streptococcal A infection: reemerging and virulent. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2009; 23:141-147.
27. Lurie S, Vaknine H, Izakson A, et al. Group A streptococcus causing a lifethreatening postpartum necrotizing myometritis: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34:645-648.
28. Herbert MA, Beveridge CJ, Saunders NJ. Bacterial virulence factors in neonatal sepsis: group B streptococcus. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:225-229. (Pubitemid 38703851)
29. Gusa AA, Scott JR. The CovR response regulator of group A streptococcus (GAS) acts directly to repress its own promoter. Mol Microbiol 2005; 56:1195-1207. (Pubitemid 40756004)
30. Bisno AL, Brito MO, Collins CM. Molecular basis of group A streptococcal virulence. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3:191-200. (Pubitemid 36389182)
31. Churchward G. The two faces of Janus: virulence gene regulation by CovR/S in group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:34-41. (Pubitemid 46435042)
32. Sumby P, Whitney AR, Graviss EA, et al. Genome-wide analysis of group a streptococci reveals a mutation that modulates global phenotype and disease specificity. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e5.
33. Woischnik M, Buttaro BA, Podbielski A. Inactivation of the cysteine protease SpeB affects hyaluronic acid capsule expression in group A streptococci. Microb Pathog 2000; 28:221-226.
34. Turner CE, Kurupati P, Jones MD, et al. Emerging role of the interleukin-8 cleaving enzyme SpyCEP in clinical Streptococcus pyogenes infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:555-563.
35. Sugareva V, Arlt R, Fiedler T, et al. Serotype- and strain- dependent contribution of the sensor kinase CovS of the CovRS two-component system to Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenesis. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:34.
36. Kietzman CC, Caparon MG. CcpA and LacD.1 affect temporal regulation of Streptococcus pyogenes virulence genes. Infect Immun 2010; 78:241-252.
37. Shelburne SA, Olsen RJ, Suber B, et al. A combination of independent transcriptional regulators shapes bacterial virulence gene expression during infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000817.
38. Ikebe T, Ato M, Matsumura T, et al. Highly frequent mutations in negative regulators of multiple virulence genes in group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome isolates. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000832.
39. Olsen RJ, Sitkiewicz I, Ayeras AA, et al. Decreased necrotizing fasciitis capacity caused by a single nucleotide mutation that alters a multiple gene virulence axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:888-893.
40. Zingaretti C, Falugi F, Nardi-Dei V, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes SpyCEP: a chemokine-inactivating protease with unique structural and biochemical features. FASEB J 2010; 24:2839-2848.
41. Kurupati P, Turner CE, Tziona I, et al. Chemokine-cleaving Streptococcus pyogenes protease SpyCEP is necessary and sufficient for bacterial dissemination within soft tissues and the respiratory tract. Mol Microbiol 2010; 76:1387-1397.
42. Sriskandan S, Unnikrishnan M, Krausz T, Cohen J.Mitogenic factor (MF) is the major DNase of serotype M89 Streptococcus pyogenes. Microbiology 2000; 146:2785-2792.
43. Kansal RG, Nizet V, Jeng A, et al. Selective modulation of superantigeninduced responses by streptococcal cysteine protease. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:398-407. (Pubitemid 36184580)
44. Lintges M, van der Linden M, Hilgers RD, et al. Superantigen genes are more important than the emm type for the invasiveness of group A streptococcus infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:20-28.
45. Unnikrishnan M, Altmann DM, Proft T, et al. The bacterial superantigen streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z is the major immunoactive agent of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Immunol 2002; 169:2561-2569. (Pubitemid 34921001)
46. Holden MT, Heather Z, Paillot R, et al. Genomic evidence for the evolution of Streptococcus equi: host restriction, increased virulence, and genetic exchange with human pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5: e1000346.
47. Paillot R, Darby AC, Robinson C, et al. Identification of three novel superantigen- encoding genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4817-4827.
48. Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, et al. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science 2007; 315:1709-1712. (Pubitemid 46515624)
49. Ikebe T, Wada A, Inagaki Y, et al. Dissemination of the phage-associated novel superantigen gene speL in recent invasive and noninvasive Streptococcus pyogenes M3/T3 isolates in Japan. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3227-3233. (Pubitemid 34564187)
50. Vojtek I, Pirzada ZA, Henriques-Normark B, et al. Lysogenic transfer of group A streptococcus superantigen gene among streptococci. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:225-234. (Pubitemid 351263441)
51. Ellis NM, Kurahara DK, Vohra H, et al. Priming the immune system for heart disease: a perspective on group A streptococci. J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1059-1067.
52. Guilherme L, Kalil J. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: cellular mechanisms leading autoimmune reactivity and disease. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:17-23.
53. Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:685-694. (Pubitemid 41505357)
54. Smeesters PR, Dreze PA, Perez-Morga D, et al. Group A streptococcus virulence and host factors in two toddlers with rheumatic fever following toxic shock syndrome. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e403-e409.
55. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a practice guideline. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:574-583. (Pubitemid 127774276)
56. Paar JA, Berrios NM, Rose JD, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in children and young adults in Nicaragua. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:1809- 1814.
57. Bahnan W, Hashwa F, Araj G, Tokajian S. emm typing, antibiotic resistance and PFGE analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes in Lebanon. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:98-101.
58. Dundar D, Sayan M, Tamer GS. Macrolide and tetracycline resistance and emm type distribution of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates recovered from Turkish patients. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:279-284.
59. Pavlovic L, Grego E, Sipetic-Grujicic S. Prevalence of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes collected in Serbia. Jpn J Infect Dis 2010; 63:275-276.
60. Chang H, Shen X, Fu Z, et al. Antibiotic resistance and molecular analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from healthy schoolchildren in China. Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42:84-89.
61. Dhakal R, Sujatha S, Parija SC, Bhat BV. Asymptomatic colonization of upper respiratory tract by potential bacterial pathogens. Indian J Pediatr 2010; 77:775-778.
62. Hraoui M, Boutiba-Ben BI, Doloy A, et al. Epidemiological markers of Streptococcus pyogenes strains in Tunisia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:63-68.
63. Clancy J, Petitpas J, Dib-Hajj F, et al.Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a novel macrolide-resistance determinant, mefA, from Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Microbiol 1996; 22:867-879. (Pubitemid 26411332)
64. Colakoglu S, Alacam R, Hascelik G. Prevalence and mechanisms of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Ankara, Turkey. Scand J Infect Dis 2006; 38:456-459. (Pubitemid 44150780)
65. Fox EN, Wittner MK, Dorfman A. Antigenicity of the M proteins of group A hemolytic streptococci. 3. Antibody responses and cutaneous hypersensitivity in humans. J Exp Med 1966; 124:1135-1151.
66. Steer AC, Law I, Matatolu L, et al. Global emm type distribution of group A streptococci: systematic review and implications for vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:611-616.
67. Richardson LJ, Towers RJ, Cheng AC, et al. Diversity of emm sequence types in group A beta-haemolytic streptococci in two remote Northern Territory indigenous communities: implications for vaccine development. Vaccine 2010; 28:5301-5305.
68. Dale JB. Multivalent group A streptococcal vaccine designed to optimize the immunogenicity of six tandem M protein fragments. Vaccine 1999; 17:193-200. (Pubitemid 28494119)
69. Penfound TA, Chiang EY, Ahmed EA, Dale JB. Protective efficacy of group A streptococcal vaccines containing type-specific and conserved M protein epitopes. Vaccine 2010; 28:5017-5022.
70. Hayman WA, Brandt ER, Relf WA, et al. Mapping the minimal murine T cell and B cell epitopes within a peptide vaccine candidate from the conserved region of theMprotein of group A streptococcus. Int Immunol 1997; 9:1723-1733. (Pubitemid 27494135)
71. Bronze MS, Courtney HS, Dale JB. Epitopes of group A streptococcal M protein that evoke cross-protective local immune responses. J Immunol 1992; 148:888-893.
72. Edwards RJ, Taylor GW, Ferguson M, et al. Specific C-terminal cleavage and inactivation of interleukin-8 by invasive disease isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:783-790. (Pubitemid 41193075)
73. Rodriguez-Ortega MJ, Norais N, Bensi G, et al. Characterization and identification of vaccine candidate proteins through analysis of the group A Streptococcus surface proteome. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:191-197. (Pubitemid 43221703)
74. Turner CE, Kurupati P, Wiles S, et al. Impact of immunization against SpyCEP during invasive disease with two streptococcal species: Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus equi. Vaccine 2009; 27:4923-4929.
75. Fritzer A, Senn BM, Minh DB, et al. Novel conserved group A streptococcal proteins identified by the antigenome technology as vaccine candidates for a non-M protein-based vaccine. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4051-4067.
76. Mora M, Bensi G, Capo S, et al. Group A streptococcus produce pilus-like structures containing protective antigens and Lancefield T antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:15641-15646. (Pubitemid 41528109)
77. Kreikemeyer B, Gamez G, Margarit I, et al. Genomic organization, structure, regulation and pathogenic role of pilus constituents in major pathogenic streptococci and enterococci. Int J Med Microbiol 2010; 301:240-251.
78. Falugi F, Zingaretti C, Pinto V, et al. Sequence variation in group A Streptococcus pili and association of pilus backbone types with lancefield T serotypes. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1834-1841.
79. Linke C, Young PG, Kang HJ, et al. Crystal structure of the minor pilin FctB reveals determinants of group A streptococcal pilus anchoring. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20381-20389.
80. Quigley BR, Hatkoff M, Thanassi DG, et al. A foreign protein incorporated on the Tip of T3 pili in Lactococcus lactis elicits systemic and mucosal immunity. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1294-1303.
81. Smith WD, Pointon JA, Abbot E, et al. Roles of minor pilin subunits Spy0125 and Spy0130 in the serotype M1 Streptococcus pyogenes strain SF370. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:4651-4659.