Pressure ulcer management and research priorities for patients with spinal cord injury: Consensus opinion from SCI QUERI expert panel on pressure ulcer research implementation

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Kristi Henzel, M ^a   Bogie, Kath M ^b,c   Guihan, Marylou ^d,e   Ho, Chester H ^a,c  

^a Spinal Cord Injury Service   (United States)

^b LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d HINES VA HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; BED REST; CHRONIC WOUND; CONSENSUS; DECUBITUS; EDITORIAL; EMERGENCY CARE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HOME CARE; HUMAN; PANEL STUDY; POPULATION RISK; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESEARCH PRIORITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SELF CARE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TREATMENT PLANNING; WOUND CARE; WOUND HEALING;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRESSURE ULCER; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SPINAL CORD INJURIES;

EID: 79954556559     PISSN: 07487711     EISSN: 07487711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1682/JRRD.2011.01.0011     Document Type: Editorial

References (112)

1. Langemo DK, Melland H, Hanson D, Olson B, Hunter S. The lived experience of having a pressureulcer: A qualitative analysis. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2000;13(5):225-35.
2. Clark FA, Jackson JM, Scott MD, Carlson ME, Atkins MS, Uhles-Tanaka D, Rubayi S. Data-based models of how pressure ulcers develop in daily-living contexts of adults with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(11):1516-25. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.329
3. VanGilder C, MacFarlane GD, Harrison P, Lachenbruch C, Meyer S. The demographics of suspected deep tissue injury in the United States: An analysis of The International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Survey, 2006-2009. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2010: 23(6):254-61. DOI:10.1097/01.ASW.0000363550.82058.7f
4. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines. Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment following spinal cord injury: A clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24(Suppl 1):S40-101.
5. Thomason SS, Evitt CP, Harrow JJ, Love L, Moore DH, Mullins MA, Powell-Cope G, Nelson AL. Providers' perceptions of spinal cord injury pressure ulcer guidelines. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(2): 117-26.
6. Health promotion glossary [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 1998 (cited 2011 Jan 5). Available from:? http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/hp_glossary_en.pdf
7. Oomens CW, Loerakker S, Bader DL. The importance of internal strain as opposed to interface pressure in the prevention of pressure related deep tissue injury. J Tissue Viability. 2010;19(2):35-42. DOI:10.1016/j.jtv.2009.11.002
8. Chen Y, Devivo MJ, Jackson AB. Pressure ulcer prevalence in people with spinal cord injury: Age-period-duration effects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(6):1208-13. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.023
9. Hedrick B, Pape TL, Heinemann AW, Ruddell JL, Reis J. Employment issues and assistive technology use for persons with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43(2):185-98. DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2005.03.0062
10. Favazza T, Midha M, Martin J, Grob BM. Factors influencing bladder stone formation in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(3): 252-54.
11. Smith BM, Evans CT, Kurichi JE, Weaver FM, Patel N, Burns SP. Acute respiratory tract infection visits of veterans with spinal cord injuries and dis-orders: Rates, trends, and risk factors. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(4):355-61.
12. Krause JS, Broderick L. Patterns of recurrent pres-sure ulcers after spinal cord injury: Identification of risk and protective factors 5 or more years after onset. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(8):1257-64. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.08.108
13. Schryvers OI, Stranc MF, Nance PW. Surgical treatment of pressure ulcers: A 20-year experience. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1556-62. DOI:10.1053/apmr.2000.17828
14. Niazi ZB, Salzberg CA, Byrne DW, Viehbeck M. Recurrence of initial pressure ulcer in persons with spinal cord injuries. Adv Wound Care. 1997;10(3): 38-42.
15. Holmes SA, Rintala D, Garber SL, Friedman JD. Pre-vention of recurrent pressure ulcers after myocutane-ous flap. J Spinal Cord Med. 2002;25(Suppl 1):S23.
16. Goodman CM, Cohen V, Armenta A, Thornby J, Netscher DT. Evaluation of results and treatment variables for pressure ulcers in 48 veteran spinal cord-injured patients. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;42(6): 665-72. DOI:10.1097/00000637-199906000-00015
17. Bates-Jensen BM, Guihan M, Garber SL, Chin AS, Burns SP. Characteristics of recurrent pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(1):34-42.
18. Bouten CV, Oomens CW, Baaijens FP, Bader DL. The etiology of pressure ulcers: Skin deep or mus-cle bound? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(4): 616-19. DOI:10.1053/apmr.2003.50038
19. Berlowitz DR, Brienza DM. Are all pressure ulcers the result of deep tissue injury? A review of the litera-ture. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2007;53(10):34-38.
20. Edsberg LE. Pressure ulcer tissue histology: An appraisal of current knowledge. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2007;53(10):40-49.
21. Gefen A, Van Nierop B, Bader DL, Oomens CW. Strain-time cell-death threshold for skeletal muscle in a tissue-engineered model system for deep tissue injury. J Biomech. 2008;41(9):2003-12. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.03.039
22. Ceelen KK, Stekelenburg A, Loerakker S, Strijkers GJ, Bader DL, Nicolay K, Baaijens FP, Oomens CW. Compression-induced damage and internal tis-sue strains are related. J Biomech. 2008;41(16): 3399-3404. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.09.016
23. Cornelissen LH, Bronneberg D, Bader DL, Baaijens FP, Oomens CW. The transport profile of cytokines in epidermal equivalents subjected to mechanical loading. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(5): 1007-18. DOI:10.1007/s10439-009-9652-y
24. Cornelissen LH, Bronneberg D, Gibbs S, Bouten CV, Oomens CW. Cytokine release in tissue-engineered epidermal equivalents after prolonged mechanical loading. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;585:335-44. DOI:10.1007/978-1-60761-380-0_23
25. Sari Y, Nakagami G, Kinoshita A, Huang L, Ueda K, Iizaka S, Sanada H, Sugama J. Changes in serum and exudate creatine phosphokinase concentrations as an indicator of deep tissue injury: A pilot study. Int Wound J. 2008;5(5):674-80. DOI:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2008.00543.x
26. Boykin JV Jr. Wound nitric oxide bioactivity: A promising diagnostic indicator for diabetic foot ulcer management. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2010;37(1):25-34.
27. Wyffels JT, Fries KM, Randall JS, Ha DS, Lodwig CA, Brogan MS, Shero M, Edsberg LE. Analysis of pressure ulcer wound fluid using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Int Wound J. 2010;7(4):236-48. DOI:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2010.00672.x
28. Intergumentary system [Internet]. Philadelphia (PA): National Disease Research Interchange; 2007 (cited 2011 Jan 5). Available from: http://www.ndriresource.org/Donor_Programs/Tissue_Banks/Integumentary_System/119/.
29. Rajendran PJ, Leachtenauer J, Kell S, Turner B, Newcomer C, Lyder C, Alwan M. Improving the detection of stage I pressure ulcers by enhancing digital color images. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;1:5206-9. DOI:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259514
30. Sprigle S, Linden M, Riordan B. Analysis of local-ized erythema using clinical indicators and spectros-copy. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2003;49(3):42-52.
31. Bates-Jensen BM, McCreath HE, Pongquan V. Subepidermal moisture is associated with early pressure ulcer damage in nursing home residents with dark skin tones: Pilot findings. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2009;36(3):277-84.
32. Sprigle S, Zhang L, Duckworth M. Detection of skin erythema in darkly pigmented skin using mul-tispectral images. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2009; 22(4):172-79. DOI:10.1097/01.ASW.0000305465.17553.1c
33. Aoi N, Yoshimura K, Kadono T, Nakagami G, Iizuka S, Higashino T, Araki J, Koshima I, Sanada H. Ultrasound assessment of deep tissue injury in pressure ulcers: Possible prediction of pressure ulcer progression. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009; 124(2):540-50. DOI:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181addb33
34. Andersen ES, Karlsmark T. Evaluation of four non-invasive methods for examination and characteriza-tion of pressure ulcers. Skin Res Technol. 2008; 14(3):270-76. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2008.00290.x
35. Makhsous M, Venkatasubramanian G, Chawla A, Pathak Y, Priebe M, Rymer WZ, Lin F. Investiga-tion of soft-tissue stiffness alteration in denervated human tissue using an ultrasound indentation sys-tem. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31(1):88-96.
36. Quintavalle PR, Lyder CH, Mertz PJ, Phillips-Jones C, Dyson M. Use of high-resolution, high-frequency diagnostic ultrasound to investigate the pathogenesis of pressure ulcer development. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2006;19(9):498-505. DOI:10.1097/00129334-200611000-00010
37. Deprez JF, Brusseau E, Schmitt C, Cloutier G, Bas-set O. 3D estimation of soft biological tissue defor-mation from radio-frequency ultrasound volume acquisitions. Med Image Anal. 2009;13(1):116-27. DOI:10.1016/j.media.2008.07.003
38. Deprez JF, Cloutier G, Schmitt C, Gehin C, Dittmar A, Basset O, Brusseau E. 3D ultrasound elastogra-phy for early detection of lesions. Evaluation on a pressure ulcer mimicking phantom. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;2007:79-82. DOI:10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352227
39. Wang Q, Kong L, Sprigle S, Hayward V. Portable gage for pressure ulcer detection. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;1:5997-6000. DOI:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260070
40. Teasell RW, Arnold JM, Krassioukov A, Delaney GA. Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspi-nal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000; 81(4):506-16. DOI:10.1053/mr.2000.3848
41. Bravo-Payno P, Esclarin A, Arzoz T, Arroyo O, Labarta C. Incidence and risk factors in the appear-ance of heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1992;30(10):740-45.
42. Hencey JY, Vermess M, Van Geertruyden HH, Binard JE, Manchepalli S. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of gluteal decubitus ulcers in spinal cord injury patients. J Spinal Cord Med. 1996;19(1):5-8.
43. Coelho CV, Beraldo PS. Risk factors of heterotopic ossification in traumatic spinal cord injury. Arq Neu-ropsiquiatr. 2009;67(2B):382-87. DOI:10.1590/S0004-282X2009000300002
44. Gautschi OP, Cadosch D, Frey SP, Skirving AP, Filgueira L, Zellweger R. Serum-mediated osteo-genic effect in traumatic brain-injured patients. ANZ J Surg. 2009;79(6):449-55. DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04803.x
45. Margolis DJ, Knauss J, Bilker W, Baumgarten M. Medical conditions as risk factors for pressure ulcers in an outpatient setting. Age Ageing. 2003; 32(3):259-64. DOI:10.1093/ageing/32.3.259
46. VA Information Resource Center (VIREC) [Internet]. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs; 2010 (updated 2010 Dec 21; cited 2011 Jan 5). Avail-able from: http://www.virec.research.va.gov/
47. American College of Surgeons. National surgical quality improvement program [Internet]. Washington (DC): American College of Surgeons; 2005 (cited 2011 Jan 5). Available from: http://www.acsnsqip.org/
48. Weitzenkamp DA, Jones RH, Whiteneck GG, Young DA. Ageing with spinal cord injury: Cross-sectional and longitudinal effects. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(6): 301-9. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3101146
49. Hitzig SL, Campbell KA, McGillivray CF, Boschen KA, Craven BC. Understanding age effects associ-ated with changes in secondary health conditions in a Canadian spinal cord injury cohort. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(4):330-35. DOI:10.1038/sc.2009.135
50. Charlifue S, Lammertse DP, Adkins RH. Aging with spinal cord injury: Changes in selected health indices and life satisfaction. Arch Phys Med Reha-bil. 2004;85(11):1848-53. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.017
51. Hitzig SL, Tonack M, Campbell KA, McGillivray CF, Boschen KA, Richards K, Craven BC. Second-ary health complications in an aging Canadian spi-nal cord injury sample. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(7):545-55. DOI:10.1097/PHM.0b013e31817c16d6
52. Edlich RF, Winters KL, Woodard CR, Buschbacher RM, Long WB, Gebhart JH, Ma EK. Pressure ulcer prevention. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2004; 14(4):285-304. DOI:10.1615/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v14.i4.20
53. Dorner B, Posthauer ME, Thomas D. The role of nutrition in pressure ulcer prevention and treat-ment: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel White Paper [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. 2009 (cited 2011 Jan 5). Available from: http://www.npuap.org/Nutrition%20White%20Paper%20Website%20Version.pdf
54. Batson S, Adam S, Hall G, Quirke S. The develop-ment of a pressure area scoring system for critically ill patients: A pilot study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1993;9(3):146-51. DOI:10.1016/0964-3397(93)90019-T
55. Salzberg CA, Byrne DW, Cayten G, Kabir R, Van Niewerburgh P, Viehbeck M, Long H, Jones EC. Pre-dicting and preventing pressure ulcers in adults with paralysis. Adv Wound Care. 1998;11(5):237-46.
56. Salzberg CA, Byrne DW, Cayten CG, Van Niewer-burgh P, Murphy JG, Viehbeck MA. A new pres-sure ulcer risk assessment scale for individuals with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996; 75(2):96-104. DOI:10.1097/00002060-199603000-00004
57. Claudia G, Diane M, Daphney SG, Danièle D. Pre-vention and treatment of pressure ulcers in a univer-sity hospital centre: A correlational study examining nurses' knowledge and best practice. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010;16(2):183-87. DOI:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.01828.x
58. Cox J, Roche S, Van Wynen E. The effects of vari-ous instructional methods on retention of knowl-edge about pressure ulcers among critical care and medical-surgical nurses. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2010; 10:1-8.
59. Sheppard R, Kennedy P, Mackey CA. Theory of planned behaviour, skin care and pressure sores following spinal cord injury. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2006:13(4):359-67. DOI:10.1007/s10880-006-9048-1
60. Rosen J, Mittal V, Degenholtz H, Castle N, Mulsant B, Hulland S, Nace D, Rubin F. Ability, incentives, and management feedback: Organizational change to reduce pressure ulcers in a nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7(3):141-46. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2005.08.003
61. Jones ML, Mathewson CS, Adkins VK, Ayllon T. Use of behavioral contingencies to promote preven-tion of recurrent pressure ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(6):796-802. DOI:10.1016/S0003-9993(02)04943-2
62. Castro MJ, Apple DF Jr, Staron RS, Campos GE, Dudley GA. Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle within 6 mo of injury. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(1):350-58.
63. Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS, Ivey FM, Macko RF. Skeletal muscle changes after hemiparetic stroke and potential beneficial effects of exercise intervention strategies. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(2):261-72. DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2007.02.0040
64. Urso ML. Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscle: Cell signaling and potential interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Sep 2. [Epub ahead of print]
65. NPUAP Pre-Conference Webinar for the interna-tional multidisciplinary consensus conference on the 'Issues of Avoidable and Unavoidable Pressure Ulcers in All Care Settings' [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2009 (cited 2010 Sep 7). Available from: http://www.npuap.org/A/UA%20Pre%20Conference%20Webinar.mov
66. Guihan M, Garber SL, Bombardier CH, Goldstein B, Holmes SA, Cao L. Predictors of pressure ulcer recur-rence in veterans with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31(5):551-59.
67. Pressure ulcer prevention quick reference guide [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2009 (cited 2010 Nov 11). Available from: http://www.epuap.org/guidelines/Final_Quick_Prevention.pdf
68. Knox DM, Anderson TM, Anderson PS. Effects of different turn intervals on skin of healthy older adults. Adv Wound Care. 1994;7(1):48-56.
69. Krapfl LA, Gray M. Does regular repositioning pre-vent pressure ulcers? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2008;35(6):571-77.
70. Ballard N, McCombs A, Deboor S, Strachan J, Johnson M, Smith MJ, Stephens K, Pelter MM. How our ICU decreased the rate of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. J Nurs Care Qual. 2008; 23(1):92-96.
71. Hobbs BK. Reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers: Implementation of a turn-team nursing pro-gram. J Gerontol Nurs. 2004;30(11):46-51.
72. Milne CT, Trigilia D, Houle TL, Delong S, Rosen-blum D. Reducing pressure ulcer prevalence rates in the long-term acute care setting. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009;55(4):50-59.
73. McInerney JA. Reducing hospital-acquired pressure ulcer prevalence through a focused prevention pro-gram. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2008;21(2):75-78. DOI:10.1097/01.ASW.0000305410.58350.34
74. Bogie KM, Ho CH. Multidisciplinary approaches to the pressure ulcer problem. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2007;53(10):26-32.
75. Anthony D, Papanikolaou P, Parboteeah S, Saleh M. Do risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers work? J Tissue Viability. 2010;19(4):132-36. DOI:10.1016/j.jtv.2009.11.006
76. Bales I, Padwojski A. Reaching for the moon: Achieving zero pressure ulcer prevalence. J Wound Care. 2009;18(4):137-44.
77. Saliba D, Rubenstein LV, Simon B, Hickey E, Fer-rell B, Czarnowski E, Berlowitz D. Adherence to pressure ulcer prevention guidelines: Implications for nursing home quality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(1):56-62. DOI:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.51010.x
78. Gefen A. How much time does it take to get a pres-sure ulcer? Integrated evidence from human, ani-mal, and in vitro studies. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2008;54(10):26-28,30-35.
79. Mawson AR, Biundo JJ Jr, Neville P, Linares HA, Winchester Y, Lopez A. Risk factors for early occur-ring pressure ulcers following spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;67(3):123-27. DOI:10.1097/00002060-198806000-00007
80. Mawson AR, Siddiqui FH, Connolly BJ, Sharp CJ, Summer WR, Biundo JJ Jr. Sacral transcutaneous oxygen tension levels in the spinal cord injured: Risk factors for pressure ulcers? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(7):745-51. DOI:10.1016/0003-9993(93)90037-B
81. Linder-Ganz E, Yarnitzky G, Yizhar Z, Siev-Ner I, Gefen A. Real-time finite element monitoring of sub-dermal tissue stresses in individuals with spinal cord injury: Toward prevention of pressure ulcers. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(2):387-400. DOI:10.1007/s10439-008-9607-8
82. Linder-Ganz E, Shabshin N, Itzchak Y, Yizhar Z, Siev-Ner I, Gefen A. Strains and stresses in sub-dermal tissues of the buttocks are greater in para-plegics than in healthy during sitting. J Biomech. 2008;41(3):567-80. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.10.011
83. Linder-Ganz E, Gefen A. The effects of pressure and shear on capillary closure in the microstructure of skeletal muscles. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;35(12): 2095-2107. DOI:10.1007/s10439-007-9384-9
84. Mackey JR, Davis BL. Simultaneous shear and pressure sensor array for assessing pressure and shear at foot/ground interface. J Biomech. 2006; 39(15):2893-97. DOI:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.10.001
85. Stinson MD, Crawford SA, Porter-Armstrong AP. Interface pressure measurements: Visual interpretation of pressure maps with MS clients. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(8):618-24. DOI:10.1080/09638280701400409
86. Coggrave MJ, Rose LS. A specialist seating assess-ment clinic: Changing pressure relief practice. Spi-nal Cord. 2003;41(12):692-95. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3101527
87. Bogie K, Wang X, Fei B, Sun J. New technique for real-time interface pressure analysis: Getting more out of large image data sets. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(4):523-35. DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2007.03.0046
88. Makhsous M, Lin F, Knaus E, Zeigler M, Rowles DM, Gittler M, Bankard J, Chen D. Promote pressure ulcer healing in individuals with spinal cord injury using an individualized cyclic pressure-relief proto-col. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2009;22(11):514-21. DOI:10.1097/01.ASW.0000305495.77649.ee
89. Alper JC, Welch EA, Ginsberg M, Bogaars H, Maguire P. Moist wound healing under a vapor per-meable membrane. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983; 8(3):347-53. DOI:10.1016/S0190-9622(83)70038-1
90. Bergstrom N, Horn SD, Smout RJ, Bender SA, Fer-guson ML, Taler G, Sauer AC, Sharkey SS, Voss AC. The National Pressure Ulcer Long-Term Care Study: Outcomes of pressure ulcer treatments in long-term care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10): 1721-29. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53506.x
91. Colwell JC, Foreman MD, Trotter JP. A compari-son of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two methods of managing pressure ulcers. Decubitus. 1993;6(4):28-36.
92. Barnea Y, Weiss J, Gur E. A review of the applica-tions of the hydrofiber dressing with silver (Aquacel Ag) in wound care. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010;6: 21-27.
93. Meaume S, Vallet D, Morere MN, Téot L. Evaluation of a silver-releasing hydroalginate dressing in chronic wounds with signs of local infection. J Wound Care. 2005;14(9):411-19.
94. Disa JJ, Carlton JM, Goldberg NH. Efficacy of opera-tive cure in pressure sore patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;89(2):272-78. DOI:10.1097/00006534-199202000-00012
95. Srivastava A, Gupta A, Taly AB, Murali T. Surgical management of pressure ulcers during inpatient neurologic rehabilitation: Outcomes for patients with spinal cord disease. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009; 32(2):125-31.
96. Relander M, Palmer B. Recurrence of surgically treated pressure sores. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1988;22(1):89-92. DOI:10.3109/02844318809097940
97. Kierney PC, Engrav LH, Isik FF, Esselman PC, Cardenas DD, Rand RP. Results of 268 pressure sores in 158 patients managed jointly by plastic sur-gery and rehabilitation medicine. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(3):765-72. DOI:10.1097/00006534-199809030-00022
98. Hill ML, Cronkite RC, Ota DT, Yao EC, Kiratli BJ. Validation of home telehealth for pressure ulcer assessment: A study in patients with spinal cord injury. J Telemed Telecare. 2009;15(4):196-202.
99. Hatzakis M Jr, Haselkorn J, Williams R, Turner A, Nichol P. Telemedicine and the delivery of health services to veterans with multiple sclerosis. J Reha-bil Res Dev. 2003;40(3):265-82.
100. Reverse staging: The NPUAP position statement [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2010 (cited 2011 Jan 5). Available from: http://npuap.org/positn5.htm
101. Norton L, Sibbald RG. Is bed rest an effective treat-ment modality for pressure ulcers? Ostomy Wound Manage. 2004;50(10):40-42,44-53.
102. Rish BL, Dilustro JF, Salazar AM, Schwab KA, Brown HR. Spinal cord injury: A 25-year morbidity and mortality study. Mil Med. 1997;162(2):141-48.
103. Patel GK, Llewellyn M, Harding KG. Wound-related osteomyelitis: A case of containment not cure. Br J Community Nurs. 2004;9(9):S6-13.
104. Hanson P, Delaere B, Nisolle J, Deltombe T. Pyrexia due to pyogenic sacroiliitis with iliopsoas abscess after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(11): 649-51. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3101614
105. Citak M, Backhaus M, Meindl R, Muhr G, Fehmer T. Rare complication after VAC-therapy in the treatment of deep sore ulcers in a paraplegic patient. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010;130(12): 1511-14. DOI:10.1007/s00402-010-1091-6
106. Jones KR, Fennie K. Factors influencing pressure ulcer healing in adults over 50: An exploratory study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8(6):378-87. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2007.02.011
107. Trautner BW, Darouiche RO. Prevention of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2002;25(4):277-83.
108. Savini V, Catavitello C, Talia M, Di Berardino F, Manna A, Balbinot A, Febbo F, Carlino D, Fiori-toni F, Di Bonaventura G, D'Antonio D. Ulcer infection by ESbetaL-producing Proteus mirabilis: A case report. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2008; 7(2):99-101. DOI:10.1177/1534734608316107
109. Savini V, Manna A, Di Bonaventura G, Catavitello C, Talia M, Balbinot A, Febbo F, D'Antonio D. Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus raffinosus from a decubitus ulcer: A case report. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2008;7(1):36-37.
110. Newman B, Lim FP. An evidence based approach to a perennial problem: Pressure ulcers. Contemp Nurse. 2001;10(1-2):102-9.
111. Harding K, Cutting K, Price P. The cost-effective-ness of wound management protocols of care. Br J Nurs. 2000;9(19 Suppl):S6,S8,S10 passim.
112. Davies M. VHA systems redesign overview activi-ties & connections to research [Internet]. Washing-ton (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs; 2010. Available from: http://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/for_researchers/cyber_seminars/archives/qip-102610.pdf