Thick anvils as viewed by the TRMM precipitation radar

Journal of Climate

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1718-1735

  Li, Wei ^a   Schumacher, Courtney ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Convective clouds; El Nino; Precipitation; Radar observations; Satellite observations

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; EL NINO; PRECIPITATION; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; CLOUDS; NICKEL COMPOUNDS; RADAR; RADAR MEASUREMENT; RAIN; RAIN GAGES; SPACE SHUTTLES; TROPICS;

TOOLS;

CLOUDSAT; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; ECHO SOUNDING; EL NINO; MONSOON; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RADAR; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SEASONAL VARIATION;

PANAMA [CENTRAL AMERICA];

EID: 79955127659     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3793.1     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Ackerman, T. P., K.-N. Liou, F. P. J. Valero, and L. Pfister, 1988: Heating rates in tropical anvils. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1606-1623.
2. Alcala, C. M., and A. E. Dessler, 2002: Observations of deep convection in the tropics using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4792, doi:10.1029/2002JD002457.
3. Awaka, J., T. Iguchi, H. Kumagai, and K. Okamoto, 1997: Rain type classification algorithm for TRMM precipitation radar. Proc. Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Suntec City, Singapore, IEEE, 1633-1635.
4. Burpee, R. W., 1972: The origin and structure of easterly waves in the lower troposphere ofNorthAfrica. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 77-90.
5. Casey, S. P. F., A. E. Dessler, and C. Schumacher, 2007: Frequency of tropical precipitating clouds as observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar and ICESat/ Geoscience Laser Altimeter System. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14215, doi:10.1029/2007JD008468.
6. Cetrone, J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2009: Anvil clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems in monsoon regions: Satellite radar climatology. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 305-317.
7. Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., and B. E. Mapes, 1996: Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380-1409.
8. Clement, A. C., and B. Soden, 2005: The sensitivity of the tropicalmean radiation budget. J. Climate, 18, 3189-3203.
9. Colman, R., 2003: A comparison of climate feedbacks in general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 20, 865-873.
10. Cook, K. H., 1999: Generation of the African easterly jet and its role in determining West African precipitation. J. Climate, 12, 1165-1184.
11. Fortune, M., 1980: Properties of African squall lines inferred from time-lapse satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 153-168.
12. Frederick, K., and C. Schumacher, 2008: Anvil characteristics as seen by C-POL during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Mon.Wea. Rev., 136, 206-222.
13. Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and R. A. Houze Jr., 1984: Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121.
14. Hodges, K. I., and C. D. Thorncroft, 1997:Distribution and statistics of African mesoscale convective weather systems based on the ISCCP Meteosat imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2821-2837.
15. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1982: Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 396-410.
16. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 53, Academic Press, 573 pp.
17. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1997: Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2179-2196.
18. Kozu, T., and Coauthors, 2001: Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 102-116.
19. Krueger, S. K., Q. Fu, K. N. Liou, and H.-N. S. Chin, 1995: Improvements of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 281-287.
20. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809-817.
21. Lindzen, R. S., M. D. Chou, and A. Y. Hou, 2001: Does the Earth have an adaptative infrared iris? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 417-432.
22. Lopez, M. A., D. L. Hartmann, P. N. Blossey, R. Wood, C. S. Bretherton, and T. L. Kubar, 2009: A test of the simulation of tropical convective cloudiness by a cloud-resolving model. J. Climate, 22, 2834-2849.
23. Machado, L. A. T., and W. B. Rossow, 1993: Structural characteristics and radiative properties of tropical cloud clusters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3234-3260.
24. Nesbitt, S.W., E. J. Zipser, and D. J. Cecil, 2000: A census of precipitation features in the tropics using TRMM: Radar, ice scattering, and lightning observations. J. Climate, 13, 4087-4106.
25. Petersen, W. A., and S. A. Rutledge, 2001: Regional variability in tropical convection: Observations from TRMM. J. Climate, 14, 3566-3586.
26. Randall, D. A., Harshvardhan, D. A. Dazlich, and T. G. Corsetti, 1989: Interactionsamong radiation, convection, and large-scale dynamics in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1943-1970.
27. Rasmussen, E. M., and J. M. Wallace, 1983: Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Science, 222, 1195-1202.
28. Rickenbach, T., P. Kucera, M. Gentry, L. Carey, A. Lare, R.-F. Lin, B. Demoz, and D. O. Starr, 2008: The relationship between anvil clouds and convective cells:Acase study in south Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3917-3932.
29. Riley, E. M., and B. E. Mapes, 2009: Unexpected peak near 215°C in CloudSat echo top climatology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09819, doi:10.1029/2009GL037558.
30. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2003: Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Climate, 16, 1739-1756.
31. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2006: Stratiform precipitation production over sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical east Atlantic as observed by TRMM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2235-2255.
32. Schumacher, C., and R. A. Houze Jr., and I. Kraucunas, 2004: The tropical dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1341-1358.
33. Sherwood, S. C., V. Ramanathan, T. P. Barnett, M. K. Tyree, and E. Roeckner, 1994: Response of an atmospheric general circulation model to radiative forcing of tropical clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20 829-20 846.
34. Slingo, J. M., and A. Slingo, 1991: The response of a general circulation model to cloud longwave radiative forcing. II: Further studies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 333-364.
35. Sobel, A. H., S. E. Yuter, C. S. Bretherton, and G. N. Kiladis, 2004: Large-scale meteorology and deep convection during TRMM KWAJEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 422-444.
36. Stephens, G. L., 2005: Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review. J. Climate, 18, 237-273.
37. Stephens, G. L., and Coauthors, 2002: The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1771-1790.
38. Theisen, C. J., P. A. Kucera, and M. R. Poellot, 2009: A study of relationships between Florida thunderstorm properties and corresponding anvil cloud characteristics. J. Appl. Meteor., 48, 1882-1901.
39. TRMM Precipitation Radar Team, 2005: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar Algorithm instruction manual for version 6. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and NASA Rep., 180 pp. [Available online at http://www.eorc. jaxa.jp/TRMM/document/pr_manual/pr_manual_v6.pdf.]
40. Vera, C., and Coauthors, 2006: Toward a unified view of the American monsoon systems. J. Climate, 19, 4977-5000.
41. Webster, P. J., 1983: Large-scale structure of the tropical atmosphere. Large-Scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere, B. J. Hoskins and R. P. Pearce, Eds., Academic Press, 235-275.
42. Webster, P. J., and G. L. Stephens, 1980: Tropical upper-tropospheric extended clouds: Inferences from Winter MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1521-1541.
43. Yao, M.-S., and A. D. Del Genio, 1999: Effects of cloud parameterization on the simulation of climate changes in the GISS GCM. J. Climate, 12, 761-779.
44. Yuan, J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2010: Global variability of mesoscale convective system anvil structure from A-Train satellite data. J. Climate, 23, 5864-5888.
45. Zender, C. S., and J. T. Kiehl, 1997: Sensitivity of climate simulations to radiative effects of tropical anvil structure. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23 793-23 803.
46. Zipser, E. J., D. J. Cecil, C. Liu, S. W. Nesbitt, and D. P. Yorty, 2006: Where are the most intense thunderstorms on earth? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1057-1071.