Vascular changes, cardiovascular disease and obstructive sleep apnea

Future Cardiology

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 241-249

  Ramar, Kannan ^a   Caples, Sean M ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; cardiovascular consequences; cardiovascular disorders; endothelial dysfunction; inflammation; obstructive sleep apnea; vascular changes

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; ENDOTHELIN 1; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; L SELECTIN; LEPTIN; NITRIC OXIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; HYPOXIA; INFLAMMATION; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; THORAX PRESSURE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; VASODILATION;

EID: 79953742175     PISSN: 14796678     EISSN: 17448298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.123     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 328(17), 1230-1235 (1993).
2. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG: Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365(9464), 1046-1053 (2005).
3. Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE et al.: Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep 31(8), 1071-1078 (2008).
4. Shiomi T, Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Schnittger I: Leftward shift of the interventricular septum and pulsus paradoxus in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 100(4), 894-902 (1991).
5. Bradley TD, Floras JS: Sleep apnea and heart failure: part I: obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 107(12), 1671-1678 (2003).
6. Fletcher EC, Proctor M, Yu J et al.: Pulmonary edema develops after recurrent obstructive apneas. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160(5 Pt 1), 1688-1696 (1999).
7. Chen L, Shi Q, Scharf SM: Hemodynamic effects of periodic obstructive apneas in sedated pigs with congestive heart failure. J. Appl. Physiol. 88(3), 1051-1060 (2000).
8. Hall MJ, Ando S, Floras JS, Bradley TD: Magnitude and time course of hemodynamic responses to Mueller maneuvers in patients with congestive heart failure. J. Appl. Physiol. 85(4), 1476-1484 (1998).
9. Naughton MT: Impact of treatment of sleep apnoea on left ventricular function in congestive heart failure. Thorax 53(Suppl. 3), S37-S40 (1998).
10. Tkacova R, Rankin F, Fitzgerald FS, Floras JS, Bradley TD: Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on obstructive sleep apnea and left ventricular afterload in patients with heart failure. Circulation 98(21), 2269-2275 (1998).
11. Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM: Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J. Clin. Invest. 96(4), 1897-1904 (1995). One of the first few studies to describe increased sympathetic activation in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
12. Guo GB, Abboud FM: Angiotensin II attenuates baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic activity. Am. J. Physiol. 246(1 Pt 2), H80-H89 (1984).
13. Fletcher EC, Bao G, Li R: Renin activity and blood pressurein response to chronic episodic hypoxia. Hypertension 34(2), 309-314 (1999).
14. Moller DS, Lind P, Strunge B, Pedersen EB: Abnormal vasoactive hormones and 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Hypertens. 16(4), 274-280 (2003).
15. Bravo EL, Fouad-Tarazi FM, Tarazi RC, Pohl M, Gifford RW, Vidt DG: Clinical implications of primary aldosteronism with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 11(2 Pt 2), I207-1211 (1988).
16. Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Harding SM: Aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea. Chest 125(1), 112-117 (2004). Evaluates the role of aldosterone in resistant hypertensive patients with OSA.
17. Gjorup PH, Sadauskiene L, Wessels J, Nyvad O, Strunge B, Pedersen EB: Abnormally increased endothelin-1 in plasma during the night in obstructive sleep apnea: relation to blood pressure and severity of disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 20(1), 44-52 (2007).
18. Pratt-Ubunama MN, Nishizaka MK, Boedefeld RL, Cofield SS, Harding SM, Calhoun DA: Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension. Chest 131(2), 453-459 (2007). Suggests that excess aldosterone levels may contribute to OSA severity.
19. Gaddam K, Pimenta E, Thomas SJ et al.: Spironolactone reduces severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with resistant hypertension: a preliminary report. J. Hum Hypertens. 24(8), 532-537 (2010). Provides preliminary evidence that aldosterone antagonist spironolactone reduces the severity of OSA.
20. Svatikova A, Olson LJ, Wolk R et al.: Obstructive sleep apnea and aldosterone. Sleep 32(12), 1589-1592 (2009).
21. Kanagy NL, Walker BR, Nelin LD: Role of endothelin in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension 37(2 Part 2), 511-515 (2001).
22. Phillips BG, Narkiewicz K, Pesek CA, Haynes WG, Dyken ME, Somers VK: Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on endothelin-1 and blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 17(1), 61-66 (1999).
23. Saarelainen S, Seppala E, Laasonen K, Hasan J: Circulating endothelin-1 in obstructive sleep apnea. Endothelium 5(2), 115-118 (1997).
24. Zamarron-Sanz C, Ricoy-Galbaldon J, Gude-Sampedro F, Riveiro-Riveiro A: Plasma levels of vascular endothelial markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Arch. Med. Res. 37(4), 552-555 (2006).
25. Grimpen F, Kanne P, Schulz E, Hagenah G, Hasenfuss G, Andreas S: Endothelin-1 plasma levels are not elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J. 15(2), 320-325 (2000).
26. Hiltunen TP, Suonsyrja T, Hannila-Handelberg T et al.: Predictors of antihypertensive drug responses: initial data from a placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study with four antihypertensive drugs (The GENRES Study). Am. J. Hypertens. 20(3), 311-318 (2007).
27. Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L: Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165(7), 934-939 (2002).
28. Harrison R: Structure and function of xanthine oxidoreductase: where are we now? Free Rad. Biol. Med. 33(6), 774-797 (2002).
29. McKelvey TG, Hollwarth ME, Granger DN, Engerson TD, Landler U, Jones HP: Mechanisms of conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase in ischemic rat liver and kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 254(5 Pt 1), G753-G760 (1988).
30. El Solh AA, Saliba R, Bosinski T, Grant BJ, Berbary E, Miller N: Allopurinol improves endothelial function in sleep apnoea: a randomised controlled study. Eur. Respir. J. 2006 27(5), 997-1002. (Pubitemid 44911115)
31. Glantzounis GK, Tsimoyiannis EC, Kappas AM, Galaris DA: Uric acid and oxidative stress. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11(32), 4145-4151 (2005).
32. Budhiraja R, Kayyali US, Karamsetty M et al.: Estrogen modulates xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase activity by a receptor-independent mechanism. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 5(6), 705-711 (2003).
33. Braghiroli A, Sacco C, Erbetta M, Ruga V, Donner CF: Overnight urinary uric acid: creatinine ratio for detection of sleep hypoxemia. Validation study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea before and after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148(1), 173-178 (1993).
34. Lavie L, Vishnevsky A, Lavie P: Evidence for lipid peroxidation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 27(1), 123-128 (2004).
35. Barcelo A, Miralles C, Barbe F, Vila M, Pons S, Agusti AG: Abnormal lipid peroxidation in patients with sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J. 16(4), 644-647(2000).
36. Carpagnano GE, Kharitonov SA, Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Gramiccioni E, Barnes PJ: 8-Isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in exhaled breath condensate of patients with obstructive sleep apnea after night and is reduced by continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest 124(4), 1386-1392 (2003).
37. Christou K, Markoulis N, Moulas AN, Pastaka C, Gourgoulianis KI: Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) as an index of oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Breath. 7(3), 105-110 (2003).
38. Christou K, Kostikas K, Pastaka C, Tanou K, Antoniadou I, Gourgoulianis KI: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces systemic oxidative stress in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 10(1), 87-94 (2009).
39. Yamauchi M, Nakano H, Maekawa J et al.: Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 127(5), 1674-1679 (2005).
40. Cave A, Grieve D, Johar S, Zhang M, Shah AM: NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species in cardiac pathophysiology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360(1464), 2327-2334 (2005).
41. Khan SA, Lee K, Minhas KM et al.: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase negatively regulates xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101(45), 15944-15948 (2004).
42. Christou K, Moulas AN, Pastaka C, Gourgoulianis KI: Antioxidant capacity in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Med. 4(3), 225-228 (2003).
43. Barcelo A, Barbe F, de la Pena M et al.: Antioxidant status in patients with sleep apnoea and impact of continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Eur. Respir. J. 27(4), 756-760 (2006).
44. Brevetti G, Silvestro A, Schiano V, Chiariello M: Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk prediction in peripheral arterial disease: additive value of flow-mediated dilation to ankle-brachial pressure index. Circulation 108(17), 2093-2098 (2003).
45. Koller A, Huang A: Impaired nitric oxide-mediated flow-induced dilation in arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ. Res. 74(3), 416-421 (1994).
46. Kato M, Roberts-Thomson P, Phillips BG et al.: Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 102(21), 2607-2610 (2000).
47. Nieto FJ, Herrington DM, Redline S, Benjamin EJ, Robbins JA: Sleep apnea and markers of vascular endothelial function in a large community sample of older adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169(3), 354-360 (2004).
48. Grebe M, Eisele HJ, Weissmann N et al.: Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173(8), 897-901 (2006).
49. Chin K, Shimizu K, Nakamura T et al.: Changes in intra-abdominal visceral fat and serum leptin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Circulation 100(7), 706-712 (1999).
50. Harsch IA, Konturek PC, Koebnick C et al.: Leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: effect of CPAP treatment. Eur. Respir. J. 22(2), 251-257 (2003).
51. Singhal A, Farooqi IS, Cole TJ et al.: Influence of leptin on arterial distensibility: a novel link between obesity and cardiovascular disease? Circulation 106(15), 1919-1924 (2002).
52. Luo JD, Zhang GS, Chen MS: Leptin and cardiovascular diseases. Drug News Pers. (7), 427-431 (2005).
53. Parhami F, Tintut Y, Ballard A, Fogelman AM, Demer LL: Leptin enhances the calcification of vascular cells: artery wall as a target of leptin. Circ. Res. 88(9), 954-960 (2001).
54. Schafer K, Halle M, Goeschen C et al.: Leptin promotes vascular remodeling and neointimal growth in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24(1), 112-117 (2004).
55. Bokinsky G, Miller M, Ault K, Husband P, Mitchell J: Spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation during obstructive sleep apnea and its response to therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. A preliminary investigation. Chest 108(3), 625-630 (1995).
56. Rangemark C, Hedner JA, Carlson JT, Gleerup G, Winther K: Platelet function and fibrinolytic activity in hypertensive and normotensive sleep apnea patients. Sleep 18(3), 188-194 (1995).
57. von Kanel R, Dimsdale JE: Hemostatic alterations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and the implications for cardiovascular disease. Chest 124(5), 1956-1967 (2003).
58. Robinson GV, Pepperell JC, Segal HC, Davies RJ, Stradling JR: Circulating cardiovascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnoea: data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax 59(9), 777-782 (2004).
59. Rosenberg RD, Aird WC: Vascular-bed-specific hemostasis and hypercoagulable states. N. Engl. J. Med. 340(20), 1555-1564 (1999).
60. Libby P: Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420(6917), 868-874 (2002).
61. Puig F, Rico F, Almendros I, Montserrat JM, Navajas D, Farre R: Vibration enhances interleukin-8 release in a cell model of snoring-induced airway inflammation. Sleep 28(10), 1312-1316 (2005).
62. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT: Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Circulation 112(17), 2660-2667 (2005).
63. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT: Predictors of elevated nuclear factor-κBdependent genes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174(7), 824-830 (2006).
64. Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT: Systemic inflammation: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome? Thorax 64(7), 631-636 (2009).
65. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Kales A, Tyson K, Chrousos GP: Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of sleep disturbance and obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82(5), 1313-1316 (1997).
66. Htoo AK, Greenberg H, Tongia S et al.: Activation of nuclear factor kB in obstructive sleep apnea: a pathway leading to systemic inflammation. Sleep Breath. 10(1), 43-50 (2006).
67. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR: Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(20), 1557-1565 (2002).
68. Fichtlscherer S, Rosenberger G, Walter DH, Breuer S, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM: Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 102(9), 1000-1006 (2000).
69. Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM: C-reactive protein: a critical update. J. Clin. Invest. 111(12), 1805-1812 (2003).
70. Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Lanfranchi P et al.: Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 105(21), 2462-2464 (2002).
71. Guilleminault C, Kirisoglu C, Ohayon MM: C-reactive protein and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 27(8), 1507-1511 (2004).
72. Larkin EK, Rosen CL, Kirchner HL et al.: Variation of C-reactive protein levels in adolescents: association with sleep-disordered breathing and sleep duration. Circulation 111(15), 1978-1984 (2005).
73. Yokoe T, Minoguchi K, Matsuo H et al.: Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Circulation 107(8), 1129-1134 (2003).
74. Luc G, Bard JM, Juhan-Vague I et al.: C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23(7), 1255-1261 (2003).
75. Romano M, Sironi M, Toniatti C et al.: Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity 6(3), 315-325 (1997).
76. Mehra R, Storfer-Isser A, Kirchner HL et al.: Soluble interleukin 6 receptor: a novel marker of moderate to severe sleep-related breathing disorder. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(16), 1725-1731 (2006).
77. El-Solh AA, Mador MJ, Sikka P, Dhillon RS, Amsterdam D, Grant BJ: Adhesion molecules in patients with coronary artery disease and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 121(5), 1541-1547 (2002).
78. Ohga E, Nagase T, Tomita T et al.: Increased levels of circulating ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and L-selectin in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J. Appl. Physiol. 87(1), 10-14 (1999).
79. Price DT, Loscalzo J: Cellular adhesion molecules and atherogenesis. Am. J. Med. 107(1), 85-97 (1999).
80. Lavie L, Lavie P: Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: the oxidative stress link. Eur. Respir. J. 33(6), 1467-1484 (2009). Provides review on the oxidative stress link with OSA.
81. Dyugovskaya L, Polyakov A, Lavie P, Lavie L: Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in patients with sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177(5), 544-554 (2008).
82. Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T et al.: Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172(5), 625-630 (2005).
83. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G: Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172(5), 613-618 (2005).
84. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi GF: Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176(7), 706-712 (2007). One of the first few studies that evaluates the effect of OSA treatment with continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis.
85. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L et al.: Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur. Heart J. 27(21), 2588-2605 (2006).
86. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C: Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(13), 1318-1327.
87. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Silva BC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G: Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, and their interaction on arterial stiffness and heart remodeling. Chest 131(5), 1379-1386 (2007).
88. Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Maki-Nunes C et al.: Atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnoea: it does not matter whether patients are sleepy or not. Atherosclerosis 211(1), 30-31.
89. Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos K, Dimitriadis K et al.: The incremental effect of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome on arterial stiffness in newly diagnosed essential hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens. 25(1), 141-146 (2007).
90. Kohler M, Pepperell JC, Casadei B et al.: CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS. Eur. Respir. J. 32(6), 1488-1496 (2008).
91. Lorenzi-Filho G, Drager LF: Obstructive sleep apnea and atherosclerosis: a new paradigm. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175(12), 1219-1221 (2007).
92. Saito T, Saito T, Sugiyama S, Asai K, Yasutake M, Mizuno K: Effects of long-term treatment for obstructive sleep apnea on pulse wave velocity. Hypertens. Res. 33(8), 844-849 (2010).