Superantigen Genes Are More Important than the emm Type for the Invasiveness of Group A Streptococcus Infection

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 202, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 20-28

  Lintges, Maria ^a   Van Der Linden, Mark ^a   Hilgers, Ralf Dieter ^a   Arit, Sabine ^a   Al Lahham, Adnan ^b   René Reinert, Ralf ^a   Plücken, Stefan ^a   Rink, Lothar ^a  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b GERMAN JORDANIAN UNIVERSITY   (Jordan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SUPERANTIGEN; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL DNA; BACTERIAL PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; EMM GENE; EMM1 GENE; EMM77 GENE; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOTYPE; GERMANY; GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION; MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPEA 3 GENE; SPEA 4 GENE; SPEA1 GENE; SPEA2 GENE; SPEM GENE; SSA GENE; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; DNA, BACTERIAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUPERANTIGENS;

EID: 77953728434     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/653082     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Bisno AL. Group A streptococcal infections and acute rheumatic fever. N Engl J Med 1991;325:783-793.
2. Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335:547-554.
3. Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1-7. (Pubitemid 19170377)
4. Beres SB, Sylva GL, Barbian KD, et al. Genome sequence of a serotype M3 strain of group A Streptococcus: phage-encoded toxins, the highvirulence phenotype, and clone emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:10078-10083.
5. Bessen DE, Izzo MW, Fiorentino TR, Caringal RM, Hollingshead SK, Beall B. Genetic linkage of exotoxin alleles and emm gene markers for tissue tropism in group A streptococci. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:627-636.
6. Ferretti JJ, McShan WM, Ajdic D, et al. Complete genome sequence of an Ml strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:4658-4663.
7. Fraser JD, Proft T. The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins. Immunol Rev 2008;225:226-243.
8. Igwe EI, Shewmaker PL, Facklam RR, Farley MM, van Beneden C, Beall B. Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003;229:259-264. (Pubitemid 37532879)
9. Kamezawa Y, Nakahara T, Nakano S, Abe Y. A new exocellular mitogen from NY5 strain Streptococcus pyogenes antigenically different from erythrogenic toxins A, B, and C. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 418:571-576.
10. McCormick JK, Pragman AA, Stolpa JC, Leung DY, Schlievert PM. Functional characterization of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin J, a novel superantigen. Infect Immun 2001;69:1381-1388.
11. Proft T, Moffatt SL, Berkahn CJ, Fraser JD. Identification and characterization of novel superantigens from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Exp Med 1999;189:89-102.
12. Proft T, Moffatt SL, Weller KD, Paterson A, Martin D, Fraser JD. The streptococcal superantigen SMEZ exhibits wide allelic variation, mosaic structure, and significant antigenic variation. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1765-1776. (Pubitemid 30331573)
13. Proft T, Arcus VL, Handley V, Baker EN, Fraser JD. Immunological and biochemical characterization of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins I and J (SPE-I and SPE-J) from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Immunol 2001;166:6711-6719. (Pubitemid 32467214)
14. Proft T, Fraser JD. Bacterial superantigens. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133:299-306.
15. Proft T, Fraser JD. Streptococcal superantigens. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007;93:1-23.
16. Rink L, Kirchner H. Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived superantigen. Chem Immunol 1992;55:137-145.
17. Fagin U, Hahn U, Grotzinger J, et al. Exclusion of bioactive contaminations in Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic toxin A preparations by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4725-4733. (Pubitemid 27463249)
18. Nooh MM, Aziz RK, Kotb M, et al. Streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin, SmeZ, is the most susceptible M1T1 streptococcal superantigen to degradation by the streptococcal cysteine protease, SpeB. J Biol Chem 2006;281:35281-35288. (Pubitemid 46036566)
19. Fast DJ, Schlievert PM, Nelson RD. Nonpurulent response to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus: relationship to toxin-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 1988;140:949-953.
20. Herman A, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Pullen AM. Superantigens: mechanism of T-cell stimulation and role in immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 1991;9:745-772.
21. Kotzin BL, Leung DY, Kappler J, Marrack P. Superantigens and their potential role in human disease. Adv Immunol 1993; 54:99-166. (Pubitemid 23289252)
22. Rink L, Nicklas W, Luhm J, Kruse R, Kirchner H. Induction of a proinflammatory cytokine network by Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived superantigen (MAS). J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996;16:861-868.
23. Beall B, Facklam R, Thompson T. Sequencing emm-specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group A streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:953-958. (Pubitemid 26091514)
24. Whatmore AM, Kapur V, Sullivan DJ, Musser JM, Kehoe MA. Noncongruent relationships between variation in emm gene sequences and the population genetic structure of group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol 1994; 14:619-631. (Pubitemid 24364581)
25. Shulman ST, Tanz RR, Kabat W, et al. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis serotype surveillance in North America, 2000-2002. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:325-332.
26. Johnson DR, Wotton JT, Shet A, Kaplan EL. A comparison of group A streptococci from invasive and uncomplicated infections: are virulent clones responsible for serious streptococcal infections? J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1586-1595.
27. Li Z, Sakota V, Jackson D, Franklin AR, Beall B. Array of M protein gene subtypes in 1064 recent invasive group A streptococcus isolates recovered from the active bacterial core surveillance. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1587-1592. (Pubitemid 37523946)
28. Commons R, Rogers S, Gooding T, et al. Superantigen genes in group A streptococcal isolates and their relationship with emm types. J Med Microbiol 2008;57:1238-1246.
29. Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Zhao J, Kikuchi K, et al. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of virulence traits, including murine lethality, among different M types of group A streptococci. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:1876-1887. (Pubitemid 36724486)
30. Lintges M, Arlt S, Udechowski P, et al. A new closed-tube multiplex real-time PCR to detect eleven superantigens of Streptococcus pyogenes identifies a strain without superantigen activity. Int J Med Microbiol 2007;297:471-478.
31. Podbielski A, Melzer B, Lütticken R. Application of the polymerase chain reaction to study the M. protein(-like) gene family in beta-hemolytic streptococci. Med Microbiol Immunol 1991;180:213-227.
32. Brandt CM, Spellerberg B, Honscha M, Truong ND, Hoevener B, Lütticken R. Typing of Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from throat infections in the region of Aachen, Germany. Infection 2001; 29:163-165.
33. Murakami J, Kawabata S, Terao Y, et al. Distribution of emm genotypes and superantigen genes of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in Japan, 1994-9. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 128:397-1104
34. Ekelund K, Darenberg J, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. Variations in emm type among group A streptococcal isolates causing invasive or noninvasive infections in a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3101-3109.
35. Ekelund K, Skinhoj P, Madsen J, Konradsen HB. Reemergence of emm1 and a changed superantigen profile for group A streptococci causing invasive infections: results from a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1789-1796. (Pubitemid 40491223)
36. Descheemaeker P, Van Loock F, Hauchecorne M., Vandamme P, Goossens H. Molecular characterisation of group A streptococci from invasive and non-invasive disease episodes in Belgium during 1993-1994. J Med Microbiol 2000;49:467-471.
37. Chatellier S, Ihendyane N, Kansal RG, et al. Genetic relatedness and superantigen expression in group A streptococcus serotype M1 isolates from patients with severe and nonsevere invasive diseases. Infect Immun 2000;68:3523-3534. (Pubitemid 30340453)
38. Schmitz FJ, Beyer A, Charpentier E, et al. Toxin-gene profile heterogeneity among endemic invasive European group A streptococcal isolates. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1578-1586. (Pubitemid 37523945)
39. Tamura F, Nakagawa R, Akuta T, et al. Proapoptotic effect of proteolytic activation of matrix metalloproteinases by Streptococcus pyogenes thiol proteinase (Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin B). Infect Immun 2004; 72:4836-4847.
40. Eriksson A, Eriksson B, Holm SE, Norgren M. Streptococcal DNase B is immunologically identical to superantigen SpeF but involves separate domains. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6:133-136. (Pubitemid 29035653)
41. Luca-Harari B, Ekelund K, van der Linden M, Staum-Kaltoft M, Hammerum AM, Jasir A. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in Denmark during 2003 and 2004. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:79-86.
42. Wahl RU, Lütticken R, Stanzel S, van der Linden M, Reinert RR. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in Germany, 1996-2002: results from a voluntary laboratory surveillance system. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:1173-1178.
43. Vikerfors A, Haggar A, Darenberg J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections in Uppsala County, Sweden: clinical and molecular characterization of a case cluster from 2006 to 2007. Scand J Infect Dis 2009: 1-8.
44. Wajima T, Murayama SY, Sunaoshi K, Nakayama E, Sunakawa K, Ubukata K. Distribution of emm type and antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci causing invasive and noninvasive disease. J Med Microbiol 2008;57:1383-1388.
45. Creti R, Imped M, Baldassarri L, et al. emm Types, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from Italy: what has changed in 11 years? J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2249-2256.
46. Kotb M., Norrby-Teglund A, McGeer A, et al. An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections. Nat Med 2002;8:1398-1404. (Pubitemid 36019425)
47. Norrby-Teglund A, Nepom GT, Kotb M. Differential presentation of group A streptococcal superantigens by HLA class IIDQ and DR alleles. Eur J Immunol 2002;32:2570-2577.
48. Nooh MM, El-Gengehi N, Kansal R, David CS, Kotb M. HLA transgenic mice provide evidence for a direct and dominant role of HLA class II variation in modulating the severity of streptococcal sepsis. J Immunol 2007; 178:3076-3083. (Pubitemid 46333188)
49. Saloga J, Leung DY, Reardon C, Giorno RC, Born W, Gelfand EW. Cutaneous exposure to the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B elicits a T-cell-dependent inflammatory response. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106:982-988. (Pubitemid 26155093)
50. Yang LP, Eriksson BK, Harrington Z, et al. Variations in the protective immune response against streptococcal superantigens in populations of different ethnicity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2006; 195:37-43. (Pubitemid 43081605)