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Volumn 110, Issue 439, 2011, Pages 191-211

Biomedical loopholes, distrusted state, and the politics of HIV/AIDS 'cure' in Nigeria

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DISEASE TREATMENT; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH SERVICES; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; VACCINE;

EID: 79953738469     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: 14682621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adr001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

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    • The same dynamic seems to have been operative in Kenya where former President Arap Moi's stately stature proved to be a crucial resource in the making and continued visibility of Arthur Obel. Obel, more popularly associated with Omega Pearl, was also a collaborator in the development of Kemron, a cure based on alpha interferon, which emanated from the Kenyan Medical Research Institute.
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    • According to UNAIDS country reports, the number of patients in Nigeria's publicly funded highly-active antiretroviral therapy was (in thousands): 90 in 2006, 125 in 2007, 231 in 2008 and 302 in 2009(17 July 2010).
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    • Health expenditure data are from the WHO Global Health Observatory
    • Health expenditure data are from the WHO Global Health Observatory, .
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    • Although Obel and co-workers made contributions to the peer-reviewed literature in reference to clinical trials with Kemron (alpha-interferon), these reports were restricted to the East African Medical Journal, a reputable but regional publication, or to the more obscure Molecular Biotherapy, a journal with a lifespan of only four years (1988-92).
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    • Documentary support for Obel's next AIDS cure, Pearl Omega, was circulated as a book, published and marketed by the innovator.
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    • More recently, a Cameroonian therapeutic AIDS vaccine was the leading article in a new local journal.
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    • (5 April 2010).
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    • Abalaka discloses in a later publication ('Preliminary evidence of efficacy from an open label trial of a therapeutic AIDS vaccine derived from the blood of HIV-positive donors', International Journal of Biotechnology 9, 3-4 (2007), pp. 236-45) that his vaccine was produced using what Jon Cohen (see note 27) has referred to as 'an old-fashioned, just-do-it' approach similar to that employed by Zagury et al. in 1987.
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    • A similar principle to that applied by Zagury et al. is the basis for V-1 Immunitor, an oral therapeutic vaccine currently in clinical trials in Thailand.
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    • Article ID 934579
    • (See Orapun Metadilogkul, Vichai Jirathitikal, and Aladar Bourinbaiar, 'Serodeconversion of HIV antibody-positive AIDS patients following treatment with V-1 Immunitor', Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 934579).
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    • In theory, it is possible for therapeutic vaccines designed along the lines of Zagury's or V-1 Immunitor to enhance poor immune response to HIV, and thereby slow progression to AIDS.
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    • Therapeutic vaccines, except in the cases of rabies and hepatitis B, have been largely unsuccessful and it is unlikely that a therapeutic HIV vaccine used on its own would effect cure, particularly after infection has been established.
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    • Ray E. Spier, 'Jeremiah Abalaka and HIV in Nigeria', Vaccine 22, 29-30 (2004), pp. 3817-18.
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    • Attempts to cure and prevent HIV/AIDS in central Nigeria between 1997 and 2002: opening a way to a vaccine-based solution to the problem?
    • p. 3819
    • J. O. Abalaka, 'Attempts to cure and prevent HIV/AIDS in central Nigeria between 1997 and 2002: opening a way to a vaccine-based solution to the problem?' Vaccine 22, 29-30 (2004), pp. 3819-28, p. 3819.
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    • Note
    • As people with mutations in the gene-encoding HIV co-receptors CCR5 remain uninfected even when highly exposed to HIV, and there are certainly other, as yet undescribed, mechanisms for natural resistance, the data are insufficient to infer that Abalaka's vaccine is protective.
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    • See Mary Carrington, Michael Dean, Maureen Martin, and Stephen J. O'Brien, 'Genetics of HIV-1 infection: chemokine receptor CCR5 polymorphism and its consequences', Human and Molecular Genetics 8, 10 (1999), pp. 1939-45.
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    • Note
    • Abalaka is unavoidably dependent on data from an independent commercial laboratory. There are of course laboratory errors that could lead Abalaka and his patients to misinterpret their HIV status. If, for example, the lab misdiagnosed a patient as being HIV-positive on starting therapy, then a subsequently correct result would be catalogued as a cure. However, it is impossible to determine the validity of the lab data, and Abalaka himself presents this as a limitation of his study. This accuracy is important for assessing the utility of the vaccine, but is not essential to the arguments presented in this article.
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    • + counts for HIV-negative Nigerians in Jos, a location reasonably close to Abalaka's hospital. They recorded counts in the range of 828 cells per ml for adults, dropping to 771 cells per ml in pregnant women.
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    • (2005) Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 525-530
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    • Thomas Lehner, 'Editorial and report by J. O. A. Abalaka, "Attempts to cure and prevent HIV/AIDS in central Nigeria between 1997 and 2002: opening a way to a vaccinebased solution to the problem"' Vaccine 23, 9 (2005), pp. 1093-4; author reply, pp.1095-6.
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    • Interestingly, in Abalaka's heyday, some stories published in national newspapers claimed that his vaccine had measured efficacy following tests performed at the Nigerian Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, and at least one report claimed that the vaccine had been patented. As indicated in a highly critical review of these reports, none of them was substantiated.
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    • According to the Chairman of the committee, upon receipt of the report, Vice-President Abubakar said that 'this is the first time that a committee set up by the government has completed its assignment and submitted a report on time.... From the word go, there were objections to your appointment as chairman of the committee.... Your detractors at the meeting insisted that you must not be made chairman of the committee unless Mr President was not interested in the results, or was prepared to wait indefinitely for the results.'.
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    • As at 2007, only one of thirty treated soldiers was reported to be still living.
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    • Ralph Karl, 'Abalaka goes cyberspace', (website devoted to news and commentaries about Nigeria) (25 August 2000).
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    • It is easily verifiable that Tam David-West published over 50 virology research papers in the course of his career and made a number of discoveries, including the Dugbe arbovirus.
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    • Obadare, 'A crisis of trust'.
    • Obadare1
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    • Cassidy and Leach, 'Science, politics and the presidential AIDS "Cure"'.
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    • Moritz Hunsmann, 'Political determinants of variable aetiology resonance: explaining the African AIDS epidemic', International Journal of STDs and AIDS 20, 12 (2009), pp. 834-8.
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    • Hunsmann, M.1
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.