Development and use of iron oxide nanoparticles (part 2): The application of iron oxide contrast agents in MRI

Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

  Mandarano, G ^a   Lodhia, J ^a   Eu, P ^b   Ferris, N J ^b   Davidson, R ^a   Cowell, S F ^a  

^a RMIT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Iron oxide nanoparticles; MRI

Indexed keywords

CONTRAST MEDIUM; DEXTRAN; DOXORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; EPIRUBICIN; FERRIC OXIDE; FERUCARBOTRAN; FERUMOXYTOL; GADODIAMIDE; GADOLINIUM; GADOTERIC ACID; GADOVERSETAMIDE; IRON OXIDE; MAGNETITE; NANOPARTICLE; OPSONIN; TRASTUZUMAB; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE;

ANGIOGENESIS; AORTA VALVE DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CELL LABELING; CELL TRACKING; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG COATING; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG TARGETING; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; HYDRODYNAMICS; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; MAGNETISM; NANOSENSOR; NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PINOCYTOSIS; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 79954993105     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18235530     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2349/biij.6.2.e13     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Urich K. Successes an failures in the development of contrast media-from Wilhelm C Roentgen to the present. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH; 1995.
2. Chapman S, Nakielny R. A guide to radiological procedures. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2001.
3. Bushong SC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Physical and Biological Principles. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996.
4. McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, et al. MRI-From Picture to Proton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
5. Berlex L. About Magnevist.2006 [cited 20th March 2008]; Available from: http://www.pharma.bayer.com/scripts/pages/en/news_room/news_room/archive/newsroom_archive55.php.
6. Sahani D. MRI Contrast Agents: A Dynamic Field in Flux. Imaging Technology. 2004(July).
7. Shellock F, Kanal E. Magnetic resonance-Bioeffects, Safety and patient Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
8. Radiologists RA., New Zealand College o, Group MRIR, et al. RANZCR guidelines on the use of gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists; 2008 [cited 20th March 2008]; Available from: http://www.ranzcr.edu.au/documents/download.cfm/NSFguideline s2008.pdf?txtLibraryID=ranzcr&txtFileName=NSFguidelines2008%2Epdf.
9. Bulte JWM, Modo MMJ. Nanoparticles in Biomedical imaging-Emerging Technologies and applications. New York: Springer; 2007.
10. Mirkin CA, Niemeyer CM. Nanobiotechnology-More Concepts and Applications. Wienheim: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
11. Westbrook C, Kaut Roth C, Talbot J. MRI in practice. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.
12. Bushong SC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Physical and Biological Principles. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003.
13. High WA, Ayers RA, Chandler J, et al. Gadolinium is detectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2007;56(1):21-6.
14. Cowper SE, Robin HS, Steinberg SM, et al. Scleromyxoedemalike cutaneous diseases in renal-dialysis patients. The Lancet. 2000;356(9234):1000-1.
15. Broome DR. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis associated with gadolinium based contrast agents: A summary of the medical literature reporting. European Journal of Radiology. 2008;66(2):230-4.
16. Cowper SE. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: The Nosological and Conceptual Evolution of Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2005;46(4):763-5.
17. Pryor JG, Poggioli G, Galaria N, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A clinicopathologic study of six cases. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2007;57(1):105-11.
18. Cowper SE, Rabach M, Girardi M. Clinical and histological findings in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. European Journal of Radiology. 2008;66(2):191-9.
19. Danielle M. DeHoratius SEC. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: An Emerging Threat Among Renal Patients. Seminars in Dialysis. 2006;19(3):191-4.
20. Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Dawson P. Is there a causal relation between the administration of gadolinium based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)? Clinical Radiology. 2006;61(11):905-6.
21. Grobner T. Gadolinium-a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(4):1104-8.
22. Joffe P, Thomsen HS, Meusel M. Pharmacokinetics of gadodiamide injection in patients with severe renal insufficiency and patients undergoing hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Academic Radiology. 1998;5(7):491-502.
23. Thomsen HS, Marckmann P. Extracellular Gd-CA: Differences in prevalence of NSF. European Journal of Radiology. 2008;66(2):180-3.
24. Morcos SK. Extracellular gadolinium contrast agents: Differences in stability. European Journal of Radiology. 2008;66(2):175-9.
25. Desreux JF, Gilsoul D. Chemical synthesis of paramagnetic complexes. In: Hs T, Rn M, Rf M, editors. Trends in contrast imaging. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1999. p. 161-9.
26. Dawson P. Gadolinium chelates: chemistry. In: Dawson P, Cosgrove DO, Grainger RG, editors. Textbook of contrast media. Oxford: Isis Medical Media; 1999. p. 291-6.
27. Cowper S, Mandarano MG. NSF and macrocyclics. [email communication]. 10th April, 2009.
28. Comblin V, Gilsoul D, Hermann M, et al. Designing new MRI contrast agents: a coordination chemistry challenge. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 1999;185-186:451-70.
29. Idée J-M, Port M, Medina C, et al. Possible involvement of gadolinium chelates in the pathophysiology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A critical review. Toxicology. 2008;248(2-3):77-88.
30. Golding LP., Provenzale JM. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Possible association with a predisposing infection. American journal of roentgenology. 2008;190 (4):1069-75.
31. Khurana A, Greene Jr JF, High WA. Quantification of gadolinium in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Re-examination of a reported cohort with analysis of clinical factors. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2008;59(2):218-24.
32. Marckmann P, Skov L, Rossen K, et al. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Suspected Causative Role of Gadodiamide Used for Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(9):2359-62.
33. Grobner T, Prischl FC. Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Kidney Int. 2007;72(3):260-4.
34. Agarwal R, Brunelli SM, Williams K, et al. Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(3):856-63.
35. Kuo PH. Gadolinium-Containing MRI Contrast Agents: Important Variations on a Theme for NSF. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2008;5(1):29-35.
36. Swaminathan S, Shah SV. New Insights into Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(10):2636-43.
37. Shellock FG, Spinazzi A. MRI Safety Update 2008: Part 1, MRI Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(4):1129-39.
38. Bonnemain B. Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications. A review. J Drug Target. 1998;6(3):167-74.
39. Teja AS, Koh P-Y. Synthesis, properties, and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 2009;55(1-2):22-45.
40. Corot C, Robert P, Idée J-M, et al. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2006;58(14):1471-504.
41. Neuberger T, Schöpf B, Hofmann H, et al. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Possibilities and limitations of a new drug delivery system. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2005;293(1):483-96.
42. Bulte JW, Kraitchman DL. Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging. NMR Biomed. 2004;17(7):484-99.
43. Bulte JW, Arbab AS, Douglas T, et al. Preparation of magnetically labeled cells for cell tracking by magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Enzymol. 2004;386:275-99.
44. Gupta AK, Gupta M. Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials. 2005;26(18):3995-4021.
45. Fleige G, Seeberger F, Laux D, et al. In vitro characterization of two different ultrasmall iron oxide particles for magnetic resonance cell tracking. Invest Radiol. 2002;37(9):482-8.
46. Mornet S, Vasseur S, Grasset F, et al. Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical applications. Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 2006;34(2-4):237-47.
47. Cheng FY, Su CH, Yang YS, et al. Characterization of aqueous dispersions of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Biomaterials. 2005;26(7):729-38.
48. Morales MP, Bomati-Miguel O, Pérez de Alejo R, et al. Contrast agents for MRI based on iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by laser pyrolysis. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2003;266(1-2):102-9.
49. Wagner S, Schnorr J, Pilgrimm H, et al. Monomer-coated very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles as contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging: preclinical in vivo characterization. Invest Radiol. 2002;37(4):167-77.
50. LaConte L, Nitin N, Bao G. Magnetic nanoparticle probes. Materials Today. 2005;8(5, Supplement 1):32-8.
51. Weibo C, Xiaoyuan C. Nanoplatforms for Targeted Molecular Imaging in Living Subjects. Small. 2007;3(11):1840-54.
52. Thomas RM, Matthew DR, Cheryl AL. Pelvic lymph node visualization with MR imaging using local administration of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2002;15(4):492-7.
53. Mark GT, Richard N, Rudy D, et al. Interstitial MR lymphangiography for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2001;78(3):151-6.
54. Zinderman CE, Landow L, Wise RP. Anaphylactoid reactions to Dextran 40 and 70: Reports to the United States Food and Drug Administration, 1969 to 2004. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2006;43(5):1004-9.
55. Rosenthal MD, Glew RH. Medical Biochemistry-Human Metabolism in Health and Disease. New Jersey, USA: Wiley; 2009.
56. Thorek DL, Chen AK, Czupryna J, et al. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle probes for molecular imaging. Ann Biomed Eng. 2006;34(1):23-38.
57. Jeong U, Teng X, Wang Y, et al. Superparamagnetic colloids: Controlled synthesis and niche applications. Advanced Materials. 2006;19(1).
58. Roch A, Muller RN, Gillis P. Theory of proton relaxation induced by superparamagnetic particles. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1999;110(11):5403-11.
59. Tamura I, Mizushima T. Explanation for magnetic properties of interacting iron oxide nanocrystals. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2002;250:241-8.
60. Cheng FY, Su CH, Yang YS, et al. Characterization of aqueous dispersions of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Biomaterials. 2005;26(7):729-38.
61. Thorek DLJ, Tsourkas A. Size, charge and concentration dependent uptake of iron oxide particles by non-phagocytic cells. Biomaterials. 2008;29(26):3583-90.
62. Jacques V, Desreaux JF. New Classes of MRI Contrast Agents. In: Krause PDW, editor. Topics in Current Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2002. p. 123-64.
63. Hudgins PA, Anzai Y, Morris MR, et al. Ferumoxtran-10, a superparamagnetic iron oxide as a magnetic resonance enhancement agent for imaging lymph nodes: a phase 2 dose study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(4):649-56.
64. Artemov D, Mori N, Okollie B, et al. MR molecular imaging of the Her-2/neu receptor in breast cancer cells using targeted iron oxide nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49(3):403-8.
65. Reimer P, Weissleder R, Lee AS, et al. Receptor imaging: application to MR imaging of liver cancer. Radiology. 1990;177(3):729-34.
66. Schütt W, Grüttner C, Häfeli U, et al. Applications of Magnetic Targeting in Diagnosis and Therapy-Possibilities and Limitations: A Mini-Review. Hybridoma. 1997;16(1):109-17.
67. Portet D, Denizot B, Rump E, et al. Nonpolymeric Coatings of Iron Oxide Colloids for Biological Use as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2001;238(1):37-42.
68. Rogers WJ, Meyer CH, Kramer CM. Technology Insight: in vivo cell tracking by use of MRI. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3(10):554-62.
69. Sun C, Lee JSH, Zhang M. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2008;60(11):1252-65.
70. Jun Y-w, Lee J-H, Cheon J. Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In: Mirkin PDCA, Niemeyer PDCM, editors. Nanobiotechnology 11: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007. p. 321-46.
71. Mulder WJ, Strijkers GJ, van Tilborg GA, et al. Lipid-based nanoparticles for contrast-enhanced MRI and molecular imaging. NMR Biomed. 2006;19(1):142-64.
72. Barrett T, Kobayashi H, Brechbiel M, et al. Macromolecular MRI contrast agents for imaging tumor angiogenesis. European Journal of Radiology. 2006;60(3):353-66.
73. Zhao M, Beauregard DA, Loizou L, et al. Non-invasive detection of apoptosis using magnetic resonance imaging and a targeted contrast agent. Nat Med. 2001;7(11):1241-4.
74. Hild WA, Breunig M, Goepferich A. Quantum dots-Nano-sized probes for the exploration of cellular and intracellular targeting. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2008;68(2):153-68.
75. Waters EA. MRI molecular targeted imaging and therapy of angiogenesis in aortic valve disease using fluorinated nanoparticles [Ph.D.]. United States --Missouri: Washington University in St. Louis; 2008.
76. Häfeli UO. Magnetically modulated therapeutic systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2004;277(1-2):19-24.
77. Wilhelm C, Gazeau F. Universal cell labelling with anionic magnetic nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2008;29(22):3161-74.
78. Rabinow B, Chaubal MV. Injectable nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery. Drugs Pharmaceut Sci. 2006;159:199-229.
79. Lübbe AS, Alexiou C, Bergemann C. Clinical Applications of Magnetic Drug Targeting. Journal of Surgical Research. 2001;95(2):200-6.
80. Jeong U, Teng X, Wang Y, et al. Superparamagnetic Colloids: Controlled Synthesis and Niche Applications. Advanced Materials. 2007;19(1):33-60.
81. Nagesha D, Devalapally H, Sridhar S, et al. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanosystems for Tumor Imaging, Targeted Delivery, and Thermal. Medicine.Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers 2008. p. 381-408.
82. Fortin J-P, Gazeau F, Wilhelm C. Intracellular heating of living cells through Néel relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles. European Biophysics Journal. 2008;37(2):223-8.
83. Jordan A, Scholz R, Wust P, et al. Endocytosis of dextran and silan-coated magnetite nanoparticles and the effect of intracellular hyperthermia on human mammary carcinoma cells in vitro. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 1999;194(1-3):185-96.
84. Salado J, Insausti M, Lezama L, et al. FE3O4 Nanoparticles for MRI Contrast Enhancement. Trends in NanoTechnology; 03-07 September, 2007; San Sebastian, Spain2007.
85. Xu YH, Bai J, Wang J-P. High-magnetic-moment multifunctional nanoparticles for nanomedicine applications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2007;311(1):131-4.
86. Plotkin M, Gneveckow U, Meier-Hauff K, et al. 18F-FET PET for planning of thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles in recurrent glioblastoma-Hot Topic. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2006;22 (4):319-25.
87. Sun C, Fang C, Stephen Z, et al. Tumor-targeted drug delivery and MRI contrast enhancement by chlorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomed. 2008;3(4):495-505.
88. Lee JH, Huh YM, Jun YW, et al. Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):95-9.
89. Huh YM, Jun YW, Song HT, et al. In vivo magnetic resonance detection of cancer by using multifunctional magnetic nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127(35):12387-91.
90. Oghabian MA, Guiti M, Haddad P, et al. Detection sensitivity of MRI using ultra-small super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) in biological tissues. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;1:5625-6.
91. Wang AZ, Bagalkot V, Vasilliou CC, et al. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Aptamer Bioconjugates for Combined Prostate Cancer Imaging and Therapy. ChemMedChem. 2008;3(9):1311-5.
92. Enochs WS, Harsh G, Hochberg F, et al. Improved delineation of human brain tumors on MR images using a long-circulating, superparamagnetic iron oxide agent. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9(2):228-32.
93. Neuwelt EA, Varallyay P, Bago AG, et al. Imaging of iron oxide nanoparticles by MR and light microscopy in patients with malignant brain tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2004;30(5):456-71.
94. Varallyay P, Nesbit G, Muldoon LL, et al. Comparison of two superparamagnetic viral-sized iron oxide particles ferumoxides and ferumoxtran-10 with a gadolinium chelate in imaging intracranial tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(4):510-9.
95. Kraitchman DL, Heldman AW, Atalar E, et al. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2003;107(18):2290-3.
96. Heymer A, Haddad D, Weber M, et al. Iron oxide labelling of human mesenchymal stem cells in collagen hydrogels for articular cartilage repair. Biomaterials. 2008;29(10):1473-83.
97. Guzman R, Bliss T, De Los Angeles A, et al. Neural progenitor cells transplanted into the uninjured brain undergo targeted migration after stroke onset. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86(4):873-82.
98. Zhang Z, Mascheri N, Dharmakumar R, et al. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging: potential for use in assessing aspects of cardiovascular disease. Cytotherapy. 2008:1-12.
99. Sosnovik DE, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiovascular Medicine. Circulation. 2007;115(15):2076-86.
100. Himes N, Min JY, Lee R, et al. In vivo MRI of embryonic stem cells in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med. 2004;52(5):1214-9.
101. Sosnovik DE. Molecular imaging in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current perspective and future potential. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;19(1):59-68.
102. Mulder WJM. Lipid-based nanoparticles for magnetic resonance molecular imaging: Design, characterization, and application [Ph.D.]. Netherlands: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (The Netherlands); 2006.
103. Ruehm SG, Corot C, Vogt P, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque With Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits. Circulation. 2001;103(3):415-22.
104. Waters E, Wickline S. Contrast agents for MRI. Basic Research in Cardiology. 2008;103(2):114-21.
105. Winter PM, Cai K, Chen J, et al. Targeted PARACEST nanoparticle contrast agent for the detection of fibrin. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2006;56(6):1384-8.
106. Allkemper T, Bremer C, Matuszewski L, et al. Contrast-enhanced Blood-Pool MR Angiography with Optimized Iron Oxides: Effect of Size and Dose on Vascular Contrast Enhancement in Rabbits. Radiology. 2002;223(2):432-8.
107. Krombach GA, Wendland MF, Higgins CB, et al. MR Imaging of Spatial Extent of Microvascular Injury in Reperfused Ischemically Injured Rat Myocardium: Value of Blood Pool Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide. Radiology. 2002;225(2):479-86.
108. Tombach B, Reimer P, Bremer C, et al. First-pass and equilibrium-MRA of the aortoiliac region with a superparamagnetic iron oxide blood pool MR contrast agent (SH U 555 C): results of a human pilot study. NMR Biomed. 2004;17(7):500-6.
109. Li W, Tutton S, Vu AT, et al. First-pass contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in humans using ferumoxytol, a novel ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-based blood pool agent. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;21(1):46-52.
110. Schellenberger E, Rudloff F, Warmuth C, et al. Protease-Specific Nanosensors for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2008;19(12):2440-5.
111. Colombo M, Ronchi S, Monti D, et al. Femtomolar detection of autoantibodies by magnetic relaxation nanosensors. Analytical Biochemistry. 2009;392(1):96-102.
112. Kaittanis C, Santra S, Perez JM. Role of Nanoparticle Valency in the Nondestructive Magnetic-Relaxation-Mediated Detection and Magnetic Isolation of Cells in Complex Media. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2009;131(35):12780-91.
113. Jang J-t, Nah H, Lee J-H, et al. Critical Enhancements of MRI Contrast and Hyperthermic Effects by Dopant-Controlled Magnetic Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2009;48(7):1234-8.
114. Groman EV, Bouchard JC, Reinhardt CP, et al. Ultrasmall Mixed Ferrite Colloids as Multidimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cell Labeling, and Cell Sorting Agents. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2007;18(6):1763-71.
115. Lu J, Ma S, Sun J, et al. Manganese ferrite nanoparticle micellar nanocomposites as MRI contrast agent for liver imaging. Biomaterials. 2009;30(15):2919-28.