Anvil clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems in monsoon regions

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 135, Issue 639, 2009, Pages 305-317

  Cetrone, Jasmine ^a   Houze Jr , Robert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

CloudSat; MCS; TRMM

Indexed keywords

BAY OF BENGAL; CLOUDSAT; CONVECTIVE CELL; FLAT HISTOGRAMS; GROUND BASED RADAR; MARITIME CONTINENT; MCS; MODAL VALUES; SATELLITE DATA; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION; TRMM; TROPICAL MESOSCALE; WEST AFRICA;

CLOUDS; OCEAN ENGINEERING; OCEANOGRAPHY; RAIN GAGES; REFLECTION;

TOOLS;

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; MONSOON; RADAR; REFLECTIVITY; SATELLITE DATA;

AFRICA; BAY OF BENGAL; INDIAN OCEAN; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 67649438830     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.389     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Arakawa A, Schubert W. 1974. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. J. Atmos. Sci. 35: 674-701.
2. Awaka J, Iguchi T, Kumagai H, Okamoto K. 1997. Rain type classification algorithm for TRMM Precipitation Radar. In Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 3-8 August 1997, Singapore. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 4: 1633-1635.
3. Cecil DJ, Goodman SJ, Boccippio DJ, Zipser EJ, Nesbitt SW. 2005. Three years of TRMM precipitation features. Part 1: Radar, radiometric, and lightning characteristics. Mon. Weather Rev. 133: 543-566.
4. Chen SS, Houze RA Jr, Mapes BE. 1996. Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 1380-1409.
5. Churchill DD, Houze RA Jr. 1984a. Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 933-960.
6. Churchill DD, Houze RA Jr. 1984b. Mesoscale updraught magnitude and cloud-ice content deduced from the ice budget of the stratiform region of a tropical cloud cluster. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 1717-1725.
7. Christian HJ, Blakeslee RJ, Boccippio DJ, Boeck WL, Buechler DE, Driscoll KT, Goodman SJ, Hall JM, Koshak WJ, Mach DM, Stewart MF. 2003. Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector. J. Geophys. Res. 108: 4005, DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002347.
8. Clement AC, Soden B. 2005. The sensitivity of the tropical-mean radiation budget. J. Climate 14: 3189-3203.
9. Fortune M. 1980. Properties of African squall lines inferred from time-lapse satellite imagery. Mon. Weather Rev. 108: 153-168.
10. Futyan J, Del Genio A. 2007. Deep convective system evolution over Africa and the tropical Atlantic. J. Climate 20: 5041-5060.
11. Gamache JF, Houze RA Jr. 1983. Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci. 40: 1835-1850.
12. Hamilton RA, Archbold JW. 1945. Meteorology of Nigeria and adjacent territory. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 71: 231-264.
13. Hartmann DL, Hendon HH, Houze RA Jr. 1984. Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 113-121.
14. Hastenrath S. 1991. Climate Dynamics of the Tropics. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
15. Hoinka KP. 1998. Statistics of the global tropopause pressure. Mon. Weather Rev. 126: 3303-3325.
16. Houze RA Jr. 1981. Structures of atmospheric precipitation systems - A global survey. Radio Science 16: 671-689.
17. Houze RA Jr. 1982. Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 60: 396-410.
18. Houze RA Jr. 1989. Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 115: 425-461.
19. Houze RA Jr. 1993. Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press: San Diego.
20. Houze RA Jr. 1997. Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox? Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78: 2179-2196.
21. Houze RA Jr. 2004. Mesoscale convective systems. Rev. Geophys. 42: 10.1029/2004RG000150.
22. Houze RA Jr, Churchill DD. 1987. Mesoscale organization and cloud microphysics in a Bay of Bengal depression. J. Atmos. Sci. 44: 1845-1867.
23. Houze RA Jr, Cheng C-P, Leary CA, Gamache JF. 1980. Diagnosis of cloud mass and heat fluxes from radar and synoptic data. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 754-773.
24. Houze RA Jr, Geotis SG, Marks FD Jr, Churchill DD, Herzegh PH. 1981. Comparison of airborne and land-based radar measurements of precipitation during winter MONEX. J. Appl. Meteorol. 20: 772-783.
25. Houze RA Jr, Chen SS, Kingsmill DE, Serra Y, Yuter SE. 2000. Convection over the Pacific warm pool in relation to the atmospheric Kelvin-Rossby wave. J. Atmos. Sci. 57: 3058-3089.
26. Houze RA Jr, Wilton DC, Smull BF. 2007. Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 133: 1389-1411.
27. Johnson RH, Houze RA Jr. 1987. Precipitating cloud systems of the Asian monsoon. Pp. 298-353 in Monsoon Meteorology. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics No. 7. Chang C-P, Krishnamurti TN (eds.) Oxford University Press: New York.
28. Kozu T, Kawanishi T, Kuroiwa H, Kojima M, Oikawa K, Kumagai H, Okamoto K, Okumura M, Nakatsuka H, Nishikawa K. 2001. Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 39: 102-116.
29. Kummerow C, Barnes W, Kozu T, Shiue J, Simpson J. 1998. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 15: 809-817.
30. Mace GG, Deng M, Soden B, Zipser E. 2006. Association of tropical cirrus in the 10-15-km layer with deep convective sources: An observational study combining millimeter radar data and satellite-derived trajectories. J. Atmos. Sci. 63: 480-503.
31. Maddox RA. 1980. Mesoscale convective complexes. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 61: 1374-1387.
32. Mapes BE, Houze RA Jr. 1992. 'Satellite-observed cloud clusters in the TOGA-COARE domain'. TOGA Notes, April 1992, 5-8. http://www.atmos.washington.edu/MG/PDFs/TOGA92_mape_satellite.pdf.
33. Mapes BE, Houze RA Jr. 1993. An integrated view of the 1987 Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective systems. Part II: Vertical structure. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 119: 733-754.
34. Mapes BE, Zuidema P. 1996. Radiative-dynamical consequences of dry tongues in the tropical troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 610-638.
35. Mead JB, Widener KB. 2005. 'W-Band ARM cloud radar'. Proceedings of 32nd Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque. American Meteorological Society: Boston.
36. Moran KP, Martner BE, Post MJ, Kropfli RA, Welsh DC, Widener KB. 1998. An unattended cloud profiling radar for use in climate research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79: 443-455.
37. Parsons D, Dabberdt W, Cole H, Hock T, Martin C, Barrett A-L, Miller E, Spowart M, Howard M, Ecklund W, Carter D, Gage K, Wilson J. 1994. The integrated sounding system: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA-COARE. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 75: 553-569.
38. Payne SW, McGarry MM. 1977. The relationship of satellite inferred convective activity to easterly waves over West Africa and the adjacent ocean during phase III of GATE. Mon. Weather Rev. 105: 413-420.
39. Pfister L, Selkirk HB, Jensen EJ, Schoeberl MR, Toon OB, Browell EV, Grant WB, Gary B, Mahoney MJ, Bui TV, Hintsa E. 2001. Aircraft observation of thin cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 9765-9786.
40. Ramage CS. 1968. Role of a tropical 'Maritime Continent' in the atmospheric circulation. Mon. Weather Rev. 96: 365-370.
41. Redelsperger JL, Thorncroft CD, Diedhiou A, Lebel T, Parker DJ, Polcher J. 2006. African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis: An international research project and field campaign. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 87: 1739-1746.
42. Schumacher C, Houze RA Jr. 2003. Stratiform rain in the tropics as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Climate 16: 1739-1756.
43. Schumacher C, Houze RA Jr. 2006. Stratiform precipitation production over sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical East Atlantic as observed by TRMM. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 132: 2235-2255.
44. Schumacher C, Houze RA Jr, Kraucunas I. 2004. The tropical dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Atmos. Sci. 61: 1341-1358.
45. Stephens GL, Wood NB. 2007. Properties of tropical convection observed by millimeter-wave radar systems. Mon. Weather Rev. 135: 821-842.
46. Stephens GL, Vane DG, Boain RJ, Mace GG, Sassen K, Wang Z, Illingworth AJ, O'Connor EJ, Rossow WB, Durden SL, Miller SD, Austin RT, Benedetti A, Mitrescu C. 2002. The CloudSat mission and the A-TRAIN: A new dimension to space-based observations of clouds and precipitation. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83: 1771-1790.
47. Thorncroft C, Hodges K. 2001. African easterly wave variability and its relationship to Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. J. Climate 14: 1166-1179.
48. Wang B, LinHo. 2002. Rainy season of the Asian - Pacific summer monsoon. J. Climate 15: 386-398.
49. Webster PJ, Houze RA Jr. 1991. The Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment (EMEX): An overview. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 72: 1481-1505.
50. Webster PJ, Stephens GL. 1980. Tropical upper-tropospheric extended clouds: Inferences from Winter MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 1521-1541.
51. Webster PJ, Bradley EF, Fairall CW, Godfrey JS, Hacker P, Houze RA Jr, Lukas R, Serra Y, Hummon JM, Lawrence TDM, Russell CA, Ryan MN, Sahami K, Zuidema P. 2002. The JASMINE pilot study. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83: 1603-1630.
52. Yuter SE, Houze RA Jr. 1995. Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part II: Frequency distribution of vertical velocity, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity. Mon. Weather Rev. 123: 1941-1963.
53. Yuter SE, Houze RA Jr. 1998. The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western Pacific warm pool. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 53-99.
54. Zuidema P. 2003. Convective clouds over the Bay of Bengal. Mon. Weather Rev. 131: 780-798.